AORC Technical meeting 2014

B4-1073
http : //www.cigre.org

Technologies Applied to Japan’s HVDC Links

T. SAKAI, Y.MAKINO, H.KOSAKA

Electric Power Development Co., Ltd. JAPAN
[email protected]

SUMMARY

Many HVDC systems have been applied to various kinds of AC power systems worldwide since 1954
when the first HVDC system was put into commercial operation. Main purposes of HVDC systems
can be roughly divided into two categories which are firstly long distance and bulk power
transmission, and secondly interconnection between power networks. Former HVDC systems
recently have aimed to increase DC system voltage such as ±800kV and much higher voltage and to
enlarge capacity of 6400MW and much larger capacity per bi-polar configuration. On the other hand,
latter HVDC systems have aimed to support AC system reliability with using flexible operation
method. This paper mainly introduces the applied HVDC technologies of latter case to Japan’s HVDC
system which have been improved for AC system reliably operating performances.

KEYWORDS
HVDC control system, Simultaneous Bi-directional Power Flow Control (SBPFC), Stable operation,
Bi-polar control, Flexible operation, AC power system quality, Metallic Return Circuit Protection, Ne

1. Introduction
HVDC Systems have been applied worldwide for the cases which HVDC operational characteristics
are superior to AC system’s characteristics for the individual project. The main purposes of applying
HVDC systems can be roughly divided into two categories which are firstly long distance and bulk
power transmission including submarine systems, and secondly interconnecting between AC power
systems. For the long distance and huge power transmission of HVDC system, required technologies
are to apply higher reliable and efficient transmission system and for the submarine cable system,
new type insulation cable has been developed and applied to achieve simpler maintainability and
more operational capabilities. In case of interconnecting AC systems, various kinds of technologies
are required in accordance with operational requirements and conditions of each project. This paper
describes brief history of HVDC and introduces the new technologies applied to Japan’s HVDC
systems interconnecting AC power systems.

[email protected]
2. Transition of HVDC projects
2.1 Beginning Phase
The first HVDC project in the world was Gotland HVDC Link which connected between main land of
Sweden and Gotland located far from east coast of the peninsular. This project was put into
commercial operation in 1954 and Mercury Arc Valves were used as the state of art technology at that
time. The feature of the project was 98-kilomiter-long submarine cable with a voltage of 100kV and
the capacity of 20MW.
Projects following to the Gotland HVDC Link using Mercury Arc Valves technologies were Cross
Channel HVDC Link between UK and France in 1961, New Zealand Inter Island HVDC Link in 1965,
Sakuma BTB in 1965 Japan and Vancouver in Canada 1968 commissioned respectively.
However, up to the HVDC project of Pacific Intertie commissioned in 1982 USA, Mercury Arc Valve
Technologies were replaced with Thyristor Valve Technologies because Mercury Arc Valves had a
fatal flaw as Consequential Arc Back so called CAB which once occurred HVDC Link should be
tripped for clearing the fault.

2.2 Applying Thyristor Valve Technologies

In the 1970’s high voltage and large current Thyristor devices were developed for applying converter
system of HVDC installations. In accordance with recognizing satisfactory reliabilities and expectable
operational performance of Thyristor Valves technologies, from later period of 1970’s to 1980’s as the
primal peak period, a number of HVDC schemes using Thyristor Valve technologies were completed
and put into commercial operation for the economical solution to transport bulk power between long
distance.
Typical HVDC schemes are to transport large power from the mine mouth thermal power plants to
load centers in USA, and from remote large scale hydro power station to load centers in South
America.

2.3 Bulk Power Transmission

Beginning of 21st century in China, huge capacity power stations such as Three Gorges Power Station
and inland mine mouth coal fired power stations have been commissioned to meet the rapidly
increasing demand. Since almost power plants are located in western area, and load centers such as
Shanghai, Guangdong and Changzhou are located in west seacoast, transmission line lengths are very
long as 1000km.
As same as Chinese HVDC project circumstances, also the feature of Indian HVDC projects are
similar nature conditions as large transportation capacity and long distance transmission line.
Therefore, HVDC system ratings have been selected the voltage of 500kV and the current of up to
3000A for system ratings.

2.4 UHVDC Project

By the year of 2010, the highest voltage of HVDC system was 600kV used for Itaipu HVDC Link
having the capacity of 6300MW, two bi-polar with 800km long transmission line in Brazil.
Enumerating the situations on power system planning in China and India to introduce UHVDC
system, first geographical and power system conditions such as distribution and density of load centers
and energy resources are typically different from other countries. That is, the required amount of
capacity of demand and supplies are very large and the distance between load center and power
supplies are very far. Considering these circumstances of project requirements, in order to achieve
higher effective HVDC transmission system, DC voltage has been preferable to increase as far as
possible within the restriction of relevant technologies available.
Based on the result of technical and economic survey and preliminary study executed by CIGRE and
other organization, rated voltage of 800kV was firstly selected to apply the coming UHVDC system.

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And the first commissioned UHVDC project was Xiangjiaba–Shanghai HVDC Link of which feature
is rated voltage of ±800kV, capacity of 6400MW, and circuit configuration of one bi-polar having
transmission length of 2000km.
In the next stage of UHVDC system voltage, ±1100kV will be selected and already the project has
been moved into action for implementation.

2.5 HVDC System for interconnection between power systems.

In the planning of interconnection power systems, there are two options of HVDC system and HVAC
system which are different essentially each other. Comparing to each other, HVDC interconnection is
an asynchronous connection system through AC/DC converter system, whereas HVAC interconnection
system is synchronous connection. Therefore, HVDC system can always interconnect between power
systems very easily without adjustment of both frequencies and phase angle differences, and also can
connect without increasing short circuit current.
Other significantly important characteristic of HVDC interconnection is exchanging power flow
controllability which can manage any arbitrary value within the rage up to thermal capability and
power system acceptable conditions. For these reasons many HVDC links have been applied in the
world to meet various purposes and requirements on AC system operation.

2.6 VSC HVDC System

As mentioned above, HVDC system with Line Commutated Converters (LCC) was developed in
1950’s. In 1970’s, HVDC application evolved with the introduction of Thyristor Valves which were
applied over the years with high reliability.
In the mid 1990’s a new type of valves for the HVDC converters based on transistors (Insulated-gate
Bipolar Transistors: IGBT) were developed. This type of converters is called as Voltage Sourced
Converter, VSC. The first VSC HVDC system was applied at Gotland Link in Sweden, 1999.
Usually, LCC can steadily operate within the condition having short circuit ratio more than 2.5times to
HVDC transmission capacity. However, since VSC does not require such operational requirements and
its superior functionalities such as AC side voltage controllability and less harmonic generation, over
10 projects have been put into commercial operation.
Compared to LCC in flexible operational functionality, VSC may easily form multi terminal HVDC.
Therefore recently HVDC grid using VSC has been actively studied for applying power system
especially to apply to Europe. In accordance with developing control & protection system and DC
high voltage facilities for VSC HVDC application, VSC HVDC will be more used in power system.

2.7 Transition of Japan’s HVDC Links

So far in Japan, four (4) back to back (BTB) HVDC link
and two (2) point to point HVDC links were built and put
into commercial operation. The first HVDC technology
was used for interconnection between 50Hz power
systems and 60Hz power system at Sakuma BTB HVDC
link having 300MW. From the beginning of power system
development in Japan, 50Hz power system in eastern area
and 60Hz power system in western area have been
independently expanded to meet power demand
increasing in each area. However, in order to manage
power system operation especially securing efficiently
reserved power in each power system, Sakuma Frequency
Converter Station, BTB HVDC link was completed and
put into commercial operation in 1965.
Figure1 Mercury Arc Valves in Valve Hall
Since Sakuma BTB HVDC link was fifthly commissioned
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in the world, it applied Mercury Arc Valve technology which was used common technology for this
field as the art of the technology at that time. Figure 1 shows Mercury Arc Valves installed in Valve
Hall at Sakuma BTB
The second HVDC technology was also applied to Shin-Shinano Frequency Converter Station
interconnecting between 50Hz and 60Hz power system commissioned in 1977. This HVDC project
was fourthly put into commercial operation in the world in case of using Thyristor Valves
technologies. Most advanced technology used in this project was domestically developed power
electronics technology such as high voltage and large capacity oil immersed thyristor valves
exclusively developed for this project, DC main circuit equipment and control & protection system.
Two years later, in 1979 the point to point HVDC project, Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link having
134km long overhead line and 43km long submarine
cable was completed and commissioned. This project
was the first entire HVDC project in Japan. The rated
voltage was the highest level as 250kV at that time. Of
special note on advanced technology was high voltage
newly designed indirect light triggered thyristor vales
system which had the seismic withstand capability.
And high voltage large current submarine cable had
been exclusively developed for this project. In addition,
applied circuit configuration was bi-polar with
metallic return system for avoiding any Figure 2 Cable Landing Work for Hokkaido-Honshu HVDC Link
environmental impact due to earth return current.
The cable landing work at that time is shown in
Figure2.
In the year of 2000, Kii Channel HVDC Link, the
largest HVDC link in the world using submarine cable,
was completed and commissioned. For this project,
many kinds of DC main circuit facilities have been
developed such as high voltage large capacity thyristor
valve using 6 inches thyristor devices, 500kV DC Gas
Insulated Switchgear, AC 500kV dead tank type AC
Filters, 500kV submarine cable having the largest cross
section of 3000 square mm and newly designed control
& protection.
Figure 3 shows the Network of Kii Channel and related
AC system
Figure 3 Kii Channel HVDC Link and related AC System

3. Main purposes and Roles of HVDC system

From the view point of main purposes and roles of HVDC system, there are two kinds of HVDC
system: one is power supply transmission line which mono-directly transmits generated power from
the power plant to the power network of load center; and the other as interconnecting transmission line
which bi-directionally exchanges power between AC power systems in accordance with both power
systems’ benefits.
Usually former HVDC link is firstly required to economically transport power as far as efficiently,
therefore higher voltage is applied to ensure high efficiency transmission. For the later HVDC link are
required various kind of requirements from each power system characteristics.
Very important view point for planning interconnecting power system by HVDC link is that each AC
connected power system conditions will drastically change with high possibility during HVDC link
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life as 40 years. Therefore, especially HVDC links connecting power system are required to have very
flexible system controllability which can accept variable requirements of power system operational
requirements.
A number of interconnecting HVDC links in the world perform on not only exchanging daily-ordered
power but also contributing power system quality control during power flow control and emergency
states so called as ancillary services. In addition to requirements mentioned for power system,
operational circumstances have been significantly changed under the conditions of the deregulation on
power system market.
In the opened power market, HVDC operation modes including low power are strongly influenced by
many power suppliers who own various kinds and with wide capacity range from very small to bulk
power. Therefore, it is strongly expected that present and future HVDC links interconnecting AC
power systems are greatly preferable to have flexible controllability.

4. Newly applied HVDC technologies to Japan’s HVDC links

In this section newly applied HVDC technologies to Japan’s HVDC are introduced. Because all
HVDC systems in Japan employ Line Commutated Converter (LCC), these new technologies have
been developed for LCC HVDC system.

4.1 Flexible Power Flow Control by HVDC Link

As generators having restriction on generating steady power, HVDC systems also have the adequate
steady power range usually from 10% of Power Flow to Honshu Direction

rated power to continuous rated power in Rated Power

order to avoid DC current intermittence

under the small current operation
condition affected by AC system’s voltage
fluctuations in the steady state and control 0.1pu Power Setting to Honshu Direction

error. In other words, HVDC link cannot Power Setting to Hokkaido Direction 0.1pu

interconnect power systems under the

condition of below minimum steady
operation current.
Especially in case of interconnecting very Rated Power
Power Flow to Hokkaido
weak power system, during power
Figure 4 Available operation range of conventional HVDC
reversal operation large frequency
fluctuation occurs due to exchanging power flow variation as two times of minimum power. Available
operation range of conventional HVDC system is shown in Figure 4.

Although interconnecting by AC transmission line can connect without exchanging power,

interconnecting by HVDC system minimum power flow is absolutely required. This operational
condition is one of disadvantage of HVDC interconnection compering to AC interconnection.
However, using HVDC link that consists of bi-polar configuration, there is practical solution which
has been already employed for Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link in Japan. Bi-polar system consists of
two (2) poles of Pole#1 and Pole#2. In the combination of operation mode that Pole#1 exchanges
minimum power from Hokkaido to Honshu as south direction and Pole#2 exchanges minimum power
from Honshu to Hokkaido as north direction. This result shows that Pole#1 and Pole#2 operate with
each independent power order and total power is completely compensated to 0MW. Figure 5 shows
power flow controlled by Pole#1 and Pole#2 independently.
This operation method is called Simultaneous Bi-directional Power Flow Control (SBPFC) shown in
Figure 5. In this operation mode, when only power order of Pole#1 is increased with keeping Pole#2
power flow at minimum power order, exchanging power flow appears to Honshu direction. In the
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similar way, exchange power flow to north direction is available with increasing power order of
Pole#2. Figure 6 shows the combination operation of two poles with SBPFC.

Power Flow to Honshu

REC INV
0.1pu 1.0pu

Pole#1
#P1

Rec Inv
In case of Pole#1operation independently
Power Flow

Power Flow to Hokkaido 0MW

Power Flow
INV REC
Inv Rec 0.9pu 0.9pu
0MW
#P2
Pole#2
N End S End

1.0pu 0.1pu Figure 6 Combinational Operation of SBPFC

In case of Pole#2 operation independently
Figure 5 Independent Operation in Bi-polar System

Power system controller such as Automatic Frequency Control (AFC) can be only used during HVDC
operating state. Usually, HVDC interconnection link only operates when the contracts are agreed
between system operators on Power Flow to Honshu 1.0pu

exchange power of which value is

more than minimum operation power.
However, after introducing SBPFC to 0.9pu

Output of AFC
HVDC system, even if power : +/- 0.1pu
0.2pu
exchange contract is not agreed or Power Setting to Hokkaido 0.1pu

0.1pu Power Setting to Honshu

agreed with 1MW exchange power, 0.2pu

HVDC Link always can operate with

AFC for improving power system 0.9pu

quality as ancillary services. Figure 7

shows available operation range of 1.0pu
Power Flow to Hokkaido
conventional HVDC system with
AFC, and Figure 8 shows available Figure 7 Available operation range of conventional HVDC system with AFC
operation range of SBPFC with AFC.

From the view point of efficient HVDC

Power Flow to Honshu 1.0pu
operation, SBPFC mode is suitably
applied to lower power order range for
reducing transmission loses as much as
possible. In middle power order range 0.9pu
Output of AFC
: +/- 0.1pu
mono polar operation mode can be
Power Setting to Hokkaido
used, and in higher power order range
Power Setting to Honshu
conventional bi-polar operation mode is
used. Introducing SBPFC mode, it is SBPFC Operation

possible to operate HVDC system with

0.9pu
flexibility as AC interconnecting line.
Bi-Polar Operation Bi-Polar Operation
Figure 9 shows the typical operation 1.0pu
Power Flow to Hokkaido
record using optimal combination
among SBPFC, mono-polar and bi- Figure 8 Available Operation range of improved SBPFC with AFC
polar operation mode.

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This operation method is
Power Exchange with AFC through Hokkaido-Honshu HVDC Link
additionally installed in bi-polar
control system which is the highest 100

level in control hierarchy structure. 50

0 PSS MW

0:00
1:30
3:00
4:30
6:00
7:30
9:00
10:30
12:00
13:30
15:00
16:30
18:00
19:30
21:00
22:30
24:00
MW
-50 Max(PSS+60MW)
Other purpose of SBPFC is to Min(PSS-60MW)
-100
reduce the number of polarity
-150
reversal which may affect insulation
-200
stress of submarine cables used for Time
HVDC circuit. In case of applying
Simultaneous Bi – Directional Mono – Polar Bi – Polar
LCC to HVDC link, during power Power Flow Operation Operation
reversal operation in emergency Figure 9 Typical Operation Record with Flexible HVDC Control
state or reverse power order mode,
DC voltage is reversed. During this polarity reversal phenomenon, submarine cable is affected on
insulation stress. To avoid this kind of stresses by the power reversal operation, usually the operation
procedure is that first the HVDC link is blocked and after several hours for discharging, the HVDC
link is restarted with reverse power flow direction. However, using SBPFC, polarity reversals can be
avoided during power reversal operating. As the result of employing SBPFC, submarine cable life is
expected to become longer without operational restrictions.

4.2 Technologies applied to Embedded HVDC Link

An embedded HVDC system is a DC link of which ends are connected with at least a single
synchronous AC network. This kind of HVDC link performs not only basic function of exchanging
power but also some additional control function within the AC network such as power voltage control,
system stability improvement and the mitigation of system cascading failure. Japan has two embedded
HVDC links which are Kii Channel HVDC Link providing bulk power transmission and Minami
Fukumitsu BTB HVDC Link providing strictly power flow control among three 500kV networks. Kii
Channel HVDC Link connects Kansai Power Network and Shikoku Power Network and has many
additional functions using various HVDC technologies such as Power Oscillation Damping Control,
Automatic Frequency Control in case of Shikoku Power Network isolated and Islanding Transition
Control in case of large scale coal fired power station isolated from AC network.

In the actual AC network operation, a power oscillation sometimes occurs following disturbances in
AC system. This means that the equivalent inertia of one part of the AC system is temporarily
accelerated while the equivalent inertia of the other system temporarily decelerated and vice versa.
Using superior controllability of HVDC technologies, the power oscillation can be damped within the
duration of the initial state which has a possibility to amplify disturbance in whole AC network, if not
controlled. Usually, the Power Oscillation Damping function becomes active automatically when the
fluctuation value due to this phenomenon is beyond the preset value under emergency conditions or
major disturbance. There were three optional control methods applicable to Kii Channel HVDC Link
such as: Frequency difference between two converter stations; Generator rotor speed difference
between two systems; Power fluctuation of AC interconnecting line. Through the technical evaluation
using digital simulation on affection of three control methods, it was confirmed that all methods could
improve AC system stability. Therefore the most practical method as frequency difference of two
converter stations was selected since both frequencies should be send to each opposite converter
station for other purposes control. Conceptual diagram of this damping control and related power
networks are shown in Figure 10.

Power system oscillation frequency of Shikoku Power Network is the range between 0.3 to 0.4Hz and
Kansai Power Network associated with other 60Hz power is the rage of between 0.5 to 0.65Hz. The
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actual effect of damping control was determined at the event of large capacity power plant failure
which is shown in Figure 11.

The failure of this event was not so severe degree compared to the trunk line fault, therefore the output
peak value required by the damping controller was up to 114MW.

Figure 11 The Record of Oscillation Damping Control

4.3 Metallic Return Circuit Protection

In order to avoid any environmental impact due to earth return current, Japan’s HVDC systems have
applied metallic return circuit even if the HVDC main circuit is bi-polar configuration. However, it is
very difficult to detect return circuit fault because during bi-polar operation DC current does not flow
due to balance of each other pole current. In this operational condition even if a fault occurs in the
section of return circuit, DC current and DC voltage will not change from steady value as zero ampere
and zero volte. For this phenomenon it is impossible to detect the fault state of return transmission line
with ordinal relay system.

As the countermeasure to solve those issues, Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link has employed exclusive
protection system with superimposing AC current which monitors whether return circuit is faulted
state or not. The used frequency for this protection system has been carefully selected to avoid the
influences from fundamental frequency used in power system. Used frequency for the protection
system is 125Hz which is kept away from the fundamental frequency of 50Hz and the value of
multiplies of 50Hz. Although superimposed frequency is optimized, the value of AC 125Hz current is
not stable during HVDC system operation and the value is significantly changed by the operation
modes such as mono-polar operation and bi-polar operation. For these severe circumstances of
metallic return circuit protection, the adjustments of criteria values are very difficult to distinguish the
fault state from sound conditions. Since the original protection system was installed in 1970’s, more
than 30 years before, the types of protection relay and telecommunication technologies were very
limited in their functions. Therefore, it is needed to develop new protection system. New algorism
used for fault detecting and telecommunication system for real time data acquisition have been
investigated, evaluated, optimized and newly installed. Figure 12 shows the new metallic return circuit
protection circuit system including 125Hz monitoring current.

The new detecting algorism was drastically changed from the method used in original protection
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system which simply compares preset level
Hakodate Furukawa Sai Cable Kamikita
to measured absolute value, to the new C/S Cable L/P L/P C/S
OH T/L Submarine Cable OH T/L Return Circuit
method which calculates each proportional
125Hz Monitoring Current
value of each measured value at converter
MRTB
stations and cable landing points. The new D-3

protection system using above mentioned

125HzTr

algorism can exactly detect fault section of Data

overhead line section or submarine cable Acquisition
& Transfer
Fault Section Detection and
section. The new system was installed in Panel Protection Mode Selection Panel

Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link in 2013.

Figure 12 Metallic Return Circuit Protection

4.4 Application of DC-XLPE Cable for Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link

Since 1954 when putting the first HVDC project into commercial operation, LCC HVDC systems
using submarine cables have employed oil insulation cable such as Mass Impregnated paper insulated
(MI) cable or Oil Filled (OF) cable in the world.
MI cables have been used mainly in Europe and OF cables have been used mainly in Japan depending
on manufacturing technologies, and project requirements and conditions. Generally, MI cable can be
applied to longer distance without oil pressure equipment and it can be operated up to the maximum
temperature of 55-60 Degree Celsius resulting lower ampacity. Compared to MI cable, OF cable can
be applied up to approximately 50km with employing oil pressure equipment, and it can be operated
up to the temperature of 85-90 Degree Celsius resulting higher ampacity. That is to say both type oil
insulation cables have advantages and disadvantages.
Instead of these oil insulated cables, recently XLPE cables having electrically higher performance are
widely used for HVAC system in the world. However, so far XLPE could not be used for LCC HVDC
system because it was believed that severe insulation stress appears during polarity reversal operation
due to space charge accumulation. Electric Power Development Company (EPDC) and Japanese cable
manufacturer have solved this longstanding problem with developing new insulation materials
involving effective additive for DC-XLPE cables. Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link firstly applied DC-
XLPE cable for LCC HVDC system in the world.
Prior to manufacturing DC-XLPE cable, fundamental electric characteristics of DC-XLPE and AC-
XLPE cable were carefully investigated, evaluated and confirmed especially on space charge
distribution. Since accumulated space charge leads to large enhancement in the electric field,
conventional XLPE is significantly affected by polarity reversal on severe voltage stress.

Newly developed DC-XLPE has the conductor size of 600 square mm for the submarine use and 900
square mm for land use. To avoid
mechanical damage due to external force as
far as possible, double steel-wire armour is
applied.

Figure 13 shows the structure of the

submarine cable laid in the Hokkaido
Honshu HVDC Link. A 14-mm-thick
insulator is adopted. The cable incorporates
optical fiber and is armored with double
layers of steel wire. Its unit weight is
approximately 48 kg/m in air and
Figure 13 Structure of the DC-XLPE Submarine Cable
approximately 33 kg/m in seawater.

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Figure 14 shows also the configuration with three-dimensional cut
model of DC-XLPE submarine cable used for this project.
Before laying DC-XLPE cable, electric and mechanical
capabilities were carefully confirmed with carrying out type tests
and acceptance tests in the manufactures works.
This cable was laid and put into commercial operation in
December 2012 through the onsite tests including insulation
withstand tests and HVDC system operation tests consisting of
various operation modes including polarity reversal operation.
And this cable has operated without any problems since
commissioning.
This kind of technologies will be used for worldwide LCC HVDC
projects through the technical evaluation based on actual
operational performance in Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link.
Figure 14Three-demensional cut model of DC XLPE Submarine Cable
Figure 15 shows route location of DC-XLPE cable
laid for Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link.

5. Conclusion
New HVDC technologies introduced in
this paper are useful not only for Japanese
power network but also for any power
networks which have similar characteristic
and operational requirements. Furthermore,
upgrading and modifying these
technologies, there are many possibilities
that the technologies are applicable to
number of existing and future HVDC
projects. Figure 15 Route Location of Submarine cable for Hokkaido Honshu HVDC link

References

[1] T. Sakai, K. Takahashi “New Operation and Control Scheme of HVDC Link under Power Market
Environment” CIGRE, 2010 Paris Session.

[2] Joint Working Group C4/B4/C1.601, CIGRE Technical Broacher “Influence of Embedded HVDC
Transmission on System Security and AC Network Performance” April 2013

[3] C. Watanabe, Y. Ito, H. Sasaki, Y. Murata, M. Suizu, M. Sakamaki, M. Watanabe, S. Katakai. IEEJ
Transaction on Power and Energy, Vol.134 No.1 pp64-75, DOI: 10.1541/ieejpes.134.64 “Practical
Application of +/-250kV DC-XLPE Cable for Hokkaido Honshu HVDC Link”