20 Century “ism”s

th
 An architectural style
 A style may include such
 elements like form
 method of construction,
 Materials
 Vernacular characteristics
 Existed according to time
 Based on architectural influences like change in
 Religion
 Culture
 Technology
 political
Classicism / Neo-Classicism
• Neoclassical, or "new" classical, architecture describes
buildings that are inspired by the classical architecture of
ancient Greece and Rome.
• Neoclassicism is a trend, or approach to design, that can
describe several very different styles.
 Howard Building – Downing College,
Cambridge - 1987

1984
Quinlan Terry, Richmond Development,
London - 1989
A Neoclassical building is likely to have some (but
not necessarily all) of these features:

• Symmetrical shape
• Tall columns that rise the full height of the building
• Triangular pediment
• Domed roof
Historical Development
Neoclassical architecture (1850-1900s)
- began in the mid 18th century manifested
both in details as a reaction against rococo
- It is also a style derived from the
style and outgrowth of some classicizing
architecture of Classical Greece and Rome
feature of late baroque
and the architecture of Italian architect
Andrea Palladio
In form, Neoclassical architecture emphasizes
- By shortly after 1800 the Palladian style
the wall rather than chiaroscuro, and
had succumbed everywhere to the
maintains separate identities to each of its
ascendant movement of Neoclassicism, in
parts.
which classical forms and details were
derived directly from antiquity instead of
seen through Palladio’s Renaissance eyes.
Types of Neoclassical Buildings
● Temple: features a design based on an ancient temple. Many temple style
buildings feature a peristyle (a continuous line of columns around a building).

● Palladian: Andrea Palladio was an Italian architect who admired ancient

Roman architecture. His influence is still seen today and he is the best known
neo-classical architect in the western world. A well known Palladian detail is a
large window consisting of a central arched section flanked by two narrow
rectangular sections.

● Classical block: features a vast rectangular (or square) plan, with a flat roof
and an exterior rich in classical detail. The exterior is divided into multiple
levels, each of which features a repeated classical pattern, often a series of
arches and/or columns. The overall impression of such a building is an
enormous, classically-decorated rectangular block.
Early Neoclassical Architecture
(1640-1750)
● Chiswick House

● The earliest forms of neoclassical

architecture grew up alongside the
Baroque, and functioned as a sort of
corrective to the latter's flamboyance.

● Early English Neoclassicist architects

● William Kent (1685-1748)
● Robert Adam (1728-82)
ROBERT ADAM (1728-1782)
•a scottish architect and interior designer.
- Leader of the first phase of the classical
revival in England and Scotland from around
1760 until his death.

-influenced the development of western

architecture in both europe and north
america.

-with the help of his younger brother James,

who joined him in London in 1763, created
and fully developed the Adam style.
Kenwood House
● The house was originally
constructed in the 17th century and
served as a residence for the Earls
of Mansfield through the 18th and
19th centuries. Part of the estate
was bought by the Guinness family
in the early 20th century, and the
whole property and grounds came
under ownership of the London
County Council and was open to
the public by the end of the 1920s.
It remains a popular local tourist
attraction.
Harewood House

● is a country house in Harewood

near Leeds, West Yorkshire,
England. Designed by architects
John Carr and Robert Adam, it was
built, between 1759 and 1771, for
wealthy plantation and slave owner
Edwin Lascelles, 1st Baron
Harewood.
Kedleston Hall
● Kedleston Hall was built for Sir
Nathaniel Curzon in 1765 as a
house to rival Chatsworth. Intended
as 'a temple of the arts' and as the
location for grand entertainments,
the main house was never meant to
be a family home, but a show
palace in which to showcase the
finest paintings, sculpture and
furniture.
Neoclassical Architecture in
● Neoclassicism was born in Italy,

France
although it became especially active in
France largely because of the presence
of French designers trained at the
French Academy in Rome.

● High Society employed it on their

private homes, along with extras like
faux ruins, follies, grottos and fountains
to decorate the landscape, while more
experimental architects used it to design
a range of civic structures
 Jacques Germain Soufflot (1713-
●
80)
designed the Parisian Pantheon
Temple du Change
● The Temple du Change or Loge du
Change, formerly used for the stock
exchange of Lyon, stands in Vieux Lyon
(5th arrondissement of Lyon). It was
originally built after plans by architect
Simon Gourdet between 1631 and 1653,
then rebuilt under the direction of
Jacques-Germain Soufflot in 1748-1750.
It has been assigned to Protestant
worship since 1803, hence its
designation Temple.
Claude Nicolas Ledoux (1736-
1806)
● In the 1760s and early ’70s he
designed many private houses in an
innovative Neoclassical style for the
higher social circles in France.

● Chateau de Benouville
Rotonde de la Vilette
● Constructed in a record time of two
years and completed in 1788 by the
architect Claude Nicolas Ledoux,
the Rotonde de la Villette was a
gateway to Paris for offices to
collect tax on the goods entering
Paris via the road and canals in this
area.
Jean Chalgrin (1739-1811),
● best known for his design for the
Arc de Triomphe, Paris.
Le Départ de 1792
● Le Triomphe de 1810 La Résistance de 1814 • La Paix de 1815
(or La Marseillaise)
 ● La bataille d'Aboukir (The
● Les funérailles du général Marceau Battle of Aboukir) South
(General Marceau's burial), South facade façade, left
right

● La bataille de Jemappes
(The Battle of Jemappes)
● East facade
Le passage du pont d'Arcole (The Battle of Arcole)
North façade, right La prise d'Alexandrie, (The Fall of Alexandria)
North Façade, left

La bataille d'Austerlitz
(The Battle of Austerlitz)
West facade
● The great arcades are decorated with allegorical figures representing
characters in Roman mythology
● The ceiling with 21 sculpted roses
Luxembourg Palace
● It was originally built (1615–1645) to the
designs of the French architect Salomon
de Brosse to be the royal residence of
the regent Marie de' Medici, mother of
Louis XIII of France. After the Revolution
it was refashioned (1799–1805) by Jean
Chalgrin into a legislative building and
subsequently greatly enlarged and
remodeled (1835–1856) by Alphonse de
Gisors. Since 1958 it has been the seat
of the Senate of the Fifth Republic
Neoclassical Architecture in
Britain
● the Neoclassical style was
employed in the design of a wide
variety of public buildings from
banks to museums to post offices
JOHN NASH (1752-1835)
● best known for the neoclassical Part of the Picturesque movement, he combined
architecture he used in the Marylebone irregular views with Neoclassical structures,
region of London making use of the widest variety of styles and
urbanistic ideas.
● also designed Buckingham Palace
Cumberland Terrace
● Cumberland Terrace is a neoclassical
terrace on the eastern side of Regent's
Park in the London Borough of Camden,
completed in 1826
● It was one of several terraces and
crescents around Regent's Park designed
by the British architect John Nash
(1752–1835), under the patronage of
the Prince Regent (later George IV)
Sir John Soane (1753-1837)
● British architect notable for his original, Bank of England
highly personal interpretations of the
Neoclassical style.
● His style is characterized by a tendency
to reduce Classical elements of design to
their structural essentials, the
substitution of linear for modeled
ornamentation, frequent use of shallow
domes and top lighting, and ingenious
handling of interior space.
Banqueting House, Whitehall
● The Banqueting House, Whitehall, is the
grandest and best known survivor of the
architectural genre of banqueting house
● The building is important in the history
of English architecture as the first
structure to be completed in the neo-
classical style, which was to transform
English architecture.
Sir Robert Smirke (1780-1867)
● Designed the second theatre of the
Theatre Royal, Covent Garden

● Robert Smirke also designed the

main structure and facade of the
British Museum, the building now
known as Canada House
Neoclassical Architecture in
Germany
● In Germany, inspired by the books
of Johann Joachim Winckelmann
(1717-68) and supported by the
royal patronage of Friedrich
Wilhelm II
Karl Friedrich Schinkel (1781-
1841)
● His take on Neoclassicism turned
decidedly toward a Neo-Greek style
that symbolized the ideals of Greek
democracy.

● designed the Konzerthaus on

Gendarmenmarkt (1818-21)
Altes Museum
● The museum building was built
between 1823 and 1830 by the
architect Karl Friedrich Schinkel in
the neoclassical style to house the
Prussian royal family's art
collection. The historic, protected
building counts among the most
distinguished in neoclassicism and
is a high point of Schinkel's career.
Carl Gotthard Langhans (1732-
1808)
● It was here that Langhans created
one of the most famous
monuments of neoclassical art, the
internationally renowned
Brandenburg Gate (1789–94)
Maciejow Palace

● The palace in Maciejów, built on the

basis of a design prepared by a
renowned architect, Carl Gotthard
Langhans, is an example of
Classicist residence which forms a
dominant feature of a palace and
park complex composition.
Neoclassical Architecture in
Russia
● In due course, neoclassical styles
spread to Russia where Catherine
the Great (ruled 1762-96) reacted
against the high Rococo tastes of
her Imperial predecessors. For
example, she preferred neoclassical
designs to the Baroque-style
structures of Bartolomeo Rastrelli
(1700-71)
Charles Cameron (1745-1812)
● he focused mostly on the design of
country palaces and landscaped
gardens. In addition to designing and
decorating for Catherine
● designed the Pavlovsk Palace (1782-86)
● Cameron began by designing two Greek-
style pavilions: the Temple of Friendship,
a circular Doric temple with sixteen
columns under a low dome, containing
a statue of the Empress Catherine
Ascension Cathedral
● The temple was dedicated to the
glorious victories in the Russian-Turkish
wars. In 1817, the cathedral received
the status of a regimental church of the
Life Guards Hussar Regiment. The
Cathedral kept the St. George standards
and regimental awards. The marble
plaques with the names of the regiment
officers who died in battle were placed
on the walls.
American Neoclassicism
● Despite the popularity of the
neoclassical style in Europe, it was
in the New World of America where
Neoclassical architecture found its
true home.
Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)
● was an American statesman,
diplomat, lawyer, architect,
and Founding Father who served as
the third president of the United
States from 1801 to 1809
● designed the Monticello
● Due to the architectural and historic
significance of the, the property has
been designated a National Historic
Landmark.
US Capitol Building (1793-1829)
in Washington DC
ARCHITECTS:
● William Thornton (1759-1828)
● Benjamin Latrobe (1764-1820)
● Charles Bulfinch (1863-1844)

● Begun in 1793, according to a plan by

William Thornton, the building - inspired
by the Louvre and the Pantheon in Paris
- is centred on a grand entrance,
supported by projecting wings that
ground the structure horizontally.
Architectural Character
● Clean, elegant lines
● Uncluttered
appearance
● Free standing
columns
● Massive buildings
● May feature domes
or towers
● Dentil molding and
frieze band beneath
the cornice are
common
 Architectural Character
● Columns were used to carry the weight of the building's
structure. But later they became used as a graphical element.
● Roof is usually flat and horizontal and often is visible from the
ground.
● Building's facade is flat and long. Often having a screen of free-
standing columns.
● Exterior was built in such ways as to represent classical
perfection. Doors and windows were built to represent that
perfection. Decorations were reduced to a minimum on outside.
● There were often gardens around buildings completed in
geometric patterns.
EXTERIOR
● Symmetry. Form and balance ● Elaborate doorways. The doorways
dominate the neoclassical style. often have decorative surrounds and
There is a purity of symmetry. pediments, the triangular section found
above the entranceway.

● Tall columns. The full-height front

● Evenly spaced windows. The windows
porch is supported by a row of have double-hung sashes, most often
columns, usually Doric in style and divided into six or eight panes. They are
always even in number. always evenly spaced across the home’s
facade and typically flanked by shutters.
INTERIOR
● Colors. The colors in the neoclassical style are
generally mild: cream, gray, blue, yellow and ● Decorations. Urns, jugs, Wedgwood china,
green. Luster black, red, gold and silver are pottery, and statues are typical in neoclassical
used mainly as patches of color to highlight furniture and emphasize a luxurious
the overall style. appearance. Large mirrors, flowers, artwork
and decorative moldings adorn neoclassical
● Furniture. The furniture in the neoclassical walls and ceilings.
style is simple but symmetrical. Dark wood
furniture is typical and rooms are embellished ● The neoclassical aesthetic combines luxury
with beautiful ornaments, stone and marble and opulence with a relaxed atmosphere to
floors, and Persian carpets. The fabrics are provide an elegant aura and charm.
luxurious but not ostentatious – damask silk,
brocade, linen, and velvet.
Neoclassical Window Styles
● Palladian Window ● Norman Wheel
References
● https://www.ofdesign.net/interior-design/neoclassical-interior-style-the-elegance-of-the-18th-century-
3066/amp?fbclid=IwAR3CVnf7zdNrzBufKWh5M0W622x1UeiwsXRefgA63SUDZD6rNc06E5vFwnc
● http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/neoclassical-
architecture.htm?fbclid=IwAR3PKqjsvV3_t3Vsgtb_fudknK3blBpfcl6OzEngpodDlQZXSEvhNFstbnA
● https://www.slideshare.net/lovelysingh5249349/neoclassical-architecture-48428354?fbclid=IwAR1_sQ-
KTmLSxNHLuBGsPmLW68YJyyYeDt2n48gVDmbEyppkXydS386nxtw
 Eclecticism
 Eclecticism is the practice of borrowing a variety of styles
from other geographical regions and eras in one
architectural composition.
 Lack of guidelines on past styles created a general sense
of architectural freedom, which enabled architects to
play with fanciful ideas outside of strict historical
interpretation to create completely unique buildings.
 Often this involved re-interpreting a historical style and
adding a completely new spin.
 As a result, many Eclectic buildings have become
important landmarks.
 Communications Palace – Madrid, Spain

New York Palace, Budapest,

Hungary
 Modernism
• Modernist architecture emphasizes function. It attempts to provide for
specific needs.
• Instead of viewing a building as a heavy mass made of ponderous
materials, the leading innovators of modern architecture considered it
as a volume of space enclosed by light, thin curtain walls and resting on
slender piers.
• The visual aesthetic of modern architecture was largely inspired by the
machine and by abstract painting and sculpture.
Modern architecture is usually
characterized by:
 an adoption of the principle that the materials and
functional requirements determine the result
 an adoption of the machine aesthetic
 an emphasis of horizontal and vertical lines
 a creation of ornament using the structure and theme
of the building, or a rejection of ornamentation.
 a simplification of form and elimination of "unnecessary
detail"
 an adoption of expressed structure
 Form follows function
 Larking Building, Buffalo - 1906

Pan Am Building – New York

1963
Brutalism
• Rugged reinforced concrete construction, lead to an
approach popularly known as Brutalism.
• Common features include:
1. Precast concrete slabs
2. Rough, unfinished surfaces
3. Exposed steel beams
4. Massive, sculptural shapes
 Architects such as Louis Kahn, Paul Rudolph, Marcel
Breuer, I.M. Pei and others would respond to the "light" glass
curtain walls advocated by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, by
creating architecture with an emphasis on more substantial
materials, such as concrete and brick, and creating works with
a "monumental" quality. "Brutalism" is a term derived from
the use of "Béton Brut" ("raw concrete"), unadorned, often
with the mold marks remaining, though as a stylistic tendency,
Brutalism would ultimately be applied more broadly to
include the use of other materials in a similar fashion, such as
brickwork. The term was first used in architecture by Le
Corbusier.
The Paulo Mendes da Rocha
Weldon Library, London
Residence in São Paulo, Brazil
Functionalism
 Followed the saying that form ever follows function.
 Functionalist architects design utilitarian structures in
which the interior program dictates the outward form,
without regard to such traditional devices as axial
symmetry and classical proportions.
 The implication is that if the functional aspects are
satisfied, architectural beauty would naturally and
necessarily follow.
 The common belief among functionalist architects is
that ornament serves no function.
 Van Nelle factory- Roterdam
A series of glass encased walkways linked the
buildings and the circular viewing room at the top
of the factory which housed the canteen

The Tower of Helsinki

Olympic stadium
Internationalism
• Architectural style that developed in Europe and the U.S. in the
1920s and '30s and dominated Western architecture in the mid
20th century.
• The style's most common characteristics are rectilinear forms, open
interior spaces, large expanses of glass, steel, and reinforced-
concrete construction, and light, taut plane surfaces devoid of
applied ornamentation.
•
 Villa Savoye, Poissy, France

Seagram Building, New York

Minimalism
• Modernist architect Ludwig Mies van der Rohe paved the way
for Minimalism when he said, "Less is more."
• Minimalist architects drew much of their inspiration from the
elegant simplicity of traditional Japanese architecture.
• Valuing simplicity and abstraction, Minimalist architects used
only straight lines and rectangular shapes.
Hallmarks of Minimalism include:
• Buildings are stripped of all but the most essential elements
• Emphasis is placed on the outline, or frame, of the structure
• Interior walls are eliminated
• Floor plans are open
• Lighting is used to dramatize lines and planes
• The negative spaces around the structure are part of the overall
design
 Barcelona Pavilion – by Mies van der
Rohe

Casa de Luis Barragán, - the home and

studio of Mexican architect Luis
Barragán.
This building is a classic example of the
use of texture, bright colors, and diffused
light.
FUTURISM
Futurist architecture early-20th century
form of architecture in Italy
anti-historicism,
strong chromaticism, long dynamic lines,
suggesting speed, motion, urgency and
lyricism:
it was part of the Futurism, an artistic
movement founded by the poet Filippo
Tommaso Marinetti, who produced its first
manifesto, the Manifesto of Futurism in 1909.
A cult of the machine age and even a
glorification of war and violence were
among the themes of the Futurists (several
prominent futurists were killed after
volunteering to fight in World War I). The
latter group included the architect Antonio
Sant'Elia, who, though building little,
translated the futurist vision into an urban
form.[1]
CONSTRUCTIVISM
Constructivist architecture modern
architecture in the Soviet Union in the 1920s
and early 1930s.

Following the 1917 revolutions in Russia, the

societal upheaval and change was coupled with
a desire for a new aesthetic, one more in
keeping with the Communist philosophy and
societal goals of the new state, in contrast to the
ornate Neoclassicism that had prevailed prior.
This resulted in a new style, Constructivism.
Konstantin Melnikov, a Russian Constructivist
architect, designed theMelnikov House (1927-
29) near Arbat Street in Moscow.

It combined advanced technology and

engineering with an avowedly Communist Rusakov club by Konstantin Melnikov
social purpose..
The Monument is generally
considered to be the defining
expression of architectural
constructivism rather than a
buildable project

Tatlin's Constructivist tower was to be

built from industrial materials: iron, glass
and steel. In materials, shape, and function,
it was envisaged as a towering symbol
of modernity. It would have dwarfed
the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The tower's main
form was a twin helix which spiraled up to
400 m in height,[1] around which visitors
would be transported with the aid of
various mechanical devices

Tatlin's Tower
The Narkomtiazhprom (NKTP, Russian: Наркомтяжпром) was
a 1934 architectural contest for the People's Commissariat of Construction of Heavy
Industry, to be constructed in Red Square, Moscow. Notable entrants included Ivan
Leonidov, Konstantin Melnikov, Vesnin brothers and Ivan Fomin.
Expressionism
was an architectural movement that
developed in Northern Europe during the first
decades of the 20th century in parallel with the
expressionist visual and performing arts.
Characteristics:
• early-modernist adoption of novel
materials,
• formal innovation, and very unusual
massing, sometimes inspired by natural
biomorphic forms, sometimes by the new
technical possibilities offered by the mass
production of brick, steel and especially
glass

Rudolf Steiner's Second Goetheanum, built

from 1926 near Basel, Switzerland and the in
Potsdam, Germany.
As the International Style took hold, others
architects reacted to or strayed from its the
purely functionalist forms, while at the
same time retaining highly modernist
characteristics. Eero Saarinen,, Alvar
Aalto and Oscar Niemeyer were three of
the most prolific architects and designers
in this movement, which has influenced
contemporary modernism.

TWA Airport ,John F. Kennedy Airport by Eero

Saarinen ,1962
Caalatrava’s City of Arts andSciences
Calatrava’s Lyon-Saint Exupery Airport Turning Turrso
The Sydney Opera House, the
most iconic structure of sydney
this is a multi venue performing
arts centre adjacent, to the CBD
and the botanic gardens and near
the harbor bridge, the facility
features a modern expressionist
design with a series of large pre
cast concrete, most commonly
known as “shells” it design
process started at 1950’s and
construction was finished and the
structure opened at 1972
Post Modernism
• Post Modernism rose out of general worldwide loss of
confidence in the international Modern Movement and a
realization of its inadequacies such as lack of historical
reference that could provide a feeling of continuity.
• Post Modernism has been described as theatrical and said to
be trying to create instant or neo-history.
Staatsgalerie Extension,
Stuttgart – by James
Stirling
AT & T Headquarters/Sony Bldg., New York
By Philip Johnson
Deconstructivism
 “Pure form has been contaminated transforming
architecture in to an agent of instability, disharmony
and conflict”
 seeks to arrive at new forms of expression by turning
away from structural restraints and functional and
thematic hierarchies, and toward often
nonrectangular, fantastic, and seemingly disjointed
designs.
 Deconstructivism tends to produce a sense of
dislocation both within the forms of projects and
between the forms and their contexts.
 Weisman Art museum, Minneapolis

Dancing House, Prague Seattle Centre

Parc de la Villette, Paris
By Bernard Tschumi