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Functions N Built: Pavan Kumar A

This document provides an overview of many common functions in R across several categories: 1) General functions like abbreviate(), abs(), append(), trigonometric functions, and functions for handling missing values, arrays, factors, integers and more. 2) Graphical functions like plot(), arrows(), abline(), lines(), segments() for creating plots and adding elements. 3) Statistical functions like cor.test(), mean(), median(), min(), max(), sd(), and functions for random number generation. 4) Character functions like substr(), grep(), gsub(), sub() for string manipulation and regular expressions. The document also covers regular expressions in R and provides examples of using grep() and gre

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naresh darapu
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81 views19 pages

Functions N Built: Pavan Kumar A

This document provides an overview of many common functions in R across several categories: 1) General functions like abbreviate(), abs(), append(), trigonometric functions, and functions for handling missing values, arrays, factors, integers and more. 2) Graphical functions like plot(), arrows(), abline(), lines(), segments() for creating plots and adding elements. 3) Statistical functions like cor.test(), mean(), median(), min(), max(), sd(), and functions for random number generation. 4) Character functions like substr(), grep(), gsub(), sub() for string manipulation and regular expressions. The document also covers regular expressions in R and provides examples of using grep() and gre

Uploaded by

naresh darapu
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© © All Rights Reserved
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R FUNCTIONS

(IN-BUILT)

Pavan Kumar A
R FUNCTIONS
 Almost everything in R is done through functions
 Functions in R can be classified as

I. Numeric functions
II. Character functions
III. Statistical Functions
 To know all inbuilt R functions, we use the command builtins()

 For looking at help pages, we use ?command_name


R GENERAL FUNCTIONS
 abbreviate(x,2) # Abbreviate the names in the vector x
 abs(x) # The absolute value of “x”
 append() # Add elements to a vector

 Trigonometric functions # Trigonometric function

 addNA() # Adds NA level

 all() # Checks all of the values true in a logical vector


R GENERAL FUNCTIONS
 is.na() # „Not Available‟ / Missing Values
 apply() #Apply Functions Over Array Margins

 array() # Creation of Array

 as.character() # Creates the character vector


 is.character() # Checks if it is character vector
 as.character.Date()# Date Conversion Functions to and from Characters.
R GENERAL FUNCTIONS
 as.data.frame() # Coerce to a Data Frame
 is.data.frame() # Checking if it is dataframe
 as.factor() # Coerce to a Factor
 is.factor() # Checking if it is factor
 as.integer() # Coerce to a Integer

 is.integer() # Checking if it is Number

 as.matrix() # Coerce to a Integer


 is.matrix() # Checking if it is Matrix
R GENERAL FUNCTIONS
 which() # Which indices are TRUE?
 which(LETTERS == "R")
 which(ll <- c(TRUE, FALSE, TRUE, NA, FALSE, FALSE, TRUE))
 which((1:12)%%2 == 0)

 as.vector() # Coerce to a vector


 is.vector() # Checking if it is Matrix
 Quotes
 \n newline \b backspace
 \t tab \\ backslash
R FUNCTIONS
 cbind() # Column bind
 grep() # Pattern matching
 grep("a+", c("abc", "def", "cba a", "aa))
 identical() # Test if 2 objects are *exactly* equal
 jitter() #Add a small amount of noise to a numeric vector

 length(x) # Return no. of elements in vector x


 ls() # List objects in current environment
 paste(x) # Concatenate vectors after converting to character

 rep(1,5) # Repeat the number 1 five times

 rev(x) # List the elements of "x" in reverse order


R FUNCTIONS
 seq(1,10,0.4) # Generate a sequence (1 -> 10, spaced by 0.4)
 sequence() # Create a vector of sequences
 sort(x) # Sort the vector x
 tolower(),toupper() # Convert string to lower/upper case letters
 unique(x) # Remove duplicate entries from vector system
 Rounding Functions
 floor(x), ceiling(x), round(x)
 Sys.time() # Return system time
 Sys.Date() # Return system date
 getwd() # Return working directory

 setwd() # Change the working directory


R FUNCTIONS
 list.files() # List files in a give directory
 Built-in constants:
 pi, letters, LETTERS
 Trignometric Functions

 cos(x), sin(x), tan(x), acos(x), asin(x), atan(x), atan2(y, x)


 Arithmetic Operators

 x + y, x – y, x * y, x / y, x ^ y, x %% y
 log(x),logb(),log10(),log2(),exp(),expm1(),log1p(),sqrt()

 Comparison operators
 <, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
R FUNCTIONS – GRAPHICAL FUNCTIONS
 plot() # Generic function for plotting of R objects
 arrows() # Draw arrows

 abline() # Adds a straight line to an existing graph

 lines() # Join specified points with line segments


 segments() # Draw line segments between pairs of points
 hist(x) # Plot a histogram of x

 pairs() # Plot matrix of scatter plots

 matplot() # Plot columns of matrices


 pdf() # Plot to pdf file
 png() # Plot to PNG file
 jpeg() # Plot to JPEG
R FUNCTIONS – STATISTICAL FUNCTIONS
 cor.test() # Perform correlation test
 Cumulative Functions for Vectors
 cumsum(); cumprod(); cummin(); cummax()
 mean(x), median(x), min(x), max(x), quantile(x), sd(), var()

 rnorm() # Generate random data with Gaussian/uniform distribution

 sample() # Random samples


R FUNCTIONS – CHARACTER FUNCTIONS
 substr() #Extract or replace substrings in a character vector.
 grep(pattern, x) # Search for pattern in character vector.
 gsub(pattern, replacement, x) #Finds all pattern in x and replace
with replacement text.
 sub(pattern, replacement, x) #Find first pattern in x and replace
with replacement text.
 toupper(x), tolower(x) #Converts into upper and lower cases
respectively
R FUNCTIONS – OTHER USEFUL FUNCTIONS
 seq(from , to, by) # Sequence Generation
 rep(x, ntimes) # Replicate Elements of Vectors and Lists
 cut(x, n) # Convert Numeric to Factor
R REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
 The package used for regular expressions in R is regex (in-built)
 \\d Digit, 0,1,2 ... 9
 \\D Not Digit
 \\s Space
 \\S Not Space
 \\w Word
 \\W Not Word
 \\t Tab
 \\n New line
 ^ Beginning of the string
 $ End of the string
 | Alternation match. e.g. /(e|d)n/ matches "en" and "dn"
R REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
 • Any character, except \n or line terminator
 [ab] a or b
 [0-9] All Digit
 [A-Z] All uppercase A to Z letters
 [a-z] All lowercase a to z letters
 [A-z] All Uppercase and lowercase letters
 i+ i at least one time
 i* i zero or more times
 i? i zero or 1 time
 i{n} i occurs n times in sequence
 i{n1,n2} i occurs n1 to n2 times in sequence
R REGULAR EXPRESSIONS
 i{n,} i occurs >= n times
 [:alnum:] Alphanumeric characters: [:alpha:] and [:digit:]
 [:alpha:] Alphabetic characters: [:lower:] and [:upper:]
 [:blank:] Blank characters: e.g. space, tab
 [:space:] Space characters: tab, newline, space
 [:upper:] Upper-case letters in the current locale
 [:lower:] Lower-case letters in the current locale
R REGULAR EXPRESSIONS : EXAMPLES
 Examples
 grep("a+", c("abc", "def", "cba a", "aa"), perl=TRUE, value=FALSE)
 grepl("a+", c("abc", "def", "cba a", "aa"), perl=TRUE, value=TRUE)

 x <- c("16_24cat", "25_34cat", "35_44catch", "45_54Cat", "55_104fat")


 grep(pattern = "cat", x = x)
 grep("cat$", x, ignore.case = T)
 grepl("cat$", x, ignore.case = T)
 strsplit(x, split = "_")
R REGULAR EXPRESSIONS : EXAMPLES
 Examples
 strings <- c("a", "ab", "acb", "accb", "acccb", "accccb")
 grep("ac*b", strings, value = TRUE)

 grep("ac+b", strings, value = TRUE)

 grep("ac?b", strings, value = TRUE)

 grep("ac{2}b", strings, value = TRUE)

 grep("ac{2,}b", strings, value = TRUE)

 grep("ac{2,3}b", strings, value = TRUE)

 strings <- c("abcd", "cdab", "cabd", "c abd")


 grep("^ab", strings, value = TRUE)
THANK YOU !!!!

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