Verymissi O. Omadle Jan Leyanne S. Limos

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A Comparative Study Between Elephant Grass (Pennisitumpuruseum)

Talahib Grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and Paragis Grass (Indian


goosegrass) as Mosquito Repellent to the Effect of Mortality
Rate of Larvae

Verymissi O. Omadle
Jan Leyanne S. Limos

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
The experimental research design Mosquitoes causebillions of
was to study and compare the deaths every year because of
larvicidal activity of Between Elephant transmitting serious human diseases
and its development of resistance to
Grass (Pennisitum puruseum) Talahib
chemical insecticides resulting a
Grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and vectorial capacity rebound. More
Paragis Grass (Indian goosegrass) than 50 million people are at risk of
against the larvae of Aedes aegypti dengue virus exposure worldwideat
and Anopheles. Mosquitoes have the recent estimate. Every year, there
ability to spread disease often in a are 12,000 passings, 2 million
huge rate and have always been a diseases and 500,000 instances of
dengue hemorrhagic fever, (Guha-
huge problem all over the world. The
sapir and Schimme, 2005).
extract was obtained by following Excluding malaria,mosquito
Subramaniam’s guidelines the disease is a global problem, there
grasses were air dried, blended, are five main diseases transmitted by
soaked, filtered the underwent oil mosquitoes: yellow fever,dengue,
bath technique. Results showed that West Nile virus, chikungunya and
100% concentration of the Paragis Zika virus. They are different in terms
of theirgeographical extension and
Grass is the most efficient in
severity, but all spread Aedes
exterminating as it showed an aegypti. Stated by Acosta (2018),
average time of 12 minutes and 33 epidemiologist at the World Health
seconds, the shortest extermination Organization (WHO), “each year
time among the different plants and dengue affects between 70 and 500
concentration. In conclusion, all the million people, around two million will
extracts has an ability as a larvicide at develop a serious illness.” Up to
4,000 million people are exposed to
varying concentrations and can contracting the disease.
exterminate mosquito larvae at Mosquito is often a leading
different rates. cause of illness in areas with risk and
is commonly known in our
Keywords: Pennisitumpuruseum, environment. Centers for disease
Saccharum spontaneum, Indian controlled and prevention said that
the dengue viruses are spread to
goosegrass, Anopheles, Aedes
people through the bite of an infected
aegypti
Aedes species Ae. Aegypti or Ae. MATERIALS AND METHODS
Albopictus mosquito. This type of This study is divided into three
mosquito is common in many areas parts: Part I- Plant Extract
here in the Philippines and also the Preparation, Part II- Mosquito Larvae
other countries. Another type of Experimentation, Part III- Data
mosquito is called Anopheles their Collection and Analysis.
bites alone can transmit a disease All experimentation was done
and is one of the problems in the in the CHEM. Laboratory of
environment. Nabunturan National Comprehensive
In any case, the dengue High School (NNCHS)
infection side effects are essential,
for example, abrupt, high fever, Safety of the Researchers and
serious migraines, torment behind Maintenance of the Equipment
the eyes, extreme joint and muscle The researcher used proper
torment, weariness, sickness laboratory attires (e.g. Laboratory
retching, skin rash, which seems two gown, gloves, mask, insect repellent,
to five days after the beginning of etc.). The researcher also followed
fever, gentle draining which can the proper and safety procedures
prompt demise (WebMD, while doing the experiment. All the
2019).Dengue is a significant issue materials were washed and cleaned
in our condition and is a present thoroughly before the
issue around the world. In 2019, the experimentation to prevent further
Philippines has the highest number accidents.
of dengue cases. In the Visayas
(Philippines) there are around 5,935 Part I- Plant Extract Preparation
individuals who experienced dengue A. Collection of Plant Samples
(Macasero2019). The leaves of three different
At present, plants may be a plants were utilized for the
great alternative source for experiment were collected from P15
insecticides. (Unpaprom & Ramaraj PoblacionNabunturanDavao de Oro
2015). The researchers aim to
reduce and lessen these two types of B. Plant Extract Preparation
mosquito to help the people to According to Subramaniam
prevent from getting mosquito borne (2012) the leaves were air dried and
diseases. In order to prevent the homogenized using a blender. The
mosquito from multiplying, the homogenized leaves were soaked in
researchers want to observe the Distilled water. After 48 hours, it
comparative study of this plants underwent filtration. For the filtration
Elephant Grass process, the set up used were
(Pennisitumpuruseum) Talahib Erlenmeyer flask, filtered papers,
Grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and beakers and funnels. The soaked
Paragis Grass (Indian goosegrass) homogenized leaves were poured
that will help us to determine if it is into the funnel and the filtrate was
capable as a larvicide and which is collected in the Erlenmeyer flask and
the most effective in reducing the measured by a beaker before
mortality rate of larvae. transferring to clean container before
it underwent modified rotary B. Identification of Larvae
evaporation utilizing oil bath A.aegypti larvae and Culicidae
technique. The identification the the
A.aegypti larvae and Anopheles was
C. Oil Bath Technique and done with the help of a Lincensed
Procedure Medical Technologist at the nearest
The materials used and needed health center here in Nabunturan.
were hot plate, iron stand, iron Based on laboratory results it was
clamp, distilling flask, beaker, rubber confirmed that the species were
muffler, water trough, wire gauze and A.aegypti and Anopheleslarvae.
cooking oil. The distilling flask was
filled with the same amount of plant C. Experimentation of
filtrate. The water trough was filled Extracts against A.aegypti and
with cooking oil then put on top of the Anopheles
hot plate and wire gauze. The The concentration was varied
distilling flask was adjusted by 1.5 to seventy-five percent (75%) and
inches submerged downwards into one hundred percent (100%) by
the water trough enough for the oil volume respectively. There will be
not to overflow. The hot plate was three treatment used. Treatment (1)
heated up and adjusted by 360°C. used 75% concentration containing
The beaker was placed beside the 7.5 ml of extract and 2.5 ml distilled
distilling flask to collect the water and treatment (2) 100%
condensed ethanol that evaporated containing 10 ml of extract with no
from the distilling flask. After a few distilled water and lastly treatment
hours the extract remained at the (3) (positive control) 100% containing
bottom of the flask, the hot plate was 10 ml of commercial pesticide. The
then turned off the extract is prepared extracts at varying
collected. concentrations were placed in a petri
dish with three (3) trials for each
Part II- Mosquito Larvae treatment, a total of 18 petri dishes.
Experimentation Seven larvae were added on each
A.Collection of Mosquito petri dish and were observed by the
Samples researcher. The time (in minutes) for
The larvae were collected at the mortality of larvae were recorded
P15, Poblacion Nabunturan Davao by the researchers.
de Oro and were checked in the
Health Center to identify what kind of D. Disposal of Larvae
mosquito larvae it was. Aedes Samples
aegypti and Anophelesis the kind of After the experimentation, the
larvae that the researchers have, the A.aegypti and Anopheles with the
larvae looks like a long insect that treatment were transferred into a
wiggle when disturbed. After glasscontainer and were immersed
identifying the kind of mosquito in a bucket of soapy water for a day,
larvae was taken out of the container then were disposed to insure that the
then used as a subject for the larvae and any hidden eggs are
experiment. dead.
Part III-Data Collection and has the shortest mortality rate of the
Analysis Aedes aegypti of 2 minutes, followed
The data of the study was byGroup 2: Talahib Grass
based on the time (in minutes)of the (Saccharum spontaneum) with 5
application of the different minutes mortality rate and Group 3:
concentrations of the plant leaves Elephant Grass
extracts on mosquito larvae and the (Pennisitumpuruseum) with 8
time it took for 100% mortality of all minutes of mortality rate.
the mosquito larvae.
Table 2:
A. Statistical Analysis Mortality Rate of ParagisGrass
Kruskal-wallis as a statistical (Indian goosegrass), Talahib Grass
tool was used to determine whether (Saccharum spontaneum) and
there was significant difference in the Elephant Grass
level of effectiveness of Elephant (Pennisitumpuruseum) in varying
Grass, Talahib Grass and Paragis time on the Anopheles.
Grass extracts inexterminating
Group N Mean
mosquito larvae as to different
concentration. PARAGIS 3 2.67
TALAHIB 3 4.33
100%
RESULTS ELEPHANT 3 8.00

Table 1:
PARAGIS 3 2.00
Mortality Rate of ParagisGrass
3 5.00
(Indian goosegrass), Talahib Grass 75%
TALAHIB

(Saccharum spontaneum) and ELEPHANT 3 8.00


Elephant Grass
(Pennisitumpuruseum) in varying
time on the Aedes aegypti. Presented in Table 2 is the
mean development time (in minutes)
Group N Mean of mortality of Anopheleslarvae for all
PARAGIS 3 2.00 treatments. Where Group
TALAHIB 3 5.00 1:ParagisGrass (Indian goosegrass)
100%
ELEPHANT 3 8.00 has the shortest mortality rate of the
Anophelesof 2 minutes, followed by
Group 2:Talahib Grass (Saccharum
PARAGIS 3 2.00
spontaneum) with 5 minutes
3 5.00
75%
TALAHIB
mortality rate and Group 3:Elephant
ELEPHANT 3 8.00 Grass (Pennisitumpuruseum) with 8
minutes of mortality rate.

Presented in Table 1 is the DISSCUSSION


mean development time (in minutes) Mosquitoes, particularly
of mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae Aedes aegypti, are turning out to be
for all treatments. Where Group 1: significant models for studying
Paragis Grass (Indian goosegrass) invasion biology. Mosquitoes in the
larval stage are alluring focuses for widespread and notorious in terms of
pesticides since mosquitoes breed in severity of diseases and number of
water, which makes it simple to humans affected: the virus causing
manage them in living space. yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya
Conventional pesticides is effective and Zika fever. The lack of effective
however introduces a lot of risk therapies and vaccines for these for
factors in the environment and these disease highlights the need for
health. Natural pesticides especially alternating strategies to control the
those derived from the plant are spread of virus. The use of synthetic
more preferring in these aspects pesticides to control vector
(Mossa, A.T, 2018). populations is determinable to
According tothe study of human health and the environment
Benelli (2015) Mosquitoes (Diptera: and may lead to the development of
Cullicidae) are a huge threat for resistance strains effectiveness on
millions of people worldwide, since to mosquito vectors (Benelli, G. et al.,
act as vectors for devastating 2015). The viability of the
parasites and pathogen. Mosquitoes concentrate of Lemon Grass
are organisms that cause major (Cymbopogon citratus) was
deaths around the world especially in investigated on mosquito in look into
rural and sub-urban communities. utilizing different concentrations of
Neem Seed Oil (NSO) of the oil extricate (Ojewumi, M. E. et
Azadirachta Indica (Meliaceae) al., 2017).
contains in excess of 100 determined Adaloke (2012) A research
biologically active compound, and facility study was done to evaluate
formulating deriving from them the larvicidal viability of a methanol-
indicated harmfulness, hostile to leaf concentrate of a tradionally
feedancy and repellence against utilized insect repellent plant;
various arthropod bugs (Benelli, G., Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf. ME
et.al 2015).Vector control is one of Ojewumi et.al (2018) beside the way
the most powerful weapons in the that substance based (synthetic)anti-
process of managing vector agents have been found to have
populations to reduce and interrupt negative impact man and
the transmission of disease. As a domesticated animals, they are
result it remains considered to be a costly, non-biodegradable and no
cornerstone in the vector-borne longerproficient because of
disease control program due to the adaptation of mosquitoes to
lack of reliable vaccine, and them.With these shortcomings, an
resistance on the people health eco-accommodating plant-based
(Karunamoorthi, 2011). insecticide as an option is urgently
According Powell J. (2018) required.
Mosquito-borne infections Presented in the tablesare the
(arboviruses) have been afflicting mean development time (in minutes)
people for centuries and keep on for mortality of Aedes aegypti larvae
causing limitless suffering. While not and Anopheles larvae for all
the only mosquito-borne viruses, the treatments. Wherein the treatments
following four havebeen the most are Talahib grass, Elephant grass
and Paragis grass and are tested in alkaloids which would fundamentally
2 different concentrations wherein deliver natural exercises and
Concentration 1 (100% compound guards against bugs.
concentration) tested by 3 trials and Henceforth, the Elephant
Concentration 2 (75% concentration Grass (Pennisitumpuruseum)
and 25% distilled water) also being Talahib Grass (Saccharum
tested by 3 trails. spontaneum) and Paragis Grass
Based on the table presented (Indian goosegrass) have contributed
in Table 1 it showed that the an effect in the larvae’s body, due to
Paragisgrass (Pennisitumpuruseum) its natural chemical compounds.
extract was the most effective in This is because even through low
exterminating Aedes aegypti larvae concentrations, we could observe the
and Anopheleslarvae among the effect of the plant to the larvae,
other three different grasses. It determine and observe the larvae’s
showed the fastest time to mortality rate. All of the grass extract
exterminate between the different indicated that the higher the
concentration. concentration the lower the mortality
Based on the table 2 it of the larvae.
showed that still the Paragis grass Through this research, it has
(Pennisitumpuruseum) extract was discovered that these three plant
the most effective. It demonstrated leaves: Paragis Grass
the most rapid time to kill the (Pennisitumpuruseum), Talahib
mosquitolarvaes which is Aedes Grass (Saccharum spontaneum) and
aegypti and Anophelesthan Elephant Elephant Grass (Indian goosegrass)
grass and Talahib grass. were discovered able to eliminate the
Results indicated that the mosquito larvae Aedes aegypti and
Paragis (Pennisitumpuruseum) Anopheles so it was proven that they
leaves extricate was the best among were positive to use as a larvicidal
the three leaves remove. In a activity and capability. Therefore,
measurable view, the Paragis there was a significant difference
(Pennisitumpuruseum) leaves extract between the control and the Paragis
was the most effective since it (Pennisitumpuruseum) and the
demonstrated the briefest time to kill Talahib (Saccharum spontaneum)
between different concentrates. The and the Elephant (Indian
difference between them was thin, goosegrass) leaves extracts.
yet it doesn't imply that the other As indicated by Lakshmi
concentrate was invalid however the Naidu (2006) it reported that plant
goal was to discover which creates a wide scope of bioactive
concentrate is the best and best to chemical compounds comprising
use as a non-toxic larvicide. optional metabolites, such as
As indicated by Lakshmi flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and
Naidu (2006) it reported that plant alkaloids which would fundamentally
creates a wide scope of bioactive deliver natural exercises and
chemical compounds comprising compound guards against bugs.
optional metabolites, such as Henceforth, the Elephant
flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and Grass (Pennisitumpuruseum)
Talahib Grass (Saccharum three plant extracts the Paragis
spontaneum) and Paragis Grass Grass (Indian goosegrass) leaves
(Indian goosegrass) have contributed extracts has caused the fastest
an effect in the larvae’s body, due to mortality on the mosquito larvae.
its natural chemical compounds. Therefore, Paragis Grass
This is because even through low (Indian goosegrass) is the most
concentrations, we could observe the effective and eco-friendly larvicide
effect of the plant to the larvae, among the three tested extracts.
determine and observe the larvae’s
mortality rate. All of the grass extract RECOMMENDATIONS
indicated that the higher the Since the grass extracts were
concentration the lower the mortality proven of their effect and impact
of the larvae. against the mosquito larvae (Aedes
Taking everything into aegypti and Cullicidae) it should be
account, finding an environmentally used as an alternative household
friendly insecticide to control larvicide. For the future studies and
mosquito vectors is considered to be observations involving larvicides,
a vital role which diminishes and plant extracts, concentrations are
decrease the negative impact to the suggested to reduce the side effects
environment and to the individuals of commercial insecticides for
brought by chemical substance mosquitoes and act as natural
insecticides in our environment. larvicide. This study can also be
Furthermore, its application can alter replicate but with a large number of
the behavioral process of the Ae. larvae and/or other parts of the
aegypti and Anopheles larvae. plants to test their effectiveness. It is
Therefore, it can be concluded that also advised to use, if there are even
these grasses has a compounds in stronger commercial larvicides as the
larvicidal bioassays and for future positive control to further compliment
initiatives to investigate its bioactive the plant. Also, application and
compounds. testing of these extracts should be
done on other pest such as flies to
CONCLUSION determine of the plant extracts have
Based on the results, the effects on the pests or their natural
extract from the three different plant environment
at varying concentrations can qualify
as a mosquito larvicide because ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
depending on the results all extract First, we would like to thank
concentrations has successfully God Almighty, for his unending
exterminated 100% of mosquito showers of blessing and guidance
larvae but a different rate or throughout the whole research. The
extermination time. researchers would like to express
Between the three their deepest gratitude to their
concentrations for each plant extract, Research Adviser Ma’am Leah
the 100% concentration observe to Guirigay for providing support to the
cause 100% reduced mortality on researchers and giving them
mosquito larvae and between the guidance and for giving them the
opportunity to do this research. For
teaching the researchers through
and through and correcting them Ishak I.H., Jal Z., Ranson H., Wondji
from their mistakes throughout the C.S., (2015) “Contrasting patterns
research; to Ma’am Candaleria of insecticide resistance and
Bolonos for giving the researchers knockdown resistance (kdr) in the
the authority to use the laboratory dengue vectors Aedes
and for letting the researchers use aegyptiand Aedes albopictus
the laboratory wares and apparatus from Malaysia” Parasites &
and also to the rest of the teachers Vectors.
for their guidance and support to Jaeschke H., (2018) Safety of
the study. To the researchers Natural Insecticides: Toxic
family and other sponsors for their Effects on Experimental Animal
unending financial and moral Jayaraman M., Senthkikumar A.,
support throughout this research. Venkatesalu V. (2015) Evaluation
of Some Aromatic Plant Extract
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Appendices
Collection and Airdrying of Plant
Samples

Paragis Grass and Elephant Grass


Petri Dish with Larvae Aedes
Blending of the Grass Aegypti and Anopheles

Aedes Aegypti Anopheles


Oil Bath Technique
Experimentation of Mosquitoes

Oil Bath of The Extracts

Preparation of Apparatuses and


Mosquito

Beakers, Funnels, Graduated


Cylinder, Test Tubes, Graduated
Cylinder

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