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fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2017.2777145, IEEE
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1

Smartphone-Powered Electrochemical Biosensing

Dongle for Emerging Medical IoTs Application
Jinhong Guo*, Member IEEE
 technologies have paved the way for the emerging mIoTs, such
Abstract—Nowadays, the market of healthcare is experiencing as ultra-low power consuming wireless biosensors, medical
a rapid growth and is believed to be dramatically massive due to stretchable and flexible biosensor promote the development of
the upcoming global aging. The medical internet of things (IoTs) is IoTs Personal Health Devices (PHDs), which is capable of
endowed with expectation to fulfil the rigid demand, which collecting the biochemical and biophysical parameter. The fast
requires the all kinds of digital medical devices linked and development is pushed forward by rigid desire for the
accessed to the internet to acquire all the parameters related to
personalized healthcare services [9-13]. The target of mIoTs is
the personalized health, such as medical images, biochemical and
biophysical parameters. The acquisition and transmission of the to address the serious issues which the patients suffering from
tremendous amount of biomedical information required high chronic diseases like diabetes, gout etc., have to push into
bandwidth and fast speed. The next generation communication hospital to take the consultation from the doctor and ask for the
technology-5G is capable of providing the suitable information related diagnosis.
infrastructure for the emerging IoTs application. The ubiquitous There are a lot of patients suffering from the chronic disease
smartphone is the best information transfer station and such as the diabetes and gout, which cannot be healed within a
considered as the point of personalized medical data acquisition.
short term. Precise and rapid measurement of blood glucose
In this manuscript, we presented a medical dongle powered by the
smartphone as a miniaturized electrochemical analyzer for blood and uric acid (UA) play indispensable role in estimating the
glucose and uric acid monitoring. The family doctor can access the effectiveness of the therapy for patients with diabetes and gouts.
related biomedical information of his patient and give the precise, Currently, the aim of the medical internet of things is to make
personalized and preventive healthcare consults. In addition, the the healthcare and chronic disease management better. For the
accuracy and reliability of the proposed system were verified with past few years, mobile communication technologies such as the
good agreement as compared to the bulky biochemical analyzer in 4G communication, smartphone and medical pad have fostered
clinical use. In the emerging medical IoTs application, the
proposed system is significantly promising solution since it united
the development of the medical industry by providing
the biosensors, internet communication, information processing personalized medical service to the healthcare consumers with
and family doctor together to provide the completed health care rigid need. Those biochemical or biophysical parameters is able
for each user. to be uploaded into their corresponding personalized healthcare
center by the mobile internet with the help of the smart device
Index Terms—Smartphone; 5G health care, electrochemical which are capable of providing the biochemical or biophysical
biosensor; medical internet of things; parameter monitoring in a long term and healthcare
management solution for the patients with chronic disease.
Microfluidics has emerged as a powerful platform for
I. INTRODUCTION
biomedical analysis by integrating biological sample
The medical Internet of Things (mIoTs) is an emerging processing, detection and sorting [14-18]. Smartphone-based
network platform for ubiquitous connectivity of patients, microfluidic biosensor is believed to be a promising technology
remote doctors, hospital, biomedical device etc[1]. In the world to address the global aging issue. A few smartphone-based
of mIoTs, various medical network connectivity and large scale biomedical device have been reported with the application
computing and mining of big medical data are involved with all covering the biochemical, immune, molecular diagnosis.
kinds of medical objects. The mIoTs was constructed by Smartphone working as a miniaturized electrochemical
ubiquitous biosensor, ultrafast medical networking, medical
analyzer has been demonstrated for the rapid monitoring of UA
data collection, disease prediction analytics, medical artificial
(Uric Acid) at the point of care [19], immune diagnosis of HIV
intelligence etc[2-6]. 5G mobile technology as the next
[22] and the protein biomarker, prostate specific antigen (PSA)
generation communication technique, allows the medical
network building for various consumers or patients to upload [23]. Smartphone-based molecular diagnosis of pathogens were
their medical images such as the NMR, CT images to interact as well reported [24]. In summary, these research work utilized
with their signed remote online doctor [7-8]. The human the electrochemical method to characterize the targets
being’s health tremendously benefited from the mIoTs. molecules in the blood due to the electrochemical sensory
Medical IoTs is believed as a very promising solution to system is miniaturized, portable, cost effective, integration and
provide and allocate medical resource for patients living at the fast response. One most popular and successful example is the
region with limited medical resources. Recently, the innovate glucometer [25-26]. These devices with the utilization of
electrochemical method are highly compact, cost effective,
rapid analysis speed and accurate, which is the highly suitable
J. Guo is with the School of Communication and Information Engineering for point of care diagnosis and monitoring of key biochemical
and also with the Institute of Medical Equipment, University of Electronic or biophysical parameter. In this paper, we proposed a
Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China. (*e-mail:
[email protected])
smartphone powering medical dongle working as miniaturized
electrochemical analyzer incorporating with the corresponding

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glucose and UA electrochemical test strip to measure the blood allantoin/gluconic acid under the catalyzing of the uric acid
glucose and uric acid, which has the great commercial oxidase (UOD)/glucose oxidase (GOD) with the reduction
potentials incorporating with the disposable test strip for reaction of Fe(III) to Fe(II), respectively. The transferred
glucose and UA monitoring to provide long-term healthcare or electrons was amperometrically detected and its amount was
medical service for chronic disease. It also is capable of linearly proportional to concentration of the determinand. The
providing medical imaging transportation with the utilization of Fig.2a shows the photographic view of the proposed medical
dongle powered by smartphone with disposable test strip. The
medical dongle utilized the OTG wire to keep communication
with the smartphone. Fig.2b indicated the sensory front circuit
design to acquire the current generated by the electrochemical
reaction in the test strip. Fig.2c shows the top view of the circuit
board in medical dongle with the OTG interface. The medical
network platform was designed to receive the medical data
transmitted from medical dongle and provide the professional
medical service. The family doctor can directly read the related
health parameters of his patients through the constructed
platform. The APP can be downloaded through the apple or
android store. The home page of the proposed APP appeared in
Fig.3a. It provided many professional service such as medical
consultation, self-monitoring, appointment with doctor,
Fig.1 a. the working principle of UOD-based Uric Acid electrochemical medical reports etc. Fig.2b presented the on-line page for
sensor; b. the working principle of GOD-based glucose electrochemical family doctor including her introduction, major disease, inquiry
sensor; the ferricyanide works as the electrical mediator for electrons transfer button etc. The patients can directly consult her family doctor
on the working electrode.
by pressing the corresponding button. The Fig.3c displayed the
5G communication technology.
page for the health consumer. It recorded the history of the
user’s health parameters for the sake of convenient
II. WORKING PRINCIPLES
investigation.
The working principle of the glucose and UA test strip were
depicted in Fig.1a and b, respectively. For the electrochemical III. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
test strip, the uric acid/gluose was oxidized into
Both glucose and UA test strips was constructed with

Fig. 2 (a) the proposed smartphone powering electrochemical medical dongle with a disposable test strip for glucose or UA, the medical dongle was powered by
the smartphone through the OTG wire (b) the sensory circuit design for resolving the biochemical current; (c) the real photograph of the main circuit board of the
medical dongle;

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substrate, electrodes, parting slip, cover slip layer. The IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
polyethylene terephthalate is chosen as the substrate. The The proposed medical dongle worked as a miniaturized
carbon electrodes were printed and used to operate as the electrochemical analyser to provide the working potential @
working electrode for both the glucose and UA test strip. For 350 mV for glucose test strip and @ 400 mV for UA test strip.
the glucose strip, the carbon ink also was fabricated as the Chronoamperometric method was widely applied in the point
counting electrode, while the silver ink was printed as the of care test as a cost effective, fast, precise and sensitive
counting electrode as the counting electrode in order to increase solution to resolve the current generated by the electrochemical
the electrochemical current generated on the UA strip. Once the test strip due to the electrochemical reaction. The finger prick
electrodes layers were printed, the test strips was put in the box blood samples from two normal people were applied to the
at 75 ◦C for 40 min to make the electrodes ink dry completely. glucose and UA test strip, respectively. Each test was repeated
Subsequently, the insulator layer as parting slip was laminated three times and the typical chronoamperometric profiles
above the electrode layer on PET. The paramount GOD and measured by medical dongle with response to the real blood
UOD solution was mixed warmly with potassium ferricyanide. sample are given in Fig.4a (glucose) and Fig.4b (UA),
A 1.5 μL drop of GOD solution and A 2.0 μL drop of UOD respectively. The blood glucose and UA were measured by the
solution was immobilized on the working electrode, bulky clinical biochemical analyser (Hitachi 7600P, Hitachi
respectively. The strip were dried in the sealed box with Limited, Japan) with the concentration 5.1 mmol/L and 401
temperature @ 38 ◦C for 45 min. At the final step, the cover slip μmol/L. As the Fig.4 indicated, both the glucose and UA
with the hydrophilic layer was pasted on the parting slip and chronoamperometric profiles varied within very narrow range
formed the complete test strip. The proposed medical dongle which indicated the both test strips were highly stable. The

Fig. 3 a. The home page of the smartphone app, which provided the on-line medical service such as health consulting, medication consultation, health
monitoring etc. b. the on-line doctor page including the introduction to the doctor such as her field of doctor-in-charge, schedule etc.; c. the page for
user, which displayed the personalized medical biophysical or biochemical parameters records.
working as the amperometric sensory system was utilized to varying curve can be described with the following step. In the
resolve the current generated by the electrochemical reaction. early step, when the electrical voltage was excited on the
The measured current signal was mapped into the concentration working electrode, the quantity of the transferred electrons
of glucose and UA. The biochemical information was saved significantly increase along with enzymatic catalyse
into the memory of smartphone and uploaded into the electrochemical reactions controlled by the paramount of GOD
personalized health center. and UOD. Within a very short time scale, the current amplitude
experienced dramatic decrease due to the rapid enzymatic

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oxidation of glucose and UA molecules above the working current was sampled by the DA converter in medical dongle
electrode, as depicted in Fig. 4 (a and b). Subsequently, the within the time interval between 4.9th and 5.0th s for glucose
current maintained with a relatively placid value which has biosensor and the time interval between 40th and 40.1th s for UA
been explained that the electrochemical reaction was chiefly biosensor with 20 sampling points. The sampled
controlled by the mass transfer of uric acid and glucose electrochemical current were resolved by the standard mapping
macro-molecules diffusing from main body solution to the line which were demonstrated by the standard solution with
surface of the corresponding working electrode, respectively. specific concentration for both glucose and UA.
Table.1 The summarized test results of glucose and uric acid.

In order to estimate the reproducibility and reliability of the

test strip, the whole finger prick blood samples with various
blood glucose/UA concentrations: lower concentration range
(< 6.0 mmol/L for glucose; <200 μmol / L for UA, label with #
1), median range (7.0 mmol/L ~ 10.0 mmol/L for glucose;
201μmol / L ~ 435μmol / L for UA, label with # 2 ), and higher
range (> 11.0 mmol/L for glucose; > 436 μmol/L for UA, # 3),
were utilized to assess the reproducibility and reliability of the
medical dongle incorporating with glucose and UA test strip.
The finger prick blood samples (group #1, group #2, group #3)
with three different glucose and UA concentrations were
applied to the proposed glucose and UA test strips with the
medical dongle, respectively. Each glucose and UA blood
concentration from one objective was repeated 5 times. These
measured results from the medical dongle with glucose and UA
test strips were established, respectively, which was
summarized in Table 1. The coefficient of variation of the
glucose and UA test strip were less than 3% and 5%,
Fig 4. the measured chronoamperometric curves by the proposed medical
respectively. These test results demonstrated that the medical
dongle with applying the real finger blood sample from the healthy
objects with blood glucose: 5.1 mmol/L(a) and blood UA: 401 μmol/L (b) ; dongle is highly accurate for blood glucose and UA
the three droplets of finger prick blood were from the same person. measurement and promising in clinical application. The
From the observation of the chronoamperometric profile in following investigation provided the clinical proof for the
Fig.4a, the stable value of electrochemical current was sampled proposed system.
betwenn the 4th to 5th second. Therefore, the electrochemical

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Clarke Error Grid (CEG) was defined as the golden blood droplet of one objective patient was applied on the test
standard to estimate the accuracy of miniaturized glucometer as strip incorporated with the medical dongle and the human
compared to the result measured by the clinical bulky serum acquired from the venous blood from the same objective
biochemical analyser [3]. According to the new glucometer patient was tested with the clinical biochemical analyser. Fig.5a
accuracy standard ISO15197: 2013, the difference in result shows the scatter plot of the blood glucose by medical dongle
between the point of care glucometer and clinical biochemical against the bulky biochemical analyser. All the plotted points
analyser is less than 15%. In accordance with the new ISO fall into part A, which demonstrated that the medical dongle
standard, five zone was divided by the CEG by plotting the incorporated with glucose test strips is highly accurate for
scatter points between the comparison, A, B, C, D, and E, as the clinical application in accordance with the ISO 15197:2013
Fig 5.a indicated. Part A is defined as the accurate zone which standard.
can be used in clinical application; Part B, defined as benign
errors Zone, meaning that the POCT glucose falls outside the
range of 15% difference as compared to the biochemical
analyser but may not contributing to wrong decision; Part C,
defined as the overcorrection errors; Part D, failure to measure
the glucose; and Part E, completely unaccepted errors. For the
sake of estimating the preciseness between the medical dongle
and the clinical-use biochemical analyser, 204 blood samples
taken from 204 patients with various blood glucose were
utilized for the comparison test. In each test, the finger prick

Fig.6. the measured blood glucose of diabetic patient (a) and gout patient
(b) for six months by utilization of the proposed system for chronic disease
management

Moreover, for the sake of estimate the measured accuracy

of the medical dongle as compared to the commercial
biochemical analyser, the scatter points between the measured
UA in human serum from venous blood and the whole blood
droplet with finger prick blood droplet was as depicted in Fig.
5b. 109 blood samples taken from 109 patients with various
blood UA were sampled for the comparison test. As the glucose
comparison test, the finger prick blood droplet of one patient
was applied on the UA test strip incorporated with the medical
dongle and the human serum acquired from the venous blood
from the same patient was tested with the clinical biochemical
Fig.5. the measured biochemical parameters of glucose (a) and UA (b)
comparison between the proposed medical dongle and clinical biochemical analyser. Fig.5b plotted the scatter points of the blood UA by
analyser. medical dongle against the bulky biochemical analyser. All the

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This article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication. Citation information: DOI 10.1109/TII.2017.2777145, IEEE
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Jinhong Guo received the bachelor’s

degree in electronic engineering from
the University of Electronic Science
and Technology of China, Chengdu,
China in 2010 and PhD degree in
biomedical engineering from the
Nanyang Technological University in
2014.
Currently, he is a full professor in the
School of Communication and Information Engineering,
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China and
Chengdu University of Traditional Medicine, Chengdu, China.
After his doctoral studies, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the
Pillar of Engineering Design at MIT-SUTD Singapore from
2014 to 2015. He then worked as a Visiting Professor in the
School of Mechanical Engineering at University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor from January 2016 to July 2016. His current
research focuses on Electrochemical Sensor and lab-on-a-chip
devices for Point of Care Test toward clinical use. He is a
recipient of the China Sichuan Thousand Talents Plan for
Scholars Award (2015) and Chengdu Expert in Science and
Technology Award (2015). He is also appointed as Chief
Scientist at Longmaster Information Co., Ltd (one listed
corporation in China, stock ID: 300288), who is in charge of the
research and development center for POCT. He has published
over 70 publication in top journal such as IEEE TII, TBME,
TBioCAS, Analytical Chemistry, Biosensor and Bioelectronics
etc.

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