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Measure of Central Tendency

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including arithmetic mean, median, and mode. It provides formulas and examples for calculating each measure for both raw/ungrouped data as well as discrete and continuous grouped data. For arithmetic mean, the formulas involve summing all values and dividing by the number of observations. Median involves arranging the data and finding the middle value. Mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set.

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Nawazish Khan
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697 views13 pages

Measure of Central Tendency

The document discusses various measures of central tendency including arithmetic mean, median, and mode. It provides formulas and examples for calculating each measure for both raw/ungrouped data as well as discrete and continuous grouped data. For arithmetic mean, the formulas involve summing all values and dividing by the number of observations. Median involves arranging the data and finding the middle value. Mode is the value that occurs most frequently in the data set.

Uploaded by

Nawazish Khan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arithmetic Mean

(a) To find A.M. for Raw data


For a raw data, the arithmetic mean of a series of numbers is sum of all observations divided by
the number of observations in the series. Thus if x1, x2, ..., xn represent the values
of n observations, then arithmetic mean (A.M.) for n observations is: (direct method)

Example 5.1
The following data represent the number of books issued in a school library on selected from 7
different days 7, 9, 12, 15, 5, 4, 11 find the mean number of books.
Solution:

(b) To find A.M. for Discrete Grouped data

If x1, x2, ..., xn are discrete values with the corresponding frequencies f1, f2, …, fn. Then the mean
for discrete grouped data is defined as (direct method)

Example 5.3
A proof reads through 73 pages manuscript The number of mistakes found on each of the pages
are summarized in the table below Determine the mean number of mistakes found per page
Solution:
(i) Direct Method

The mean number of mistakes is 4.09

(c) Mean for Continuous Grouped data:

For the computation of A.M for the continuous grouped data, we can use direct method or short
cut method.
Direct Method:
The formula is

Example 5.4
The following the distribution of persons according to different income groups
Find the average income of the persons.
Solution :
Direct Method:

Merits
 It is easy to compute and has a unique value.
 It is based on all the observations.
 It is well defined.
 It is least affected by sampling fluctuations.
 It can be used for further statistical analysis.

Limitations
 The mean is unduly affected by the extreme items (outliers).
 It cannot be determined for the qualitative data such as beauty, honesty etc.
 It cannot be located by observations on the graphic method.
Median
Median is the value of the variable which divides the whole set of data into two equal parts. It is
the value such that in a set of observations, 50% observations are above and 50% observations
are below it. Hence the median is a positional average.

(a) Median for Ungrouped or Raw data:

In this case, the data is arranged in either ascending or descending order of magnitude.

(i) If the number of observations n is an odd number, then the median is represented by the
numerical value of x, corresponds to the positioning point of n+1 / 2 in ordered observations.
That is,
Median = value of (n+1 / 2)th observation in the data array
If the number of observations n is an even number, then the median is defined as the arithmetic
mean of the middle values in the array That is,

Example 5.14
The number of rooms in the seven five stars hotel in Chennai city is 71, 30, 61, 59, 31, 40 and
29. Find the median number of rooms
Solution:
Arrange the data in ascending order 29, 30, 31, 40, 59, 61, 71
n = 7 (odd)
Median = 7+1 / 2 = 4th positional value
Median = 40 rooms

Example 5.15
The export of agricultural product in million dollars from a country during eight quarters in 1974
and 1975 was recorded as 29.7, 16.6, 2.3, 14.1, 36.6, 18.7, 3.5, 21.3
Find the median of the given set of values
Solution:
We arrange the data in descending order
36.6, 29.7, 21.3, 18.7, 16.6, 14.1, 3.5, 2.3
(b) Median for Discrete grouped data

We can find median using following steps


i. Calculate the cumulative frequencies
ii. Find (N+1)/2, where N=Σf=total frequencies
iii. Identify the cumulative frequency just greater than (N+1)/2
iv. The value of x corresponding to that cumulative frequency is the (N+1)/2 median.

Example 5.16
The following data are the weights of students in a class. Find the median weights of the students

Solution:
The cumulative frequency greater than 30.5 is 38.The value of x corresponding to 38 is 40. The
median weight of the students is 40 kgs

(c) Median for Continuous grouped data

In this case, the data is given in the form of a frequency table with class-interval etc., The
following formula is used to calculate the median.

Where
l = Lower limit of the median class
N = Total Numbers of frequencies
f = Frequency of the median class
m = Cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
c = the class interval of the median class.
From the formula, it is clear that one has to find the median class first. Median class is, that class
which correspond to the cumulative frequency just greater than N/2.

Example 5.17
The following data attained from a garden records of certain period Calculate the median weight
of the apple

Solution:
Example 5.18
The following table shows age distribution of persons in a particular region. Find the median
age.
Example 5.19
The following is the marks obtained by 140 students in a college. Find the median marks
Solution:
Merits
· It is easy to compute.
· It is not affected by extreme values.
· It can be easily located even if the class intervals in the series are unequal

Limitations
· It is not amenable to further algebraic treatment
· It is a positional average and is based on the middle item
· It does not take into account the actual values of the items in the series
Mode
Mode is defined as the value which occurs most frequently in a data set. The mode obtained may
be two or more in frequency distribution.

(a) For Ungrouped or Raw Data:

The mode is defined as the value which occurs frequently in a data set
Example 5.21
The following are the marks scored by 20 students in the class. Find the mode 90, 70, 50, 30, 40,
86, 65, 73, 68, 90, 90, 10, 73, 25, 35, 88, 67, 80, 74, 46
Solution:
Since the marks 90 occurs the maximum number of times, three times compared with the other
numbers, mode is 90.
Example 5.22
A doctor who checked 9 patients’ sugar level is given below. Find the mode value of the sugar
levels. 80, 112, 110, 115, 124, 130, 100, 90, 150, 180
Solution:
Since each values occurs only once, there is no mode.
Example 5.23
Compute mode value for the following observations.
2, 7, 10, 12, 10, 19, 2, 11, 3, 12
Solution:
Here, the observations 10 and 12 occurs twice in the data set, the modes are 10 and 12.
For discrete frequency distribution, mode is the value of the variable corresponding to the
maximum frequency.
Example 5.24
Calculate the mode from the following data

Solution:
Here, 7 is the maximum frequency, hence the value of x corresponding to 7 is 8.
Therefore 8 is the mode.

(b) Mode for Continuous data:


The mode or modal value of the distribution is that value of the variate for which the frequency
is maximum. It is the value around which the items or observations tend to be most heavily
concentrated. The mode is computed by the formula.

Modal class is the class which has maximum frequency.


f1 = frequency of the modal class
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class
c = width of the class limits

Example 5.25
The following data relates to the daily income of families in an urban area. Find the modal
income of the families.

Solution:
Merits of Mode:
· It is comparatively easy to understand.
· It can be found graphically.
· It is easy to locate in some cases by inspection.
· It is not affected by extreme values.
· It is the simplest descriptive measure of average.
Demerits of Mode:
· It is not suitable for further mathematical treatment.
· It is an unstable measure as it is affected more by sampling fluctuations.
· Mode for the series with unequal class intervals cannot be calculated.
· In a bimodal distribution, there are two modal classes and it is difficult to determine the
values of the mode.

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