EE324 HW11 SPRING12

Problem 7.9 For a wave characterized by the electric field

E(z,t) = x̂ ax cos(ω t − kz) + ŷ ay cos(ω t − kz + δ )

identify the polarization state, determine the polarization angles (γ , χ ), and sketch
the locus of E(0,t) for each of the following cases:
(a) ax = 3 V/m, ay = 4 V/m, and δ = 0
(b) ax = 3 V/m, ay = 4 V/m, and δ = 180◦
(c) ax = 3 V/m, ay = 3 V/m, and δ = 45◦
(d) ax = 3 V/m, ay = 4 V/m, and δ = −135◦
Solution:
y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
(a) (b)

y y

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
x x
-4 -2 2 4 -4 -2 2 4
-1 -1
-2 -2
-3 -3
-4 -4
(c) (d)

Figure P7.9: Plots of the locus of E(0,t).

 ψ0 = tan−1 (ay /ax ), [Eq. (7.60)],
tan 2γ = (tan 2ψ0 ) cos δ [Eq. (7.59a)],
sin 2χ = (sin 2ψ0 ) sin δ [Eq. (7.59b)].

Case ax ay δ ψ0 γ χ Polarization State

(a) 3 4 0 53.13◦ 53.13◦ 0 Linear
(b) 3 4 180◦ 53.13◦ −53.13◦ 0 Linear
(c) 3 3 45◦ 45◦ 45◦ 22.5◦ Left elliptical
(d) 3 4 −135◦ 53.13◦ −56.2◦ −21.37◦ Right elliptical

(a) E(z,t) = x̂3 cos(ω t − kz) + ŷ4 cos(ω t − kz).

(b) E(z,t) = x̂3 cos(ω t − kz) − ŷ4 cos(ω t − kz).
(c) E(z,t) = x̂3 cos(ω t − kz) + ŷ3 cos(ω t − kz + 45◦ ).
(d) E(z,t) = x̂3 cos(ω t − kz) + ŷ4 cos(ω t − kz − 135◦ ).
Problem 7.10 The electric field of a uniform plane wave propagating in free space
is given by
e = (x̂ + jŷ)30e− jπ z/6 (V/m)
E
Specify the modulus and direction of the electric field intensity at the z = 0 plane at
t = 0, 5, and 10 ns.
Solution:

e jω t ]
E(z,t) = Re[Ee
= Re[(x̂ + jŷ)20e− jπ z/6 e jω t ]
= Re[(x̂ + ŷe jπ /2 )20e− jπ z/6 e jω t ]
= x̂20 cos(ω t − π z/6) + ŷ20 cos(ω t − π z/6 + π /2)
= x̂20 cos(ω t − π z/6) − ŷ20 sin(ω t − π z/6) (V/m),
£ ¤1/2
|E| = Ex2 + Ey2 = 20 (V/m),
µ ¶
Ey
ψ = tan−1 = −(ω t − π z/6).
Ex

From
c kc π /6 × 3 × 108
f= = = = 2.5 × 107 Hz,
λ 2π 2π
ω = 2π f = 5π × 107 rad/s.

At z = 0,

0 at t = 0,
ψ = −ω t = −5π × 10 t = −0.25π = −45◦
7
at t = 5 ns,

−0.5π = −90◦ at t = 10 ns.

Therefore, the wave is LHC polarized.

Problem 7.12 The electric field of an elliptically polarized plane wave is given by

E(z,t) = [−x̂ 10 sin(ω t − kz − 60◦ )

+ ŷ 30 cos(ω t − kz)] (V/m)

Determine the following:

(a) The polarization angles (γ , χ ).
(b) The direction of rotation.
Solution:
(a)

E(z,t) = [−x̂10 sin(ω t − kz − 60◦ ) + ŷ30 cos(ω t − kz)]

= [x̂10 cos(ω t − kz + 30◦ ) + ŷ30 cos(ω t − kz)] (V/m).

Phasor form: ◦
e = (x̂10e j30 + ŷ30)e− jkz .
E
Since δ is defined as the phase of Ey relative to that of Ex ,

δ = −30◦ ,
µ ¶
30
ψ0 = tan−1 = 71.56◦ ,
10
tan 2γ = (tan 2ψ0 ) cos δ = −0.65 or γ = 73.5◦ ,
sin 2χ = (sin 2ψ0 ) sin δ = −0.40 or χ = −8.73◦ .

(b) Since χ < 0, the wave is right-hand elliptically polarized.

Problem 7.17 In a medium characterized by εr = 9, µr = 1, and σ = 0.1 S/m,
determine the phase angle by which the magnetic field leads the electric field at
100 MHz.
Solution: The phase angle by which the magnetic field leads the electric field is −θη
where θη is the phase angle of ηc .

σ 0.1 × 36π
= = 2.
ωε 2π × 108 × 10−9 × 9
Hence, quasi-conductor.
r µ ¶ µ ¶−1/2
µ ε ′′ −1/2 120π σ
ηc = 1 − j = √ 1 − j
ε′ ε′ εr ωε0 εr
◦
= 125.67(1 − j2)−1/2 = 71.49 + j44.18 = 84.04∠31.72 .

Therefore θη = 31.72◦ .
Since H = (1/ηc )k̂ × E, H leads E by −θη , or by −31.72◦ . In other words, H lags
E by 31.72◦ .
Problem 7.22 The electric field of a plane wave propagating in a nonmagnetic
medium is given by

E = ẑ 25e−30x cos(2π × 109t − 40x) (V/m)

Obtain the corresponding expression for H.

Solution: From the given expression for E,

ω = 2π × 109 (rad/s),
α = 30 (Np/m),
β = 40 (rad/m).

From (7.65a) and (7.65b),

ω2 ′
α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 µε ′ = −ω 2 µ0 ε0 εr′ = − ε,
c2 r
ω 2 ′′
2αβ = ω 2 µε ′′ = ε .
c2 r
Using the above values for ω , α , and β , we obtain the following:

εr′ = 1.6,
εr′′ = 5.47.
r µ ¶
µ ε ′′ −1/2
ηc = 1− j ′
ε′ ε
µ ¶ µ ¶
η0 εr′′ −1/2 377 5.47 −1/2 ◦
= p 1− j ′ = √ 1− j = 157.9 e j36.85 (Ω).
εr
′ εr 1.6 1.6
e = ẑ 25e
E −30x
e− j40x
,
e = 1 k̂×
H ×Ee= 1 ◦
× ẑ 25e−30x e− j40x = −ŷ 0.16 e−30x e−40x e− j36.85 ,
◦ x̂×
ηc 157.9 e j36.85
jω t
H = Re{He } = −ŷ 0.16 e−30x cos(2π × 109t − 40x − 36.85◦ ) (A/m).
e
Problem 7.24 In a nonmagnetic, lossy, dielectric medium, a 300-MHz plane wave
is characterized by the magnetic field phasor

H̃ = (x̂ − j4ẑ)e−2y e− j9y (A/m)

Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic field vectors.
Solution:
e = −ηc k̂×
E e
× H.
To find ηc , we need ε ′ and ε ′′ . From the given expression for H,
e

α = 2 (Np/m),
β = 9 (rad/m).

Also, we are given than f = 300 MHz = 3 × 108 Hz. From (7.65a),

α 2 − β 2 = −ω 2 µε ′ ,
10−9
4 − 81 = −(2π × 3 × 108 )2 × 4π × 10−7 × εr′ × ,
36π
whose solution gives
εr′ = 1.95.
Similarly, from (7.65b),

2αβ = ω 2 µε ′′ ,
10−9
2 × 2 × 9 = (2π × 3 × 108 )2 × 4π × 10−7 × εr′′ × ,
36π
which gives

εr′′ = 0.91.
r µ ¶
µ ε ′′ −1/2
ηc = 1− j ′
ε′ ε
µ ¶
η0 0.91 −1/2 377 ◦
=p 1− j =√ (0.93 + j0.21) = 256.9 e j12.6 .
εr′ 1.95 1.95
Hence,
e = −256.9 e j12.6◦ ŷ×
E × (x̂ − j4ẑ)e−2y e− j9y
◦
= (x̂ j4 + ẑ) 256.9 e−2y e− j9y e j12.6
= (x̂ 4e jπ /2 + ẑ) 256.9 e−2y e− j9y e j12.6 ,
◦
 e jω t }
E = Re{Ee
= x̂ 1.03 × 103 e−2y cos(ω t − 9y + 102.6◦ )
+ ẑ 256.9 e−2y cos(ω t − 9y + 12.6◦ ) (V/m),
H = Re{He e jω t }
= Re{(x̂ + j4ẑ)e−2y e− j9y e jω t }
= x̂ e−2y cos(ω t − 9y) + ẑ 4e−2y sin(ω t − 9y) (A/m).
Problem 8.2 A plane wave traveling in medium 1 with εr1 = 2.25 is normally
incident upon medium 2 with εr2 = 4. Both media are made of nonmagnetic, non-
conducting materials. If the electric field of the incident wave is given by

Ei = ŷ8 cos(6π × 109t − 30π x) (V/m).

(a) Obtain time-domain expressions for the electric and magnetic fields in each of
the two media.
(b) Determine the average power densities of the incident, reflected and
transmitted waves.
Solution:
(a)

Ei = ŷ 8 cos(6π × 109t − 30π x) (V/m),

η0 η0 η0 377
η1 = √ = √ = = = 251.33 Ω,
εr1 2.25 1.5 1.5
η0 η0 377
η2 = √ = √ = = 188.5 Ω,
εr2 4 2
η2 − η1 1/2 − 1/1.5
Γ= = = −0.143,
η2 + η1 1/2 + 1/1.5
τ = 1 + Γ = 1 − 0.143 = 0.857,
Er = ΓEi = −1.14 ŷ cos(6π × 109t + 30π x) (V/m).

Note that the coefficient of x is positive, denoting the fact that Er belongs to a wave
traveling in −x-direction.

E1 = Ei + Er = ŷ [8 cos(6π × 109t − 30π x) − 1.14 cos(6π × 109t + 30π x)] (A/m),

8
Hi = ẑ cos(6π × 109t − 30π x) = ẑ 31.83 cos(6π × 109t − 30π x) (mA/m),
η1
1.14
Hr = ẑ cos(6π × 109t + 30π x) = ẑ 4.54 cos(6π × 109t + 30π x) (mA/m),
η1
H1 = Hi + Hr
= ẑ [31.83 cos(6π × 109t − 30π x) + 4.54 cos(6π × 109t + 30π x)] (mA/m).
√ √
Since k1 = ω µε1 and k2 = ω µε2 ,
r r
ε2 4
k2 = k1 = 30π = 40π (rad/m),
ε1 2.25
E2 = Et = ŷ 8τ cos(6π × 109t − 40π x) = ŷ 6.86 cos(6π × 109t − 40π x) (V/m),
8τ
H2 = Ht = ẑ cos(6π × 109t − 40π x) = ẑ 36.38 cos(6π × 109t − 40π x) (mA/m).
η2
(b)

82 64
Siav = x̂ = = x̂ 127.3 (mW/m2 ),
2η1 2 × 251.33
Srav = −|Γ|2 Siav = −x̂ (0.143)2 × 0.127 = −x̂ 2.6 (mW/m2 ),
|E0t |2
Stav =
2η2
(8)2 (0.86)2 64
= x̂ τ 2 = x̂ = x̂ 124.7 (mW/m2 ).
2η2 2 × 188.5

Within calculation error, Siav + Srav = Stav .

Problem 8.6 A 50-MHz plane wave with electric field amplitude of 50 V/m is
normally incident in air onto a semi-infinite, perfect dielectric medium with εr = 36.
Determine the following:
(a) Γ
(b) The average power densities of the incident and reflected waves.
(c) The distance in the air medium from the boundary to the nearest minimum of
the electric field intensity, |E|.
Solution:
(a)
r
µ2 120π 120π
η1 = η0 = 120π (Ω), η2 = = √ = = 20π (Ω),
ε2 εr2 6
η2 − η1 20π − 120π
Γ= = = −0.71.
η2 + η1 20π + 120π

Hence, |Γ| = 0.71 and θη = 180◦ .

(b)

i |E0i |2 (50)2
Sav = = = 3.32 (W/m2 ),
2η1 2 × 120π
r
Sav = |Γ|2 Savi
= (0.71)2 × 3.32 = 1.67 (W/m2 ).

(c) In medium 1 (air),

c 3 × 108
λ1 = = = 6 m.
f 5 × 107
From Eqs. (8.16) and (8.17),

θr λ1 π × 6
lmax = = = 1.5 m,
4π 4π
λ1
lmin = lmax − = 1.5 − 1.5 = 0 m (at the boundary).
4
Problem 8.15 A 5-MHz plane wave with electric field amplitude of 10 (V/m) is
normally incident in air onto the plane surface of a semi-infinite conducting material
with εr = 4, µr = 1, and σ = 100 (S/m). Determine the average power dissipated
(lost) per unit cross-sectional area in a 2-mm penetration of the conducting medium.
Solution: For convenience, let us choose Ei to be along x̂ and the incident direction
to be +ẑ. With
ω 2π × 5 × 106 π
k1 = = = (rad/m),
c 3 × 108 30
we have
³ π ´
Ei = x̂ 10 cos π × 107t − z (V/m),
30
η1 = η0 = 377 Ω.
From Table 7-1,
ε ′′ σ 100 × 36π
= = = 9 × 104 ,
ε ′ ωεr ε0 π × 107 × 4 × 10−9
which makes the material a good conductor, for which
p p
α2 = π f µσ = π × 5 × 106 × 4π × 10−7 × 100 = 44.43 (Np/m),
β2 = 44.43 (rad/m),
α2 44.43
ηc2 = (1 + j) = (1 + j) = 0.44 (1 + j) Ω.
σ 100
According to the expression for Sav2 given in the answer to Exercise 8.3,
i 2 µ ¶
2 |E0 | −2α2 z 1
Sav2 = ẑ |τ | e Re .
2 ηc∗2
The power lost is equal to the difference between Sav2 at z = 0 and Sav2 at z = 2 mm.
Thus,
P′ = power lost per unit cross-sectional area
= Sav2 (0) − Sav2 (z = 2 mm)
i 2 µ ¶
2 |E0 | 1
= |τ | Re [1 − e−2α2 z1 ]
2 ηc∗2
where z1 = 2 mm.
τ = 1+Γ
η2 − η 1 0.44 (1 + j) − 377 ◦
= 1+ = 1+ ≈ 0.0023 (1 + j) = 3.3 × 10−3 e j45 .
η2 + η1 0.44 (1 + j) + 377
 µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1
Re = Re
ηc∗2 0.44 (1 + j)∗
µ ¶ µ ¶
1 1+ j 1
= Re = Re = = 1.14,
0.44 (1 − j) 0.44 × 2 0.88
102 −3
P′ = (3.3 × 10−3 )2 × 1.14 [1 − e−2×44.43×2×10 ] = 1.01 × 10−4 (W/m2 ).
2