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Chapter-5 Rotational Motion PDF

The document discusses rotational motion and provides definitions and equations for angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, and other rotational concepts. It compares linear and rotational motion and defines related concepts like moment of inertia, kinetic energy, angular momentum, and centripetal acceleration.

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Mohammad Fuad Hasan
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125 views4 pages

Chapter-5 Rotational Motion PDF

The document discusses rotational motion and provides definitions and equations for angular displacement, velocity, acceleration, and other rotational concepts. It compares linear and rotational motion and defines related concepts like moment of inertia, kinetic energy, angular momentum, and centripetal acceleration.

Uploaded by

Mohammad Fuad Hasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Rotational Motion

Rigid body:
A body with a perfectly definite and unchanging shape is called rigid body. Rigid
bodies can undergo both translational and rotational motion. Motion of a rigid body can
always be represented as a combination of translational motion of some point in the
body and rotational motion about an axis through that point.

Angular displacement:
If a rigid body of arbitrary shape rotating about a fixed axis and if  represents any
arbitrary angle subtended by an arc of length x on the circumference of a circle of
radius R, then  (in radians) is the angular displacement of that body and is defined as
x

R
Average and instantaneous angular velocity:
The average velocity of the body is defined as the ratio of the angular displacement to
the elapsed time. If 12is the angular displacement between time interval t1 and t2,
then the average velocity is
 2  1 
 
t2  t1 t
The instantaneous velocity  is defined as the limit approached by this ratio as t
approaches zero, that is
 d
  lim 
t  0 t dt

Average and instantaneous angular acceleration:


If the angular velocity of a body changes, it is said to have an angular acceleration. If
1 and 2 are the instantaneous angular velocities at times t1 and t2, then the average
angular acceleration is defined as
2  1 
 
t2  t1 t
The instantaneous acceleration  is defined as the limit of this ratio when
tapproaches zero.
 d
  lim 
t 0 t dt

Rotation with constant acceleration:


In the case of rotation with constant acceleration, expressions for the angular velocity
and angular coordinate can readily be derived by integration. We have
d
   constant
dt
 d  dt
If 0 is the angular velocity when t = 0 and  is the angular velocity when t = t, then by
integration, we have
 t

 d    dt
0 0

  0  t ……………. (1)

Dr. Md. Readul Mahmud/Lecturer, SECS 1


PHY 101/Chapter-5
d
Now, since   , we get form (1)
dt
d  0 dt  t
If 0 is the angular displacement when t = 0 and  is the angular displacement when t =
t, then by integration, we get
 t t

 d  0  dt    tdt
0 0 0

1
   0  0t  t 2 …………… (2)
2
Now, we can write the angular acceleration as
d d d d
  
dt d dt d
 d  d
Then by integration, we have
 
  d   d
0 0

   0  2    0  …………. (3)
2 2

Equations (1) – (3) are the equations of motion with constant angular acceleration.

Relation between angular and linear velocity and acceleration:


Consider a body is moving in a circular path of radius r and at a certain time the body
is at point P. If the arc x is small then the angular displacement is related with r and
as
x  r
P
 x  r x

x 
 r r
t t
 v  r …………. (4)
This is the relation between linear and angular velocity.
Again, from (4) we can write
 v  r
v 
 r
t t
 a  r ……….. (5)
where a is the tangential component of the linear acceleration of a point at a distance r
from the axis. Equation (5) is the relation between the linear acceleration and
tangential component of acceleration.
The radial component of acceleration of the point can also be expressed in terms of
the angular velocity
v 2  2r 2
a  
r r
 a   r
2

Dr. Md. Readul Mahmud/Lecturer, SECS 2


PHY 101/Chapter-5
Centripetal acceleration:
The word ‘centripetal’ means ‘seeking for a center’. In uniform circular motion there is
no tangential component of acceleration and acceleration is purely radial resulting only
from the continuous change of the direction of the velocity. In this case the direction of
the acceleration is towards the center and is known as centripetal acceleration which is
given by
v2
a 
r

Kinetic energy of rotation:


We know the kinetic energy in linear motion is defined as
1 2
k mv …………… (6)
2
In rotational motion v  r
1 1 1
 k  mv 2  m 2 r 2  mr 2  2
2 2 2
 
For a system of particles
k
1
2
 mr 2 2

1 2
k  I ………… (7)
2
This is the expression for kinetic energy in rotational motion.

Moment of inertia:
From the definition of kinetic energy in angular motion, we get
I   mr 2
The term I is known as moment of inertia. Comparing (2) with (1) it is seen that I plays
a role of mass in rotational motion.
For different size and shape of the body I can have different expressions; e.g.
i) A slender rod; axis through center
1
I Ml 2
12

ii) Rectangular plate; axis through center


I
1
12

M a 2  b2 
iii) Hollow cylinder
I
1
2

M R1  R2
2 2

iv) Solid cylinder
1
I MR 2
2
v) Thin walled cylinder
I  MR 2
vi) Solid sphere
2
I MR 2
5

Dr. Md. Readul Mahmud/Lecturer, SECS 3


PHY 101/Chapter-5
Angular momentum:
The angular momentum of a moving body about an axis is defined as the product of its
linear momentum and the perpendicular distance from the axis to its linear motion. It is
denoted by L.
 L  mvr

Comparison of linear and angular motion:

Concept Translational motion Rotational motion Relationship


Displacement x  x = r
Velocity dx d v = r
v 
dt dt
Acceleration dv d v2
a  a  r , a 
dt dt r

Motion with v  v0  at   0   t
constant
1 1
acceleration x  x0  v0t  at 2    0  0t  t 2
2 2
v  v0  2ax  x0 
2 2
 2  0 2  2    0 

Mass, moment m I I = mr2


of inertia
Kinetic energy 1 2 1 2
K mv K I
2 2
Momentum P = mv L = I L = mvr

Problems for practice: Exercise 9-10, 9-11, 9-13, 9-14, 9-21, etc.

Exercise 9-13:
A wheel starts from rest and accelerates with constant angular acceleration to an
angular velocity of 900rev min-1 in 20s. At the end of 1s, find the angle through which the
wheel has rotated.

Dr. Md. Readul Mahmud/Lecturer, SECS 4


PHY 101/Chapter-5

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