Assignment no 4

Submitted to:. Sir Salman Butt

Submitted by:. Sharjeel Anjum
Roll no:. H1f18AC0051
Subject:. Operating System
Semester:. 4th
Deadlock:
In the multiprogramming operating system, there are a number of processing
which fights for a finite number of resources and sometimes waiting process gets
a chance to change its state because the resources for which it is waiting are
held by another waiting process. A set of a process is called deadlock when they
are waiting for the happening of an event which is called by some another event
in the same set.

Here every process will follow the system model which means the process
requests a resource if not allocated then wait otherwise it allocated will use the
resources and release it after use.

Methods for handling deadlock:

There are mainly four methods for handling deadlock.

1. Deadlock ignorance:
It is the most popular method and it acts as if no deadlock and the user will
restart. As handling deadlock is expensive to be called of a lot of codes need to
be altered which will decrease the performance so for less critical jobs deadlock
 are ignored. Ostrich algorithm is used in deadlock Ignorance. Used in windows,
Linux etc.

2. Deadlock prevention:
It means that we design such a system where there is no chance of having a
deadlock.

 Mutual exclusion:
It can’t be resolved as it is the hardware property. For example, the printer
cannot be simultaneously shared by several processes. This is very difficult
because some resources are not sharable.
 Hold and wait:
Hold and wait can be resolved using the conservative approach where a process
can start it and only if it has acquired all the resources.
 Active approach:
Here the process acquires only requires resources but whenever a new resource
requires it must first release all the resources.
 Wait time out:
Here there is a maximum time bound until which a process can wait for other
resources after which it must release the resources.
 Circular wait:
In order to remove circular wait, we assign a number to every resource and the
process can request only in the increasing order otherwise the process must
release all the high number acquires resources and then make a fresh request.
 No pre-emption:
In no pre-emption, we allow forceful pre-emption where a resource can be
forcefully pre-empted. The pre-empted resource is added to the list of resources
where the process is waiting. The new process can be restarted only when it
regains its old resources. Priority must be given to a process which is in waiting
for state.

3. Deadlock avoidance:
Here whenever a process enters into the system it must declare maximum
demand. To the deadlock problem before the deadlock occurs. This approach
employs an algorithm to access the possibility that deadlock would occur and not
act accordingly. If the necessary condition of deadlock is in place it is still
possible to avoid feedback by allocating resources carefully.
A deadlock avoidance algorithm dynamically examines the resources
allocation state to ensure that a circular wait condition case never exists. Where
the resources allocation state is defined by the of available and allocated
resources and the maximum demand of the process. There are 3 states of the
system

Safe state

When a system can allocate the resources to the process in such a way so that
they still avoid deadlock then the state is called safe state. When there is a safe
sequence exit then we can say that the system is in the safe state.

A sequence is in the safe state only if there exists a safe sequence. A sequence
of process P1, P2, Pn is a safe sequence for the current allocation state if for
each Pi the resources request that Pi can still make can be satisfied by currently
available resources pulls the resources held by all Pj with j<i.

Methods for deadlock avoidance

1) Resource allocation graph

This graph is also kind of graphical bankers' algorithm where a process is

denoted by a circle Pi and resources is denoted by a rectangle RJ (.dots) inside
the resources represents copies.

Presence of a cycle in the resources allocation graph is necessary but not

sufficient condition for detection of deadlock. If the type of every resource has
exactly one copy than the presence of cycle is necessary as well as sufficient
condition for detection of deadlock.

This is in unsafe state (cycle exist) if P1 request P2 and P2 request R1 then

deadlock will occur.

2) Bankers’s algorithm

The resource allocation graph algorithms not applicable to the system with
multiple instances of the type of each resource. So for this system Banker’s
algorithm is used.

Here whenever a process enters into the system it must declare maximum
demand possible.

At runtime, we maintain some data structure like current allocation, current need,
current available etc. Whenever a process requests some resources we first
check whether the system is in a safe state or not meaning if every process
requires maximum resources then is there ant sequence in which request can be
entertaining if yes then request is allocated otherwise rejected.

Safety algorithm

This algorithm is used to find whether system is in safe state or not we can find

Remaining Need = Max Need – Current allocation

Current available = Total available – Current allocation
Let's understand it by an example:

Consider the following 3 process total resources are given for A= 6, B= 5, C= 7,

D=6

First we find the need matrix by Need= maximum – allocation

Then find available resources = total – allocated

A B C D( 6 5 7 6) - A B C D( 3 4 6 4
Available resources A B C D( 3 1 1 2)

Then we check whether the system is in deadlock or not and find the safe
sequence of process.

P1 can be satisfied

Available= P1 allocated + available

( 1, 2, 2, 1) +( 3, 1, 1,2) = (4, 3, 3, 3)

P2 can be satisfied

Available= P2 allocated + available

(1, 0, 3, 3) + (4, 3, 3, 3) = (5, 3, 6, 6)
 P3 can be satisfied

Available= P3 allocated + available

(1, 2, 1, 0) + (5, 3, 6, 6) = (6, 5, 7, 6)

So the system is safe and the safe sequence is P1 → P2 → P3

4. Detection and recovery:

When the system is in deadlock then one method is to inform the operates and
then operator deal with deadlock manually and the second method is system will
automatically recover from deadlock. There are two ways to recover from
deadlock:

 Process termination:
Deadlock can be eliminated by aborting a process. Abort all deadlock process.
Abort is processed at a time until the deadlock cycle is eliminated. This can help
to recover the system from file deadlock.
 Resources preemption:
To eliminate deadlock using resources preemption, we prompt the same
resources pas processes and give these resources to another process until the
deadlock cycle is broken.
Here a process is partially rollback until the last checkpoint or and hen detection
algorithm is executed.