Donald Trump

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For other uses, see Donald Trump (disambiguation).

Donald Trump

45th President of the United States

Incumbent

Assumed office

January 20, 2017

Vice President Mike Pence

Preceded by Barack Obama

 Personal details

Born Donald John Trump

June 14, 1946 (age 74)

Queens, New York City

Political party Republican (1987–1999, 2009–present)

Other political Democratic (until 1987, 2001–2009)

affiliations Reform (1999–2001)

Independent (2011–2012)

Ivana Zelníčková

Spouse(s)

m. 1977; div. 1992)

Marla Maples

m. 1993; div. 1999)

Melania Knauss

m. 2005)

Children Donald Jr.

 Ivanka

Eric

Tiffany

Barron

Parents Fred Trump

Mary Anne MacLeod

Relatives Family of Donald Trump

White House (official)
Residence
Mar-a-Lago (personal)

Full list

Alma mater The Wharton School (BS in Econ.)

Net worth US$2.1 billion (April 2020)[a]

Awards List of honors and awards

Signature

Official website
Website
 White House website

This article is part of

a series about

Donald Trump

President of the United States

Incumbent

Presidency

 Transition

 Inauguration

 Timeline

 Executive actions 

o proclamations

o pardons

 Trips 

o international

 North Korea summits 

o Singapore

o Hanoi

o DMZ
  Helsinki summit

 Shutdowns 

o Jan 2018

o 2018–19

 Polls

 Lawsuits

 Protests

 Social media

 Veracity of statements

 Killings 

o al-Baghdadi

o Soleimani

 COVID-19 pandemic

Appointments

 Cabinet 

o formation

 Ambassadors

 Federal judges 

o Gorsuch

o Kavanaugh
o Supreme Court candidates

 Executives

 U.S. Attorneys

 Dismissals 

o Comey

Policies

 Economy 

o tax cuts

o tariffs

o China trade war

 Environment 

o Paris withdrawal

 Foreign policy 

o Iran deal

o Jerusalem

o Golan

o Trump peace plan

 Immigration 

o travel ban

o wall
o family separation

o migrant detentions

o troop deployments

o national emergency

 Infrastructure

 Social issues 

o cannabis

 Space

Impeachment

 Early efforts

 Trump–Ukraine scandal

 Inquiry and hearings

 Senate trial

Presidential campaigns

Interactions involving Russia

Business and personal

 v
  t

 e

Donald John Trump (born June 14, 1946) is the 45th and current president of the United States.
Before entering politics, he was a businessman and television personality.
Trump was born and raised in Queens, a borough of New York City, and received a bachelor's
degree in economics from the Wharton School. He took charge of his family's real-estate
business in 1971, renamed it The Trump Organization, and expanded its operations from Queens
and Brooklyn into Manhattan. The company built or renovated skyscrapers, hotels, casinos, and
golf courses. Trump later started various side ventures, mostly by licensing his name. He bought
the Miss Universe brand of beauty pageants in 1996, and sold it in 2015. Trump and his
businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and federal legal actions, including six
bankruptcies. He produced and hosted The Apprentice, a reality television series, from 2003 to
2015. As of 2020, Forbes estimated his net worth to be $2.1 billion.[a]
Trump's political positions have been described as populist, protectionist, and nationalist. He
entered the 2016 presidential race as a Republican and was elected in a surprise victory
over Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton, although he lost the popular vote.[b] He became the
oldest first-term U.S. president,[c] and the first without prior military or government service. His
election and policies have sparked numerous protests. Trump has made many false or misleading
statements during his campaign and presidency. The statements have been documented by fact-
checkers, and the media have widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American
politics. Many of his comments and actions have been characterized as racially charged or racist.
During his presidency, Trump ordered a travel ban on citizens from several Muslim-majority
countries, citing security concerns; after legal challenges, the Supreme Court upheld the policy's
third revision. He enacted a tax-cut package for individuals and businesses, rescinding
the individual health insurance mandate penalty. He appointed Neil Gorsuch and Brett
Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Trump has pursued an America
First agenda, withdrawing the U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade negotiations,
the Paris Agreement on climate change, and the Iran nuclear deal. He imposed import
tariffs which triggered a trade war with China, recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel,
and withdrew U.S. troops from northern Syria. Trump met thrice with North Korea's leader Kim
Jong-un, but talks on denuclearization broke down in 2019.
A special counsel investigation led by Robert Mueller found that Trump and his
campaign welcomed and encouraged Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election under
the belief that it would be politically advantageous, but did not find sufficient evidence to press
charges of criminal conspiracy or coordination with Russia.[d] Mueller also investigated Trump
for obstruction of justice, and his report neither indicted nor exonerated Trump on that offense.
After Trump solicited the investigation by Ukraine of a political rival, Joe Biden, who later
became his presumptive Democratic opponent in the 2020 presidential election, the House of
Representatives impeached him in December 2019 for abuse of power and obstruction of
Congress. The Senate acquitted him of both charges in February 2020.
 Contents
 1Personal life
o 1.1Early life
o 1.2Family
o 1.3Religion
o 1.4Health and lifestyle
o 1.5Wealth
 2Business career
o 2.1Real estate
o 2.2Branding and licensing
o 2.3Legal affairs and bankruptcies
o 2.4Side ventures
o 2.5Foundation
o 2.6Conflicts of interest
 3Media career
o 3.1Books
o 3.2WWE
o 3.3The Apprentice
o 3.4Acting
o 3.5Talk shows
 4Political career
o 4.1Political activities up to 2015
o 4.22016 presidential campaign
o 4.3Election to the presidency
o 4.4Protests
o 4.52020 presidential campaign
 5Presidency
o 5.1Early actions
o 5.2Domestic policy
o 5.3Immigration
o 5.4Foreign policy
o 5.5Personnel
o 5.6COVID-19 pandemic
o 5.7Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op
 6Public profile
 o 6.1Approval ratings
o 6.2Social media
o 6.3False statements
o 6.4Promotion of conspiracy theories
o 6.5Relationship with the press
o 6.6Racial views
o 6.7Allegations of sexual misconduct
o 6.8Allegations of inciting violence
o 6.9Popular culture
o 6.10Recognition
 7Investigations
o 7.1Hush payments
o 7.2Russian interference
o 7.3Special counsel investigation
o 7.4Associates
o 7.52019 congressional investigation
 8Impeachment
o 8.1Impeachment by the House of Representatives
o 8.2Impeachment trial in the Senate
 9Notes
 10References
o 10.1Works cited
 11External links

Personal life
Early life

1964 New York Military Academy yearbook photo

Trump was born on June 14, 1946, at Jamaica Hospital in the borough of Queens, New York
City.[1] His father was Frederick Christ Trump, a Bronx-born real estate developer whose parents
were German immigrants. His mother was Scottish-born housewife Mary Anne MacLeod
Trump. Trump grew up in the Jamaica Estates neighborhood of Queens and attended the Kew-
Forest School from kindergarten through seventh grade.[2][3] At age 13, he was enrolled in the New
York Military Academy, a private boarding school.[4] In 1964, he enrolled at Fordham University.
Two years later he transferred to the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.[5] While
at Wharton, he worked at the family business, Elizabeth Trump & Son.[6] He graduated in May
1968 with a B.S. in economics.[5][7] Profiles of Trump published in The New York Times in 1973
and 1976 erroneously reported that he had graduated first in his class at Wharton, but he had
never made the school's honor roll.[8] In 2015, Trump's lawyer Michael Cohen threatened
Fordham University and the New York Military Academy with legal action if they released
Trump's academic records.[9]
Military deferment

While in college, Trump obtained four student draft deferments.[10] In 1966, he was deemed fit for
military service based upon a medical examination, and in July 1968 a local draft board
classified him as eligible to serve.[11] In October 1968, he was medically deferred and classified 1-
Y (unqualified for duty except in the case of a national emergency).[12] In 1972, he was
reclassified 4-F due to bone spurs, which permanently disqualified him from service.[13][14] Trump
said in 2015 the deferment was for a bone spur in his foot, though he could not remember which
foot had been afflicted.[12]
Family
Main article: Family of Donald Trump

Further information:  Trump family

Trump is sworn in as president by Chief Justice John Roberts on January 20, 2017. From left: Trump, wife Melania, and
his children Donald Jr., Barron, Ivanka, Eric, and Tiffany.

Parents and siblings

Fred Trump started working in real estate with his mother Elizabeth when he was 15, after his
father Friedrich had died in the 1918 flu pandemic.[15] Their company, "E. Trump & Son",
founded in 1923,[16] was active in the New York boroughs of Queens and Brooklyn, building and
selling thousands of houses, barracks, and apartments.[17] Fred claimed to be Swedish amid
the anti-German sentiment sparked by World War II;[18] Donald Trump also claimed Swedish
heritage until 1990.[19] Trump's mother Mary Anne MacLeod was born in Scotland.[20] Fred and
Mary were married in 1936 and raised their family in Queens.[21] Trump grew up with three elder
siblings – Maryanne, Fred Jr., and Elizabeth – and younger brother Robert.[22]
Wives and children

In 1977, Trump married Czech model Ivana Zelníčková.[23] They have three children, Donald

Jr. (born 1977), Ivanka (born 1981), and Eric (born 1984), and ten grandchildren.[24] Ivana became
a naturalized United States citizen in 1988.[25] The couple divorced in 1992, following Trump's
affair with actress Marla Maples.[26] Maples and Trump married in 1993[27] and had one
daughter, Tiffany (born 1993).[28] They were divorced in 1999,[29] and Tiffany was raised by Marla
in California.[30] In 2005, Trump married Slovenian model Melania Knauss.[31] They have one
son, Barron (born 2006).[32] Melania gained U.S. citizenship in 2006.[33]
Religion
Trump identifies as Presbyterian. He went to Sunday school and was confirmed in 1959 at
the First Presbyterian Church in Jamaica, Queens.[34][35] In the 1970s, his parents joined the Marble
Collegiate Church in Manhattan, which belongs to the Reformed Church.[34][36] The pastor at
Marble, Norman Vincent Peale,[34] ministered to Trump's family until Peale's death in 1993.
[36]
 Trump has described Peale as a mentor.[37] In 2015, after Trump said he attends Marble, the
church publicly stated he "is not an active member" of the church.[35] In November 2019, Trump
appointed his personal pastor, televangelist Paula White, to the White House Office of Public
Liaison.[38]
Health and lifestyle
Trump abstains from alcohol.[39] He says he has never smoked cigarettes or cannabis.[40] He
likes fast food and French cuisine.[41][42] He has said he prefers three to four hours of sleep per
night.[43] He has called golfing his "primary form of exercise", although he usually does not walk
the course.[44] He considers exercise a waste of energy, because he believes the body is "like a
battery, with a finite amount of energy" which is depleted by exercise.[45]
In December 2015, Harold Bornstein, who had been Trump's personal physician since 1980,
wrote that Trump would "be the healthiest individual ever elected to the presidency" in a letter
released by the Trump campaign.[46] In May 2018, Bornstein said Trump had dictated the contents
of the letter and that three agents of Trump had removed his medical records in February 2017
without due authorization.[46][47]
In January 2018, White House physician Ronny Jackson said Trump was in excellent health and
that his cardiac assessment revealed no issues.[48] Several outside cardiologists commented that
Trump's 2018 LDL cholesterol level of 143 did not indicate excellent health.[49] In February 2019,
after a new examination, White House physician Sean Conley said Trump was in "very good
health overall", although he was clinically obese.[50] His 2019 coronary CT calcium scan score
indicates he suffers from a form of coronary artery disease common for white men of his age.[51]
In June 2020, Conley released a memorandum saying "the data indicates that the President
remains healthy."[52][53] The memorandum was not the usual report issued after the annual physical
exam. It summarized medical appointments that had taken place between November 2019 and
2020. It also said Trump had completed two-weeks of taking hydroxychloroquine with zinc and
vitamin D "safely and without side effects" as a preventive measure against contracting COVID-
19.[52]
Wealth
Main article: Wealth of Donald Trump

See also: Tax returns of Donald Trump

Trump and wife Ivana in the receiving line of a state dinner for King Fahd of Saudi Arabia in 1985,[54] with U.S.
president Ronald Reagan and First Lady Nancy Reagan

In 1982, Trump was listed on the initial Forbes list of wealthy individuals as having a share of
his family's estimated $200 million net worth. His financial losses in the 1980s caused him to be
dropped from the list between 1990 and 1995.[55] In its
2020 billionaires ranking, Forbes estimated Trump's net worth at $2.1 billion[a] (1,001st in the
world, 275th in the U.S.)[58] making him one of the richest politicians in American history and the
first billionaire American president.[58] During the three years since Trump announced his
presidential run in 2015, Forbes estimated his net worth declined 31% and his ranking fell 138
spots.[59] When he filed mandatory financial disclosure forms with the Federal Elections
Commission (FEC) in July 2015, Trump claimed a net worth of about $10 billion;[60] however,
FEC figures cannot corroborate this estimate because they only show each of his largest
buildings as being worth over $50 million, yielding total assets worth more than $1.4 billion and
debt over $265 million.[61] Trump said in a 2007 deposition, "My net worth fluctuates, and it goes
up and down with markets and with attitudes and with feelings, even my own feelings."[62]
Journalist Jonathan Greenberg reported in April 2018 that Trump, using the pseudonym "John
Barron" and claiming to be a Trump Organization official, called him in 1984 to falsely assert
that he owned "in excess of ninety percent" of the Trump family's business, in an effort to secure
a higher ranking on the Forbes 400 list of wealthy Americans. Greenberg also wrote
that Forbes had vastly overestimated Trump's wealth and wrongly included him on the Forbes
400 rankings of 1982, 1983, and 1984.[63]
Trump has often said he began his career with "a small loan of one million dollars" from his
father, and that he had to pay it back with interest.[64] In October 2018, The New York
Times reported that Trump "was a millionaire by age 8", borrowed at least $60 million from his
father, largely failed to reimburse him, and had received $413 million (adjusted for inflation)
from his father's business empire over his lifetime.[65][66] According to the report, Trump and his
family committed tax fraud, which a lawyer for Trump denied. The tax department of New York
said it is "vigorously pursuing all appropriate avenues of investigation" into it.[67][68] Analyses
by The Economist and The Washington Post have concluded that Trump's investments
underperformed the stock market.[69][70] Forbes estimated in October 2018 that the value of Trump's
personal brand licensing business had declined by 88% since 2015, to $3 million.[71]
Trump's tax returns from 1985 to 1994 show net losses totaling $1.17 billion over the ten-year
period, in contrast to his claims about his financial health and business abilities. The New York
Times reported that "year after year, Mr. Trump appears to have lost more money than nearly any
other individual American taxpayer," and Trump's "core business losses in 1990 and 1991 –
more than $250 million each year – were more than double those of the nearest taxpayers in the
I.R.S. information for those years". In 1995 his reported losses were $915.7 million.[72][73]

Business career
Main article: Business career of Donald Trump

Further information:  Business projects of Donald Trump in Russia

Real estate

Trump Tower in Midtown Manhattan

Trump began his career in 1968 at his father Fred's real estate development company, E. Trump
& Son, which owned middle-class rental housing in New York City's outer boroughs.[74][75] In
1971, he became president of the company and renamed it The Trump Organization.[76]
Manhattan developments

Trump attracted public attention in 1978 with the launch of his family's first Manhattan venture,
the renovation of the derelict Commodore Hotel, adjacent to Grand Central Terminal. The
financing was facilitated by a $400 million city property tax abatement arranged by Fred Trump,
[77]
 who also joined Hyatt in guaranteeing $70 million in bank construction financing.[78][79] The
hotel reopened in 1980 as the Grand Hyatt Hotel,[80] and that same year, Trump obtained rights to
develop Trump Tower, a mixed-use skyscraper in Midtown Manhattan.[81] The building houses
the headquarters of the Trump Organization and was Trump's primary residence until 2019.[82][83]
In 1988, Trump acquired the Plaza Hotel in Manhattan with a loan of $425 million from a
consortium of banks. Two years later, the hotel filed for bankruptcy protection, and a
reorganization plan was approved in 1992.[84] In 1995, Trump lost the hotel to Citibank and
investors from Singapore and Saudi Arabia, who assumed $300 million of the debt.[85][86]
In 1996, Trump acquired a vacant 71-story skyscraper at 40 Wall Street. After an extensive
renovation, the high-rise was renamed the Trump Building.[87] In the early 1990s, Trump won the
right to develop a 70-acre (28 ha) tract in the Lincoln Square neighborhood near the Hudson
River. Struggling with debt from other ventures in 1994, Trump sold most of his interest in the
project to Asian investors who were able to finance completion of the project, Riverside South.[88]
Palm Beach estate

Main article: Mar-a-Lago

Mar-a-Lago in 2009

In 1985, Trump acquired the Mar-a-Lago estate in Palm Beach, Florida.[89] Trump used a wing of

the estate as a home, while converting the remainder into a private club with an initiation fee and
annual dues.[90] The initiation fee was $100,000 until 2016; it was doubled to $200,000 in January
2017.[91] On September 27, 2019, Trump declared Mar-a-Lago his primary residence.[83]
Atlantic City casinos

Entrance of the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City

In 1984, Trump opened Harrah's at Trump Plaza hotel and casino in Atlantic City, New
Jersey with financing from the Holiday Corporation, who also managed the operation. Gambling
had been legalized there in 1977 in an effort to revitalize the once-popular seaside destination.
[92]
 Soon after it opened the casino was renamed "Trump Plaza", but the property's poor financial
results worsened tensions between Holiday and Trump, who paid Holiday $70 million in May
1986 to take sole control of the property.[93] Earlier, Trump had also acquired a partially
completed building in Atlantic City from the Hilton Corporation for $320 million. Upon its
completion in 1985, that hotel and casino was called Trump Castle. Trump's then-
wife Ivana managed it until 1988.[94][95]
Trump acquired a third casino in Atlantic City, the Taj Mahal, in 1988 in a highly leveraged
transaction.[96] It was financed with $675 million in junk bonds and completed at a cost of
$1.1 billion, opening in April 1990.[97][98][99] The project went bankrupt the following year,[98] and the
reorganization left Trump with only half his initial ownership stake and required him to pledge
personal guarantees of future performance.[100] Facing "enormous debt", he gave up control of his
money-losing airline, Trump Shuttle, and sold his 282-foot (86 m) mega yacht, the Trump
Princess, which had been indefinitely docked in Atlantic City while leased to his casinos for use
by wealthy gamblers.[101][102]
In 1995, Trump founded Trump Hotels & Casino Resorts (THCR), which assumed ownership of
Trump Plaza, Trump Castle, and the Trump Casino in Gary, Indiana.[103] THCR purchased the Taj
Mahal in 1996 and underwent successive bankruptcies in 2004, 2009, and 2014, leaving Trump
with only ten percent ownership.[104] He remained chairman of THCR until 2009.[105]
Golf courses

Main article: Donald Trump and golf

The Trump Organization began acquiring and constructing golf courses in 1999.[106] It owned 16
golf courses and resorts worldwide and operated another two as of December 2016. According to
Trump's FEC personal financial disclosure, his 2015 golf and resort revenue amounted to
$382 million.[107]
From his inauguration until the end of 2019, Trump spent around one out of every five days at
one of his golf clubs.[108]
Branding and licensing
See also: List of things named after Donald Trump
Trump International Hotel and Tower in Chicago

After the Trump Organization's financial losses in the early 1990s, it refocused its business on
branding and licensing the Trump name for projects owned and operated by other people and
companies.[109] In the late 2000s and early 2010s, it expanded this branding and management
business to hotel towers located around the world, including Chicago; Las Vegas; Washington,
D.C.; Panama City; Toronto; and Vancouver. There were also Trump-branded buildings in
Dubai, Honolulu, Istanbul, Manila, Mumbai, and Indonesia.[110]
The Trump name has also been licensed for various consumer products and services, including
foodstuffs, apparel, adult learning courses, and home furnishings.[111][112] According to an analysis
by The Washington Post, there are more than fifty licensing or management deals involving
Trump's name, which have generated at least $59 million in yearly revenue for his companies.
[113]
 By 2018 only two consumer goods companies continued to license his name.[112]
Legal affairs and bankruptcies
Main articles: Legal affairs of Donald Trump and List of lawsuits involving Donald Trump
Fixer Roy Cohn served as Trump's lawyer and mentor in the 1970s and 1980s, with a 13-year
relationship.[114][115] According to Trump, they were so close that Cohn sometimes waived fees due
to their friendship.[75] In 1973, Cohn helped Trump counter-sue the United States government for
$100 million over its charges that Trump's properties had racial discriminatory practices; in 1975
an agreement was struck for Trump's properties to change their practices.[116] It was Cohn who
introduced political consultant Roger Stone to Trump, who enlisted Stone's services to deal with
the federal government.[117]
As of April 2018, Trump and his businesses had been involved in more than 4,000 state and
federal legal actions, according to a running tally by USA Today.[118] As of 2016, he or one of his
companies had been the plaintiff in 1,900 cases and the defendant in 1,450.[119]
While Trump has not filed for personal bankruptcy, his over-leveraged hotel and casino
businesses in Atlantic City and New York filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection six times
between 1991 and 2009.[120][121] They continued to operate while the banks restructured debt and
reduced Trump's shares in the properties.[120][121]
During the 1980s, more than 70 banks had lent Trump $4 billion,[122] but in the aftermath of his
corporate bankruptcies of the early 1990s, most major banks declined to lend to him, with
only Deutsche Bank still willing to lend money.[123]
In April 2019, the House Oversight Committee issued subpoenas seeking financial details from
Trump's banks, Deutsche Bank and Capital One, and his accounting firm, Mazars USA. In
response, Trump sued the banks, Mazars, and committee chairman Elijah Cummings to prevent
the disclosures.[124][125] In May, DC District Court judge Amit Mehta ruled that Mazars must
comply with the subpoena,[126] and judge Edgardo Ramos of the Southern District Court of New
York ruled that the banks must also comply.[127][128] Trump's attorneys appealed the rulings,
[129]
 arguing that Congress was attempting to usurp the "exercise of law-enforcement authority that
the Constitution reserves to the executive branch".[130][131]
Side ventures
After taking over control of the Trump Organization in 1971, Trump expanded its real estate
operations and ventured into other business activities. The company eventually became the
umbrella organization for several hundred individual business ventures and partnerships.[132]
In September 1983, Trump purchased the New Jersey Generals, a team in the United States
Football League. After the 1985 season, the league folded largely due to Trump's strategy of
moving games to a fall schedule where they competed with the NFL for audience, and trying to
force a merger with the NFL by bringing an antitrust suit against the organization.[133][134]
Trump's businesses have hosted several boxing matches at the Atlantic City Convention
Hall adjacent to and promoted as taking place at the Trump Plaza in Atlantic City,
including Mike Tyson's 1988 heavyweight championship fight against Michael Spinks.[135][136] In
1989 and 1990, Trump lent his name to the Tour de Trump cycling stage race, which was an
attempt to create an American equivalent of European races such as the Tour de France or
the Giro d'Italia.[137]
In the late 1980s, Trump mimicked the actions of Wall Street's so-called corporate raiders,
whose tactics had attracted wide public attention. Trump began to purchase significant blocks of
shares in various public companies, leading some observers to think he was engaged in the
practice called greenmail, or feigning the intent to acquire the companies and then pressuring
management to repurchase the buyer's stake at a premium. The New York Times found that
Trump initially made millions of dollars in such stock transactions, but later "lost most, if not all,
of those gains after investors stopped taking his takeover talk seriously".[138][139][140]
Trump's star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame

In 1988, Trump purchased the defunct Eastern Air Lines shuttle, with 21 planes and landing
rights in New York City, Boston, and Washington, D.C. He financed the purchase with
$380 million from 22 banks, rebranded the operation the Trump Shuttle, and operated it until
1992. Trump failed to earn a profit with the airline and sold it to USAir.[141]
From 1996 to 2015, Trump owned all or part of the Miss Universe pageants, including Miss
USA and Miss Teen USA.[142][143] Due to disagreements with CBS about scheduling, he took both
pageants to NBC in 2002.[144][145] In 2007, Trump received a star on the Hollywood Walk of
Fame for his work as producer of Miss Universe.[146] After NBC and Univision dropped the
pageants from their broadcasting lineups in June 2015,[147] Trump bought NBC's share of the Miss
Universe Organization and sold the entire company to the William Morris talent agency.[148]
Trump University

Main article: Trump University

In 2004, Trump co-founded a company called Trump University which sold real estate training
courses priced from $1,500 to $35,000.[149][150] After New York State authorities notified the
company that its use of the word "university" violated state law, its name was changed to Trump
Entrepreneur Initiative in 2010.[151]
In 2013, the State of New York filed a $40 million civil suit against Trump University; the suit
alleged that the company made false statements and defrauded consumers.[152][153] In addition,
two class actions were filed in federal court; they named Trump personally as well as his
companies. Internal documents revealed that employees were instructed to use a hard-sell
approach, and former employees said in depositions that Trump University had defrauded or lied
to its students.[154][155][156][157][158] Shortly after he won the presidency, Trump agreed to pay a total of
$25 million to settle the three cases.[159]
Foundation
Main article: Donald J. Trump Foundation
The Donald J. Trump Foundation was a U.S.-based private foundation established in 1988 for
the initial purpose of giving away proceeds from the book Trump: The Art of the Deal.[160][161] In the
foundation's final years its funds mostly came from donors other than Trump, who did not donate
any personal funds to the charity from 2009 until 2014.[162] The foundation gave to health care and
sports-related charities, as well as conservative groups.[163]
In 2016, The Washington Post reported that the charity had committed several potential legal and
ethical violations, including alleged self-dealing and possible tax evasion.[164] Also in 2016, the
New York State Attorney General's office said the foundation appeared to be in violation of New
York laws regarding charities and ordered it to immediately cease its fundraising activities in
New York.[165][166] Trump's team announced in late December 2016 that the Foundation would be
dissolved to remove "even the appearance of any conflict with [his] role as President".[167]
In June 2018 the New York attorney general's office filed a civil suit against the foundation,
Trump himself, and his adult children, asking for $2.8 million in restitution and additional
penalties.[168][169] In December 2018, the foundation ceased operation and disbursed all its assets to
other charities.[170] The following November, a New York state judge ordered Trump to pay
$2 million to a group of charities for misusing the foundation's funds, in part to finance his
presidential campaign.[171][172]
Conflicts of interest

Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, then the prime minister of Turkey, attended the opening of Trump Towers Istanbul AVM in 2012.

Before being inaugurated as president, Trump moved his businesses into a revocable trust run by
his eldest sons and a business associate.[173][174] According to ethics experts, measures taken by
Trump do not help avoid conflicts of interest as long as he continues to profit from his
businesses.[175] Because Trump would have knowledge of how his administration's policies affect
his businesses, ethics experts recommend selling the businesses.[174] Though Trump said he would
eschew "new foreign deals", the Trump Organization has since pursued expansions of its
operations in Dubai, Scotland, and the Dominican Republic.[175]
Multiple lawsuits have been filed alleging that Trump is violating the Emoluments Clause of
the United States Constitution, which forbids presidents from taking money from foreign
governments, due to his business interests; they argue that these interests allow foreign
governments to influence him.[175][176] Previous presidents in the modern era have either divested
their holdings or put them in blind trusts,[173] and he is the first president to be sued over the
emoluments clause.[176] According to The Guardian, "NBC News recently calculated that
representatives of at least 22 foreign governments – including some facing charges of corruption
or human rights abuses such as Saudi Arabia, Malaysia, Turkey and the Philippines – seem to
have spent funds at Trump properties while he has been president."[177] On October 21, 2019,
Trump mocked the Emoluments Clause as "phony".[178]
In 2015, Trump said he "makes a lot of money with" the Saudis and that "they pay me millions
and hundreds of millions."[179] And at a political rally, Trump said about Saudi Arabia: "They buy
apartments from me. They spend $40 million, $50 million. Am I supposed to dislike them? I like
them very much."[180]
In December 2015, Trump said in a radio interview that he had a "conflict of interest" in dealing
with Turkey and Turkish president Tayyip Erdoğan because of his Trump Towers Istanbul,
saying "I have a little conflict of interest because I have a major, major building in Istanbul and
it's a tremendously successful job ... It's called Trump Towers – two towers instead of one ... I've
gotten to know Turkey very well."[181][182]

Media career
Main article: Media career of Donald Trump
Books
Main article: Bibliography of Donald Trump
Trump's first book, The Art of the Deal (1987), was on the New York Times Best Seller list for 48
weeks. According to The New Yorker, "The book expanded Trump's renown far beyond New
York City, promoting an image of himself as a successful dealmaker and tycoon." Trump was
credited as the book's co-author with Tony Schwartz. Schwartz later said he had done all the
writing, and this was confirmed by Howard Kaminsky, who at the time the book appeared was
head of its publisher, Random House.[183] Trump has called The Art of the Deal his second favorite
book, after the Bible.[184]
Two lesser memoirs were published in 1990 and 1997.
WWE
Trump has had a sporadic relationship with the professional wrestling promotion WWE (World
Wrestling Federation/Entertainment) since the late 1980s.[185][186] He headlined the record-
breaking WrestleMania 23 in 2007 and was inducted into the celebrity wing of the WWE Hall of
Fame in 2013.[187] WWE co-founder and former CEO Linda McMahon later worked in his
administration and election campaigns.[187]
The Apprentice
Main article: The Apprentice (American TV series)
In 2003, Trump became the co-producer and host of The Apprentice, a reality show in which
Trump played the role of a powerful chief executive and contestants competed for a year of
employment at the Trump Organization. Trump winnowed out contestants with his
famous catchphrase "You're fired".[188] He later co-hosted The Celebrity Apprentice, in which
celebrities competed to win money for charities.[188]
Acting
Main article: Donald Trump filmography
Trump has made cameo appearances in eight films and television shows[189][190] and performed a
song as a Green Acres character with Megan Mullally at the 57th Primetime Emmy Awards in
2005.[191]
Talk shows
Starting in the 1990s, Trump was a guest about 24 times on the nationally syndicated Howard
Stern Show.[192] He also had his own short-form talk radio program called Trumped! (one to two
minutes on weekdays) from 2004 to 2008.[193][194] In 2011, he was given a weekly unpaid guest
commentator spot on Fox & Friends which continued until he started his presidential candidacy
in 2015.[195][196]

Political career
Main article: Political career of Donald Trump
Political activities up to 2015

Trump and President Bill Clinton in June 2000

Trump's political party affiliation changed numerous times. He registered as a Republican in

Manhattan in 1987, switched to the Reform Party in 1999, the Democratic Party in 2001, and
back to the Republican Party in 2009.[197]
In 1987, Trump placed full-page advertisements in three major newspapers,[198] advocating peace
in Central America, accelerated nuclear disarmament talks with the Soviet Union, and reduction
of the federal budget deficit by making American allies pay "their fair share" for military
defense.[199] He ruled out running for local office but not for the presidency.[198]
2000 presidential campaign

Main article: Donald Trump 2000 presidential campaign

In 1999, Trump filed an exploratory committee to seek the nomination of the Reform Party for
the 2000 presidential election.[200][201] A July 1999 poll matching him against likely Republican
nominee George W. Bush and likely Democratic nominee Al Gore showed Trump with seven
percent support.[202] Trump dropped out of the race in February 2000.[203]
2012 presidential speculation
Trump speaking at CPAC 2011

Trump speculated about running for president in the 2012 election, making his first speaking
appearance at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) in February 2011 and
giving speeches in early primary states.[204][205] In May 2011 he announced he would not run.[204]
Trump's presidential ambitions were generally not taken seriously at the time.[206] Before the 2016
election, The New York Times speculated that Trump "accelerated his ferocious efforts to gain
stature within the political world" after Obama lampooned him at the White House
Correspondents' Association Dinner in April 2011.[207]
In 2011, the superintendent of the New York Military Academy at the time, Jeffrey Coverdale,
ordered the headmaster of the school, Evan Jones, to give him Trump's academic records so he
could keep them secret, according to Jones. Coverdale confirmed that he had been asked to hand
the records over to members of the school's board of trustees who were Trump's friends, but he
refused to and instead sealed them on campus. The incident reportedly happened days after
Trump demanded the release of President Barack Obama's academic records.[208]
2013–2015

In 2013, Trump spoke at CPAC again;[209] he railed against illegal immigration, bemoaned
Obama's "unprecedented media protection", advised against harming Medicare, Medicaid, and
Social Security, and suggested the government "take" Iraq's oil and use the proceeds to pay a
million dollars each to families of dead soldiers.[210][211] He spent over $1 million that year to
research a possible 2016 candidacy.[212]
In October 2013, New York Republicans circulated a memo suggesting Trump should run for
governor of the state in 2014 against Andrew Cuomo. Trump responded that while New York
had problems and its taxes were too high, he was not interested in the governorship.[213] A
February 2014 Quinnipiac poll had shown Trump losing to the more popular Cuomo by 37
points in a hypothetical election.[214]
According to Trump's attorney Michael Cohen, in May 2015 he sent letters to the New York
Military Academy and to Fordham, threatening legal action if the schools ever released Trump's
grades or SAT scores; Fordham confirmed receipt of the letter as well as a phone call from a
member of the Trump team.[215]
2016 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign
Republican primaries

See also: 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries

Trump campaigning in Laconia, New Hampshire, July 2015

On June 16, 2015, Trump announced his candidacy for President of the United States in a
"bizarre spectacle" at Trump Tower in Manhattan.[216][217]
Trump's campaign was initially not taken seriously by political analysts, but he quickly rose to
the top of opinion polls.[218]
On Super Tuesday, Trump received the most votes, and he remained the front-runner throughout
the primaries. By March 2016, Trump was poised to win the Republican nomination.[219] After a
landslide win in Indiana on May 3, 2016 – which prompted the remaining candidates Cruz
and John Kasich to suspend their presidential campaigns – RNC chairman Reince
Priebus declared Trump the presumptive Republican nominee.[220]
General election campaign

After becoming the presumptive Republican nominee, Trump shifted his focus to the general
election. Trump began campaigning against Hillary Clinton, who became the presumptive
Democratic nominee on June 6, 2016.
Clinton had established a significant lead over Trump in national polls throughout most of 2016.
In early July, Clinton's lead narrowed in national polling averages following the FBI's re-opening
the investigation into her ongoing email controversy.[221][222][223]

Candidate Trump and running mate Mike Pence at the Republican National Convention, July 2016

On July 15, 2016, Trump announced his selection of Indiana governor Mike Pence as his running
mate.[224] Four days later, the two were officially nominated by the Republican Party at the
Republican National Convention.[225] The list of convention speakers and attendees included
former presidential nominee Bob Dole, but the other prior nominees did not attend.[226][227]
On September 26, 2016, Trump and Clinton faced off in their first presidential debate, which was
held at Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York.[228] The second presidential debate was held
at Washington University in St. Louis, Missouri. The final presidential debate was held on
October 19 at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Trump's refusal to say whether he would
accept the result of the election, regardless of the outcome, drew particular attention, with some
saying it undermined democracy.[229][230]
Political positions

Main article: Political positions of Donald Trump

Trump's campaign platform emphasized renegotiating U.S.–China relations and free trade
agreements such as NAFTA and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, strongly enforcing immigration
laws, and building a new wall along the U.S.–Mexico border. His other campaign positions
included pursuing energy independence while opposing climate change regulations such as
the Clean Power Plan and the Paris Agreement, modernizing and expediting services for
veterans, repealing and replacing the Affordable Care Act, abolishing Common Core education
standards, investing in infrastructure, simplifying the tax code while reducing taxes for all
economic classes, and imposing tariffs on imports by companies that offshore jobs. During the
campaign, he also advocated a largely non-interventionist approach to foreign policy while
increasing military spending, extreme vetting or banning immigrants from Muslim-majority
countries[231] to pre-empt domestic Islamic terrorism, and aggressive military action against
the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. During the campaign Trump repeatedly
called NATO "obsolete".[232][233]
His political positions have been described as populist,[234][235][236] and some of his views cross party
lines. For example, his economic campaign plan calls for deregulation and large reductions in
income taxes, consistent with Republican Party policies,[237] along with significant infrastructure
investment, usually considered a Democratic Party policy.[238] Trump has supported or leaned
toward varying political positions over time.[239][240] Politico has described his positions as "eclectic,
improvisational and often contradictory",[241] while NBC News counted "141 distinct shifts on 23
major issues" during his campaign.[242]
Campaign rhetoric

In his campaign, Trump said he disdained political correctness; he also said the media had
intentionally misinterpreted his words, and he made other claims of adverse media bias.[243][244][245] In
part due to his fame, and due to his willingness to say things other candidates would not, and
because a candidate who is gaining ground automatically provides a compelling news story,
Trump received an unprecedented amount of free media coverage during his run for the
presidency, which elevated his standing in the Republican primaries.[246]
Fact-checking organizations have denounced Trump for making a record number of false
statements compared to other candidates.[247][248][249] At least four major publications – Politico, The
Washington Post, The New York Times, and the Los Angeles Times – have pointed out lies or
falsehoods in his campaign statements, with the Los Angeles Times saying, "Never in modern
presidential politics has a major candidate made false statements as routinely as Trump
has."[250] NPR said Trump's campaign statements were often opaque or suggestive.[251]
Trump's penchant for hyperbole is believed to have roots in the New York real estate scene,
where Trump established his wealth and where puffery abounds.[252] Trump adopted
his ghostwriter's phrase "truthful hyperbole" to describe his public speaking style.[252][253]
Support from the far right

According to Michael Barkun, the Trump campaign was remarkable for bringing fringe ideas,
beliefs, and organizations into the mainstream.[254] During his presidential campaign, Trump was
accused of pandering to white supremacists.[255][256][257] He retweeted open racists,[258][259] and repeatedly
refused to condemn David Duke, the Ku Klux Klan or white supremacists, in an interview on
CNN's State of the Union, saying he would first need to "do research" because he knew nothing
about Duke or white supremacists.[260][261] Duke himself enthusiastically supported Trump
throughout the 2016 primary and election, and has said he and like-minded people voted for
Trump because of his promises to "take our country back".[262][263]
After repeated questioning by reporters, Trump said he disavowed David Duke and the KKK.
[264]
 Trump said on MSNBC's Morning Joe: "I disavowed him. I disavowed the KKK. Do you
want me to do it again for the 12th time? I disavowed him in the past, I disavow him now."[264]
The alt-right movement coalesced around Trump's candidacy,[265] due in part to its opposition to
multiculturalism and immigration.[266][267][268] Members of the alt-right enthusiastically supported
Trump's campaign.[269] In August 2016, he appointed Steve Bannon – the executive chairman
of Breitbart News – as his campaign CEO; Bannon described Breitbart News as "the platform for
the alt-right".[270] In an interview days after the election, Trump condemned supporters who
celebrated his victory with Nazi salutes.[271][272]
Financial disclosures

As a presidential candidate, Trump disclosed details of his companies, assets, and revenue
sources to the extent required by the FEC. His 2015 report listed assets above $1.4 billion and
outstanding debts of at least $265 million.[61][273] The 2016 form showed little change.[107]
Trump has not released his tax returns, contrary to the practice of every major candidate since
1976 and his promises in 2014 and 2015 to do so if he ran for office.[274][275] He said his tax returns
were being audited (in actuality, audits do not prevent release of tax returns), and his lawyers had
advised him against releasing them.[276] Trump has told the press his tax rate is none of their
business, and that he tries to pay "as little tax as possible".[277]
In October 2016, portions of Trump's state filings for 1995 were leaked to a reporter from The
New York Times. They show that Trump had declared a loss of $916 million that year, which
could have let him avoid taxes for up to 18 years. During the second presidential debate, Trump
acknowledged using the deduction, but declined to provide details such as the specific years it
was applied.[278]
On March 14, 2017, the first two pages of Trump's 2005 federal income tax returns were leaked
to MSNBC. The document states that Trump had a gross adjusted income of $150 million and
paid $38 million in federal taxes. The White House confirmed the authenticity of the documents.
[279][280]
In April 2019, the House Ways and Means Committee made a formal request to the Internal
Revenue Service for Trump's personal and business tax returns from 2013 to 2018.[281] Two
deadlines to provide the returns were missed, then Treasury secretary Steven Mnuchin in May
2019 ultimately denied the request.[282][283][284] Committee chairman Richard Neal then subpoenaed
the Treasury Department and the IRS for the returns.[285] These subpoenas were also defied in May
2019.[286] A fall 2018 draft IRS legal memo asserted that tax returns must be provided to Congress
upon request, unless a president invokes executive privilege. Congress need not justify the
request, the memo stated, contradicting the administration's justification that a legislative
purpose is needed to produce the tax returns.[287] Mnuchin asserted the memo actually addressed a
different matter.[288]
Election to the presidency
Main article: 2016 United States presidential election

2016 electoral vote results

On November 8, 2016, Trump received 306 pledged electoral votes versus 232 for Clinton. The
official counts were 304 and 227 respectively, after defections on both sides.[289] Trump received
nearly 2.9 million fewer popular votes than Clinton, which made him the fifth person to be
elected president while losing the popular vote.[290][e] Clinton was ahead nationwide, with
65,853,514 votes (48.18%) compared to Trump's 62,984,828 votes (46.09%).[293]
Trump's victory was considered a stunning political upset by most observers, as polls had
consistently showed Hillary Clinton with a nationwide – though diminishing – lead, as well as a
favorable advantage in most of the competitive states. Trump's support had been modestly
underestimated throughout his campaign,[294] and many observers blamed errors in polls, partially
attributed to pollsters overestimating Clinton's support among well-educated and nonwhite
voters, while underestimating Trump's support among white working-class voters.[295] The polls
were relatively accurate,[296] but media outlets and pundits alike showed overconfidence in a
Clinton victory despite a large number of undecided voters and a favorable concentration of
Trump's core constituencies in competitive states.[297]
President Obama and president-elect Trump on November 10, 2016
Trump won 30 states, including Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin, which had been
considered a blue wall of Democratic strongholds since the 1990s. Clinton won 20 states and
the District of Columbia. Trump's victory marked the return of a Republican White House
combined with control of both chambers of Congress.[298]
Trump is the wealthiest president in U.S. history, even after adjusting for inflation,[299] and the
oldest person to take office as president.[300] He is also the first president who did not serve in the
military or hold elective or appointed government office prior to being elected.[301][302] Of the
43[f] previous presidents, 38 had held prior elective office, two had not held elective office but
had served in the Cabinet, and three had never held public office but had been commanding
generals.[302]
Protests
Main article: Protests against Donald Trump

Women's March in Washington on January 21, 2017, a day after Trump's inauguration

Some rallies during the primary season were accompanied by protests or violence, including
attacks on Trump supporters and vice versa both inside and outside the venues.[304][305][306] Trump's
election victory sparked protests across the United States, in opposition to his policies and his
inflammatory statements. Trump initially tweeted that these were "professional protesters,
incited by the media" and "unfair", but later "Love the fact that the small groups of protesters last
night have passion for our great country."[307][308]
In the weeks following Trump's inauguration, massive anti-Trump demonstrations took place,
such as the Women Marches, which gathered 2,600,000 people worldwide,[309] including 500,000
in Washington alone.[310] Marches against his travel ban began across the country on January 29,
2017, just nine days after his inauguration.[311]
2020 presidential campaign
Main article: Donald Trump 2020 presidential campaign
Trump signaled his intention to run for a second term by filing with the FEC within a few hours
of assuming the presidency.[312][313] This transformed his 2016 election committee into a 2020
reelection one.[314] Trump marked the official start of the campaign with a rally in Melbourne,
Florida, on February 18, 2017, less than a month after taking office.[315] By January 2018, Trump's
reelection committee had $22 million in hand,[316] and it had raised a total amount exceeding
$67 million by December 2018.[317] Trump became the Republican presumptive nominee on
March 17, 2020, after securing a majority of pledged delegates.[318] Trump's re-election campaign
saw declining poll numbers by mid-2020, reflecting dissatisfaction with his handling of the
COVID-19 pandemic and widespread racial justice protests following the killing of George
Floyd.[319][320] In what The New York Times called an "extraordinary breach of presidential
decorum", Trump raised the idea in July 30 of delaying the election, while asserting unfounded
concerns about inaccuracy and fraud.[321] Campaign advertisements in July focused on crime,
claiming that cities would descend into lawlessness if Biden won the presidency.[322] Several
sources described his campaign message as shifting to "racist rhetoric" in an attempt to reclaim
voters lost from his base.[323][324]

Presidency
Main article: Presidency of Donald Trump

For a chronological guide to this subject, see Timeline of the Donald Trump presidency.
Early actions
See also: Presidential transition of Donald Trump and First 100 days of Donald Trump's
presidency

Trump during his inauguration in 2017. From left, Barack Obama, Joe Biden, Chuck Schumer.

Trump was inaugurated as the 45th president of the United States on January 20, 2017. During
his first week in office, he signed six executive orders: interim procedures in anticipation of
repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare), withdrawal from
the Trans-Pacific Partnership negotiations, reinstatement of the Mexico City Policy, unlocking
the Keystone XL and Dakota Access Pipeline construction projects, reinforcing border security,
and beginning the planning and design process to construct a wall along the U.S. border with
Mexico.[325]
Upon inauguration, Trump delegated the management of his real estate business to his sons Eric
and Don Jr.[326] His daughter Ivanka resigned from the Trump Organization and moved to
Washington, D.C., with her husband Jared Kushner. She serves as an assistant to the President,
[327]
 and he is a Senior Advisor in the White House.[328]
On January 31, Trump nominated U.S. Appeals Court judge Neil Gorsuch to fill the seat on
the Supreme Court previously held by Justice Antonin Scalia until his death on February 13,
2016.[329]
Domestic policy
Economy and trade

Main article: Economic policy of Donald Trump

See also: Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 and Trump tariffs

Trump with House speaker Nancy Pelosi in January 2017

The economic expansion that began in June 2009 continued through Trump's first three years in
office.[330][331] This ended in February 2020, when the COVID-19 pandemic sparked a recession.
[331]
 Throughout his presidency, Trump has repeatedly and falsely characterized the economy as
the best in American history (at least four U.S. presidents have presided over better economies).
[330]

In December 2017, Trump signed the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, which permanently cut the
corporate tax rate to 21 percent, temporarily lowered personal tax brackets until 2025, increased
child tax credit, doubled the estate tax exemption to $11.2 million, and limited the state and local
tax deduction to $10,000.[332]

Trump speaks to automobile workers in Michigan, March 2017.

Trump is a skeptic of multilateral trade deals, as he believes they indirectly incentivize unfair
trade practices that then tend to go unpoliced. He favors bilateral trade deals, as they allow one
party to pull out if the other party is believed to be behaving unfairly. Trump favors neutral or
positive balances of trade over negative balances of trade, also known as a "trade deficit". Trump
adopted his current skeptical views toward trade liberalization in the 1980s, and he sharply
criticized NAFTA during the Republican primary campaign in 2015.[333][334][335] He withdrew the
U.S. from the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) negotiations,[336] imposed tariffs on steel and
aluminum imports,[337] and launched a trade war with China by sharply increasing tariffs on 818
categories (worth $50 billion) of Chinese goods imported into the U.S.[338][339] On several occasions,
Trump has said incorrectly that these import tariffs are paid by China into the U.S. Treasury.[340]
Despite a campaign promise to eliminate the national debt in eight years, Trump as president has
approved large increases in government spending, as well as the 2017 tax cut. As a result, the
American government's budget deficit has increased by almost 50%, to nearly $1 trillion in 2019.
  In 2016, the year before Trump took office, the U.S. national debt was around $19 trillion; by
[341]

mid-2020, it had increased to $26 trillion under the Trump administration.[342]

In April 2020, the official unemployment rate shot up to 14.7% due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
This was an underestimation of the actual unemployment rate, but still was the highest level of
unemployment since 1939.[343]
Energy and climate

Main article: Environmental policy of the Donald Trump administration

Trump rejects the scientific consensus on climate change.[344][345] Since his election Trump has
made large budget cuts to programs that research renewable energy and has rolled back Obama-
era policies directed at curbing climate change.[346] In June 2017, Trump announced the
withdrawal of the United States from the Paris Agreement, making the U.S. the only nation in
the world to not ratify the agreement.[347] At the 2019 G7 summit, Trump skipped the sessions on
climate change but said afterward during a press conference that he is an environmentalist.[348]
Trump has rolled back federal regulations aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions, air
pollution, water pollution, and the usage of toxic substances. One example is the Clean Power
Plan. He relaxed environmental standards for federal infrastructure projects, while expanding
permitted areas for drilling and resource extraction, such as allowing drilling in the Arctic
Refuge. Trump also weakened protections for animals.[349] Trump's energy policies aimed to boost
the production and exports of coal, oil, and natural gas.[350]
Government size and deregulation

Trump's early policies have favored rollback and dismantling of government regulations. He has
signed 15 Congressional Review Act disapproval resolutions to allow Congress to repeal
executive regulations, the second President to sign any such resolutions after the first CRA
resolution was passed in 2001, and the first President to sign more than one such resolution.
[351]
 During his first six weeks in office, he delayed, suspended or reversed ninety federal
regulations.[352][353]
On January 30, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13771, which directed that for every new
regulation administrative agencies issue "at least two prior regulations be identified for
elimination".[354][355] Agency defenders expressed opposition to Trump's criticisms, saying the
bureaucracy exists to protect people against well-organized, well-funded interest groups.[356]
Health care

During his campaign, Trump repeatedly vowed to repeal and replace Patient Protection and
Affordable Care Act (ACA or "Obamacare").[357] Shortly after taking office, he urged Congress to
repeal and replace it. In May of that year, the House voted to repeal it.[358] His first action as
president was Executive Order 13765, which increased flexibility "to the maximum extent
permitted by law" for the Cabinet to issue waivers, deferrals, and exemptions for the law while
attempting to give states more flexibility.[359] Executive Order 13813 was subsequently issued,
designed to reduce regulations imposed under Obamacare by increasing competition.[360] Trump
has expressed a desire to "let Obamacare fail," and the Trump administration has cut the
ACA enrollment period in half and drastically reduced funding for advertising and other ways to
encourage enrollment.[361][362][363] The 2017 tax bill effectively repealed the ACA's individual health
insurance mandate in 2019,[364][365][366] and a budget bill Trump signed in 2019 repealed the Cadillac
plan tax, medical device tax, and tanning tax.[367][368] As president, Trump has falsely claimed he
saved the coverage of pre-existing conditions provided by ACA, while his administration
declined to challenge a lawsuit that would eliminate it.[369] As a 2016 candidate, Trump promised
to protect funding for Medicare and other social safety-net programs, but in January 2020 he
suggested he was willing to consider cuts to such programs.[370]
Social issues

Main article: Social policy of Donald Trump

Trump favored modifying the 2016 Republican platform opposing abortion, to allow for
exceptions in cases of rape, incest, and circumstances endangering the health of the mother.[371] He
has said he is committed to appointing "pro-life" justices.[372] He says he personally supports
"traditional marriage"[373] but considers the nationwide legality of same-sex marriage a "settled"
issue.[372] Despite the statement by Trump and the White House saying they would keep in place a
2014 executive order from the Obama administration which created federal workplace
protections for LGBT people,[374] in March 2017, the Trump administration rolled back key
components of the Obama administration's workplace protections for LGBT people.[375]
Trump supports a broad interpretation of the Second Amendment and says he is opposed to gun
control in general,[376][377] although his views have shifted over time.[378] Trump opposes legalizing
recreational marijuana but supports legalizing medical marijuana.[379] He favors capital
punishment,[380][381] as well as the use of waterboarding and "a hell of a lot worse" methods.[382][383]
Pardons and commutations

Main article: List of people granted executive clemency by Donald Trump

In August 2017, Trump pardoned former sheriff Joe Arpaio, who was awaiting sentencing
for contempt of court in a class action that alleged racial profiling.[384][385] In March 2018, he
pardoned former Navy sailor Kristian Saucier, who had been found guilty of taking classified
photographs of a submarine.[386] In April 2018 he pardoned Scooter Libby, a political aide to
former Vice President Dick Cheney. Libby had been convicted of obstruction of
justice, perjury and making false statements to the FBI.[387] In May 2018 he granted a posthumous
pardon to Jack Johnson, a black boxer who had been convicted in 1913 for traveling across state
lines with his white girlfriend.[388][389] In June 2018 he pardoned conservative commentator Dinesh
D'Souza, who had made illegal political campaign contributions.[390] That month he also
commuted the life sentence of Alice Marie Johnson, a non-violent drug trafficking offender,
following a request by celebrity Kim Kardashian.[391] In February 2020, Trump pardoned white-
collar criminals Michael Milken, Bernard Kerik, and Edward J. DeBartolo Jr.,
and commuted former Illinois governor Rod Blagojevich's 14-year corruption sentence.[392][393]
In July 2020, Trump commuted the 40-month prison sentence for his friend and adviser Roger
Stone, who had been soon due to report to jail for his actions during the investigation into
Russian interference in the 2016 presidential elections. The sentencing judge had previously
described that Stone was "prosecuted for covering up for the president" – Trump himself. A
month before the commutation, Trump had declared that Stone "can sleep well at night!"[394]
Immigration
Main article: Immigration policy of Donald Trump
Trump's proposed immigration policies were a topic of bitter and contentious debate during the
campaign. He promised to build a more substantial wall on the Mexico–United States border to
keep out illegal immigrants and vowed Mexico would pay for it.[395] He pledged to massively
deport illegal immigrants residing in the United States,[396] and criticized birthright citizenship for
creating "anchor babies".[397] He said deportation would focus on criminals, visa overstays, and
security threats.[398] As president, he frequently described illegal immigration as an "invasion" and
conflated immigrants with the gang MS-13, though research shows undocumented immigrants
have a lower crime rate than native-born Americans.[399]
Trump has attempted to drastically escalate immigration enforcement.[400] Some of the results are
harsher immigration enforcement policies against asylum seekers from Central America than any
modern U.S. president before him, and a significantly increased usage of migrant detentions and
deportations.[401][402] This was accompanied by the Trump administration's mandating in 2018 that
immigration judges must complete 700 cases a year to be evaluated as performing satisfactorily.
[403]

In other immigration policies, Trump has from 2018 onwards deployed nearly 6,000 troops to the
U.S. Mexico border,[404] in 2019 was allowed by the Supreme Court to stop most Central
American migrants from seeking U.S. asylum,[405] and from 2020 used the public charge rule to
restrict immigrants using government benefits from getting permanent residency via green cards.
[406][407]
 Trump has continually reduced the number of allowed refugees into the country; when
Trump took office the annual limit was 110,000, in 2019 Trump set a limit of 18,000, a record
low for the U.S. refugee program.[408] Additional restrictions implemented by the Trump
administration caused (potentially long-lasting) bottlenecks in processing refugee applications,
resulting in fewer refugees accepted compared to the allowed limits.[409]
Travel ban

Main articles: Executive Order 13769 and Executive Order 13780

Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, Trump made a controversial proposal to ban
Muslim foreigners from entering the United States until stronger vetting systems could be
implemented.[410][411][412] He later reframed the proposed ban to apply to countries with a "proven
history of terrorism".[413][414][415]
On January 27, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13769, which suspended admission of
refugees for 120 days and denied entry to citizens of Iraq, Iran, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria,
and Yemen for 90 days, citing security concerns. The order took effect immediately and without
warning.[416] Confusion and protests caused chaos at airports.[417][418] Sally Yates, the acting Attorney
General, directed Justice Department lawyers not to defend the executive order, which she
deemed unenforceable and unconstitutional;[419] Trump immediately dismissed her.[420] Multiple
legal challenges were filed against the order, and on February 5 a federal judge in Seattle
blocked its implementation nationwide.[421][422] On March 6, Trump issued a revised order, which
excluded Iraq, gave specific exemptions for permanent residents, and removed priorities for
Christian minorities.[423][416] Again federal judges in three states blocked its implementation.[424] On
June 26, 2017, the Supreme Court ruled that the ban could be enforced on visitors who lack a
"credible claim of a bona fide relationship with a person or entity in the United States".[425]
The temporary order was replaced by Presidential Proclamation 9645 on September 24, 2017,
which permanently restricts travel from the originally targeted countries except Iraq and Sudan,
and further bans travelers from North Korea and Chad, along with certain Venezuelan officials.
[426]
 After lower courts partially blocked the new restrictions, the Supreme Court allowed the
September version to go into full effect on December 4, 2017,[427] and ultimately upheld the travel
ban in a June 2019 ruling.[428]
Family separation at border

Main article: Trump administration family separation policy

Children sitting within a wire mesh compartment in the Ursula detention facility in McAllen, Texas, June 2018

The Trump administration has separated more than 5,400 migrant children from their parents at
the U.S.–Mexico border while the families attempted to enter the U.S.[429] The Trump
administration sharply increased the number of family separations at the border starting from the
summer of 2017, before an official policy was announced in 2018; this was not reported publicly
until January 2019.[430][431]
In April 2018, the Trump administration announced and enacted a "zero tolerance" immigration
policy, whereby every adult illegally crossing the border would be criminally prosecuted.[432] This
resulted in family separations, as the migrant adults were put in criminal detention for
prosecution, while the migrant children were taken away as unaccompanied alien minors.[433] The
children would be brought to immigration detention, immigrant shelters, tent camps, or metal
cages, with the stated aim of releasing them to relatives or sponsors.[434] Administration officials
described the policy as a deterrent against illegal immigration.[434] Previous administrations had no
such policy of generally separating migrant families with children.[434]
The policy of family separations sparked public outrage,[435] and resulted in demands from
Democrats, Republicans, Trump allies, and religious groups that the policy be rescinded.
[436]
 Trump reacted by falsely asserting that his administration was merely following the law,
blaming Democrats, when in fact this was his administration's policy.[437][438][439] More than 2,300
children were separated as a result of the "zero tolerance policy", the Trump administration
revealed in June 2018.[434]
Although Trump originally argued that the issue could not be solved via executive order, he
proceeded to sign an executive order on June 20, 2018, mandating that migrant families be
detained together, unless the administration judged that doing so would harm the child.[440][441] On
June 26, 2018, a federal judge concluded that the Trump administration had "no system in place
to keep track of" the separated children, nor any effective measures for family communication
and reunification;[442] the judge ordered for the families to be reunited, and family separations
stopped, except in the cases where the parent(s) are judged unfit to take care of the child, or if
there is parental approval.[443]
4,370 children were separated from July 2017 to June 2018, reported the Trump administration
in October 2019.[429] Even after the June 2018 federal judge order, the Trump administration
continued to practice family separations, with more than a thousand migrant children separated.
[429]

Migrant detentions

Main article: Trump administration migrant detentions

Overcrowded conditions for migrant families detained in Weslaco, Texas were reported by inspectors from the federal
government in June 2019.[444]

The Trump administration has taken a harsher approach than previous administrations regarding
migrant detentions, by allowing no exemptions for detention unlike the George W. Bush and
Obama administrations.[445] While the Obama administration already employed a high level of
detentions and deportations for migrants, the Trump administration took it to a significantly
higher level.[402] In April 2018, Trump ordered an end to the "catch and release" policy which
released illegal immigrants from detention pending a court hearing.[432]
Government inspectors from the Department of Homeland Security Office of Inspector
General conducted spot-checks of migrant detention centers in June 2018, finding that U.S.
Customs and Border Protection "in many instances" violated federal guidelines for detaining
migrant children for too long before passing them to the Office of Refugee Resettlement.
[446]
 Meanwhile, Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection Kevin McAleenan said in
March 2019 there was a "border security and a humanitarian crisis", with the system for handling
migrants already at a "breaking point" due to an increase in migrants.[447] The government
inspectors released further reports in May 2019 and July 2019 of migrants being detained under
conditions failing federal standards. They reported migrants enduring prolonged detention,
"dangerous overcrowding", poor hygiene and food standards.[448][449] In June 2019 and July 2019,
lawyers, a certified doctor, and lawmakers visited the migrant detention facilities, reporting a
lack of supervision, traumatized children, and many sick migrants respectively.[450][451][452]
The treatment of the detained migrants resulted in public indignation by July 2019.[453] Also that
month, Trump reacted to criticism of the migrant detentions by declaring that U.S. Border Patrol
was doing a "great job", and if the migrants were unhappy about the conditions of the detention
facilities, "just tell them not to come."[454] Meanwhile, Vice President Pence visited an
overcrowded facility, where he reacted by saying "this is tough stuff" and the system is
"overwhelmed".[455]
In August 2019, the administration attempted to change the 1997 Flores Agreement that limits
detention of migrant families to 20 days; the new policy allowing indefinite detention was
blocked before it would go into effect.[456]
2018–2019 federal government shutdown

Main article: 2018–19 United States federal government shutdown

Trump examines border wall prototypes in Otay Mesa, California.

On December 22, 2018, the federal government was partially shut down after Trump declared
that any funding extension must include $5.6 billion in federal funds for a U.S.–Mexico border
wall to partly fulfill his campaign promise.[457] The shutdown was caused by a lapse in funding for
nine federal departments, affecting about one-fourth of federal government activities.[458] Trump
said he would not accept any bill that did not include funding for the wall, and Democrats, who
control the House, said they would not support any bill that does. Senate Republicans have said
they will not advance any legislation Trump would not sign.[459] In earlier negotiations with
Democratic leaders, Trump commented that he would be "proud to shut down the government
for border security".[460]
The shutdown caused an estimated 380,000 government employees to be furloughed, while an
estimated 420,000 government employees worked without getting paid; most of the affected
workers missed two paychecks.[461] The shutdown resulted in a permanent loss of $3 billion to the
U.S. economy, estimated the Congressional Budget Office.[462] A plurality of Americans blamed
Trump for the shutdown, polls showed; the percentage increased as the shutdown continued, to
around 50%. Trump's approval ratings also dropped.[463]
On January 25, 2019, the Senate and the House unanimously approved a temporary funding bill
that provided no funds for the wall but would provide delayed paychecks to government
workers. Trump signed the bill that day, ending the shutdown at 35 days. It was the longest U.S.
government shutdown in history.[464][465]
Since the government funding was temporary, another shutdown loomed. On February 14, 2019,
the Senate and the House approved a funding bill that included $1.375 billion for 55 miles of
border fences, in lieu of Trump's intended wall.[466] Trump signed the bill on February 15, 2019,
just hours before another shutdown would begin.[467]
National emergency regarding the southern border

On February 15, 2019, after Trump received from Congress only $1.375 billion for border
fencing after demanding $5.7 billion for the Trump wall, he declared a National Emergency
Concerning the Southern Border of the United States, in hopes of getting another $6.7 billion
without congressional approval, using funds for military construction, drug interdiction, and
money from the Treasury.[467] In doing so, Trump acknowledged that he "didn't need to" declare a
national emergency, but he "would rather do it much faster".[467]
Congress twice passed resolutions to block Trump's national emergency declarations, but Trump
twice vetoed them, and Congress did not have enough votes override Trump's veto.[468][469]
[470]
 Trump's decision to divert other government funding to fund the wall resulted in legal
challenges. In July 2019, the Supreme Court allowed Trump to use $2.5 billion (originally meant
for anti-drug programs) from the Department of Defense to build the Trump wall.[471][472] In
December 2019, a federal judge stopped the Trump administration from using $3.6 billion of
military construction funds for the Trump wall.[472]
Trump wall

Main article: Trump wall

As a presidential candidate, Trump insisted that along the southern border he would build a
wall – not a fence – saying there is a "big difference"[473] and mentioning "concrete going very
high". In January 2018 he again floated the idea of solid concrete.[474]
In 2017, the Mexico-U.S. border had 654 miles of primary fencing, 37 miles of secondary
fencing and 14 miles of tertiary fencing.[475] Trump's target, from 2015 to 2017, was 1,000 miles
of wall.[476] The Trump administration set a target of 450 miles of new or renovated barriers by
December 2020, with an ultimate goal of 509 miles of new or renovated barriers by August
2021.[477] Even into 2020, Trump has repeatedly provided false assertions that Mexico is paying
for the Trump wall, although American taxpayers are footing the bill from funds being diverted
from the U.S. Department of Defense.[478]
In October 2018, the administration revealed two miles of replacement fences made of steel
posts, which it called the first section of Trump's 'wall', although earlier that year Border Patrol
had said the project was unrelated to the Trump wall and had been long planned (dating to 2009).
[479][480]
 In December 2018 and January 2019, Trump tweeted out a design of a steel fence, and a
picture of a fence, while declaring "the wall is coming."[476] In February 2019, Trump said his
administration had been "restricted to renovating" existing barriers, "and we need new wall."[481]
By November 2019, the Trump administration had replaced around 78 miles of the Mexico–
United States barrier along the border; these replacement barriers were not walls, but fences
made of bollards.[482][483] The administration in November 2019 said it had "just started breaking
ground" to build new barriers in areas where no structure existed.[482] By May 2020, the Trump
administration had replaced 172 miles of dilapidated or outdated design barriers, and constructed
15 miles of new border barriers.[484]
Foreign policy
Main article: Foreign policy of the Donald Trump administration

Trump with Emmanuel Macron, Angela Merkel, Justin Trudeau and other leaders at the 45th G7 summit in France, 2019

Trump, King Salman of Saudi Arabia, and Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi at the 2017 Riyadh summit in Saudi
Arabia

Trump has been described as a non-interventionist[485][486] and an American nationalist.[487] He has

repeatedly said he supports an "America First" foreign policy.[488] He supports increasing United
States military defense spending,[487] but favors decreasing United States spending on NATO and
in the Pacific region.[489] He says America should look inward, stop "nation building", and re-
orient its resources toward domestic needs.[486]
His foreign policy has been marked by repeated praise and support of neo-
nationalist and authoritarian strongmen and criticism of democratically-led governments.
[490]
 Trump has cited China's president Xi Jinping,[491] Philippines president Rodrigo Duterte,
[492]
 Egyptian president Abdel Fattah el-Sisi,[493] Turkey's president Tayyip Erdoğan,
[494]
 King Salman of Saudi Arabia,[495] Italy's prime minister Giuseppe Conte,[496] Brazil's
president Jair Bolsonaro,[497] Indian prime minister Narendra Modi,[498] and Hungarian prime
minister Viktor Orbán as examples of good leaders.[499]
ISIS, Syria, and Afghanistan

In April 2017, Trump ordered a missile strike against a Syrian airfield in retaliation for the Khan
Shaykhun chemical attack.[500] According to investigative journalist Bob Woodward, Trump had
ordered his defense secretary James Mattis to assassinate Syrian president Bashar al-Assad after
the chemical attack, but Mattis declined; Trump denied doing so.[501] In April 2018, he
announced missile strikes against Assad's regime, following a suspected chemical attack
near Damascus.[502]
In December 2018, Trump declared "we have won against ISIS," and ordered the withdrawal of
all troops from Syria, contradicting Department of Defense assessments.[503][504][505] Mattis resigned
the next day over disagreements in foreign policy, calling this decision an abandonment of Kurd
allies who had played a key role in fighting ISIS.[506] One week after his announcement, Trump
said he would not approve any extension of the American deployment in Syria.[507] On January 6,
2019, national security advisor John Bolton announced America would remain in Syria until ISIS
is eradicated and Turkey guarantees it will not strike America's Kurdish allies.[508]
Trump actively supported the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Houthis and
signed a $110 billion agreement to sell arms to Saudi Arabia.[509][510][511] Trump also praised his
relationship with Saudi Arabia's powerful Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman.[509]
U.S. troop numbers in Afghanistan increased from 8,500 to 14,000, as of January 2017,
[512]
 reversing his pre-election position critical of further involvement in Afghanistan.[513] U.S.
officials said then that they aimed to "force the Taliban to negotiate a political settlement"; in
January 2018, however, Trump spoke against talks with the Taliban.[514] On February 29, 2020,
the Trump administration signed a conditional peace agreement with the Taliban,[515] which calls
for the withdrawal of foreign troops in 14 months if the Taliban uphold the terms of the
agreement.[516] Trump said "it is time" to bring U.S. soldiers home from Afghanistan.[517]

Trump with Turkish president Erdoğan in November 2019

In October 2019, after Trump spoke to Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, the White
House acknowledged Turkey would be carrying out a planned military offensive into northern
Syria; as such, U.S. troops in northern Syria were withdrawn from the area to avoid interference
with that operation. The statement also passed responsibility for the area's captured ISIS fighters
to Turkey.[518] In the following days, Trump suggested the Kurds intentionally released ISIS
prisoners in order to gain sympathy, suggested they were fighting only for their own financial
interests, suggested some of them were worse than ISIS, and termed them "no angels".[519]
Congress members of both parties denounced the move, including Republican allies of Trump
such as Senator Lindsey Graham. They argued that the move betrayed the American-
allied Kurds, and would benefit ISIS, Turkey, Russia, Iran, and Bashar al-Assad's Syrian regime.
[520]
 Trump defended the move, citing the high cost of supporting the Kurds, and the lack of
support from the Kurds in past U.S. wars.[521][522] After the U.S. pullout, Turkey proceeded to attack
Kurdish-controlled areas in northeastern Syria.[523] On October 16, the United States House of
Representatives, in a rare bipartisan vote of 354 to 60, "condemned" Trump's withdrawal of U.S.
troops from Syria for "abandoning U.S. allies, undermining the struggle against ISIS, and
spurring a humanitarian catastrophe".[524][525]
In November 2019, Trump ordered U.S. troops to secure the oil fields in eastern Syria, then said
any remaining U.S. troops in Syria were there "only for the oil", and that the U.S. was "keeping
the oil". Seizing oil without local government permission would be a war crime of pillage.[526][527]
Iran

See also: Iran–United States relations §  2017–present: Trump administration, United States

withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, and 2019–20 Persian Gulf crisis
Demonstrations in Iran over the death of Qasem Soleimani during the U.S attack on the Baghdad airport in Iraq on January
3, 2020

Trump has described the regime in Iran as "the rogue regime", although he has also asserted he
does not seek regime change.[528][529] He has repeatedly criticized the Joint Comprehensive Plan of
Action (JCPOA or "Iran nuclear deal") that was negotiated with the United States, Iran, and five
other world powers in 2015, calling it "terrible" and saying the Obama administration had
negotiated the agreement "from desperation".[530][531][532]
Following Iran's missile tests on January 29, 2017, the Trump administration imposed sanctions
on 25 Iranian individuals and entities in February 2017.[533][534][535] Trump reportedly lobbied
"dozens" of European officials against doing business with Iran during the May 2017 Brussels
summit; this likely violated the terms of the JCPOA, under which the U.S. may not pursue "any
policy specifically intended to directly and adversely affect the normalization of trade and
economic relations with Iran". The Trump administration certified in July 2017 that Iran had
upheld its end of the agreement.[536] On August 2, 2017, Trump signed into law the Countering
America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act (CAATSA) that grouped together sanctions
against Iran, Russia, and North Korea.[537] On May 18, 2018, Trump announced the United States'
unilateral departure from the JCPOA.[531]
In May 2017, strained relations between the U.S. and Iran escalated when Trump deployed
military bombers and a carrier group to the Persian Gulf. Trump hinted at war on social media,
provoking a response from Iran for what Iranian foreign minister Javad Zarif called "genocidal
taunts".[538][539][540] Trump and Saudi Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman are allies in the conflict
with Iran.[541] Trump approved the deployment of additional U.S. troops to Saudi Arabia and
the United Arab Emirates following the attack on Saudi oil facilities which the United States has
blamed on Iran.[542]
On January 2, 2020, Trump ordered a targeted U.S. airstrike, which killed Iranian Major
General and IRGC Quds Force commander Qasem Soleimani and Iraqi Popular Mobilization
Forces commander Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis, as well as eight other people.[543] Trump publicly
threatened to attack Iranian cultural sites, or react "in a disproportionate manner" if Iran
retaliated; though such attacks by the U.S. would violate international law as war crimes.[544] On
January 8, Iran retaliated by launching airstrikes on Al Asad Air Base in Iraq; initially the Trump
administration claimed no Americans suffered injuries, then Trump said injuries were not "very
serious", but by February 2020, more than a hundred traumatic brain injuries were diagnosed in
U.S. troops.[545] Iran issues an arrest warrant for 36 U.S. political and military officials, including
President Trump, for their role in the assassination of Qasem Soleimani.[546]
Israel

See also: Israel–United States relations §  Trump administration (2017–present)

Trump and Israeli prime minister Benjamin Netanyahu at Yad Vashem, May 2017

Trump has supported the policies of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu.[547] He

officially recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel on December 6, 2017, despite criticism
and warnings from world leaders. He subsequently opened a new U.S. embassy in Jerusalem in
May 2018.[548][549] The United Nations General Assembly condemned the move, adopting a
resolution that "calls upon all States to refrain from the establishment of diplomatic missions in
the Holy City of Jerusalem".[550][551] In March 2019, Trump reversed decades of U.S. policy
by recognizing Israel's annexation of the Golan Heights,[552] a move condemned by the European
Union and the Arab League.[553]
China

See also: China–United States relations §  Trump's presidency (2017–), and China–United

States trade war
Before and during his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused China of taking unfair
advantage of the U.S.[554] During his presidency, Trump has launched a trade war against China,
sanctioned Huawei for its alleged ties to Iran,[555] significantly increased visa restrictions on
Chinese nationality students and scholars[556][557] and classified China as a "currency manipulator".
[558]
 In the wake of the significant deterioration of relations, many political observers have warned
against a new cold war between China and the U.S.[559][560][561]
Trump said he resisted punishing China for its human rights abuses against ethnic minorities in
the northwestern Xinjiang region for fear of jeopardizing U.S.-China trade negotiations.[562] On
July 9, 2020, Trump imposed sanctions and visa restrictions against senior Chinese officials,
including Chen Quanguo,[563] a member of China's powerful Politburo of the Communist Party,
who expanded mass detention camps holding more than a million members of the
country's Uyghur Muslim minority.[564]
North Korea

See also: North Korea–United States relations

Trump meets Kim Jong-un at the Singapore summit, June 2018.

In 2017, North Korea's nuclear weapons became increasingly seen as a serious threat to the
United States.[565] In August 2017, Trump escalated his rhetoric, warning that North Korean
threats would be met with "fire and fury like the world has never seen".[566] North Korea
responded by releasing plans for missile tests that would land near Guam.[567] In September 2017,
Trump addressed the United Nations General Assembly, saying the U.S. would "totally destroy
North Korea" if "forced" to defend itself or its allies.[568] Also in September 2017, Trump
increased sanctions on North Korea, declared that he wanted North Korea's "complete
denuclearization", and engaged in name-calling with leader Kim Jong-un.[566][569]
In March 2018, Trump immediately agreed to Kim's proposal for a meeting.[570] On June 12,
2018, Trump and Kim met in Singapore, with Kim affirming his intention "to work toward
complete denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula".[571]
A second Trump–Kim summit in Hanoi in February 2019, was terminated abruptly without an
agreement; both countries blamed each other and offered differing accounts of the negotiations.
[572]
 On June 30, 2019, Trump, Kim, and South Korean President Moon Jae-in held brief talks in
the Korean Demilitarized Zone, marking the first time a sitting U.S. president had set foot on
North Korean soil. Trump and Kim agreed to resume negotiations.[573] Bilateral talks began in
Stockholm in October 2019, but broke down after one day.[574] As of May 2020, North Korea has
shown no indication that it is willing to unilaterally denuclearize.[575]
Russia

See also: Russia–United States relations

Putin and Trump at the G20 Osaka summit, June 2019

During his campaign and as president, Trump has repeatedly asserted that he desires better
relations with Russia.[576][577] He also said Russia could help the U.S. in its fight against ISIS.
[578]
 According to Putin and some political experts and diplomats, the U.S.–Russian relations,
which were already at the lowest level since the end of the Cold War, have further deteriorated
since Trump took office in January 2017.[579][580][581]
As president, Trump has criticized Russia about Syria,[582] Ukraine,[583] North Korea,[584] Venezuela,
[585]
 and the Skripal poisoning,[586] but has sent mixed messages regarding Crimea.[587][588][589] He
forbade U.S. oil companies from drilling in Russia.[590] Businesses involved in the Nord
Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany have been sanctioned by the Trump
administration with the passing of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year
2020 on December 20, 2019.[591] Trump said the Nord Stream 2 pipeline, owned by
Russia's Gazprom, could turn Germany into a "hostage of Russia".[592]
Amidst continuing growth of China's missile forces, President Trump announced on October 20,
2018 that he was withdrawing the U.S. from the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty due
to supposed Russian non-compliance,[593] a move criticized by the former Soviet
President Mikhail Gorbachev, who signed the treaty in 1987 with U.S. President Ronald Reagan.
[594]

Trump has repeatedly praised Russian president Vladimir Putin; criticism of Putin by Trump was
uncommon.[595][582] As a presidential candidate, Trump continually reiterated that Putin is a strong
leader.[596] When Putin in August 2017 expelled over half of the staff of the American embassy in
Russia in retaliation for Sanctions Act (CAATSA),[597] which imposed new sanctions on Russia,
President Trump responded by thanking Putin, saying "We'll save a lot of money," instead of
criticizing him.[595] After Trump met Putin at the Helsinki Summit on July 16, 2018, Trump drew
bipartisan criticism for siding with Putin's denial of Russian interference in the 2016 presidential
election, rather than accepting the findings of the United States intelligence community.[598][599][600]
Cuba

See also: Cuba–United States relations

In November 2017, the Trump administration tightened the rules on trade with Cuba and
individual visits to the country, undoing the Obama administration's loosening of restrictions.
According to an administration official, the new rules were intended to hinder trade with
businesses with ties to the Cuban military, intelligence and security services.[601]
Venezuela

See also: United States–Venezuela relations

Trump with Venezuela's opposition leader and interim president, Juan Guaidó, at the White House, February 2020

On August 11, 2017, Trump said he is "not going to rule out a military option" to confront the
government of Nicolás Maduro.[602] In September 2018, Trump called for "the restoration of
democracy in Venezuela" and said that "socialism has bankrupted the oil-rich nation and driven
its people into abject poverty."[603] On January 23, 2019, Maduro announced that Venezuela
was breaking ties with the United States following Trump's announcement of recognizing Juan
Guaidó, the Venezuelan opposition leader, as the interim president of Venezuela.[604]
NATO

Trump and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg, April 2017

As a candidate, Trump questioned whether he, as president, would automatically extend security

guarantees to NATO members,[605] and suggested he might leave NATO unless changes are made
to the alliance.[606] As president, he reaffirmed the U.S. commitment to NATO in March 2017;
[607]
 however, he has repeatedly accused fellow NATO members of paying less than their fair
share of the expenses of the alliance.[608]
In January 2019, The New York Times quoted senior administration officials as saying Trump has
privately suggested on multiple occasions that the United States should withdraw from NATO.
[609]
 The next day Trump said the United States is going to "be with NATO one hundred percent"
but repeated that the other countries have to "step up" and pay more.[610]
Personnel
Main articles: Political appointments by Donald Trump and Cabinet of Donald Trump

See also: Formation of Donald Trump's Cabinet

Cabinet meeting, March 2017

The Trump administration has been characterized by high turnover, particularly among White
House staff. By the end of Trump's first year in office, 34 percent of his original staff had
resigned, been fired, or been reassigned.[611] As of early July 2018, 61 percent of Trump's senior
aides had left[612] and 141 staffers had left in the past year.[613] Both figures set a record for recent
presidents – more change in the first 13 months than his four immediate predecessors saw in
their first two years.[614] Notable early departures included National Security Advisor Michael
Flynn (after just 25 days in office), Chief of Staff Reince Priebus, replaced by retired Marine
general John F. Kelly on July 28, 2017,[615] and Press Secretary Sean Spicer.[614] Close personal
aides to Trump such as Steve Bannon, Hope Hicks, John McEntee and Keith Schiller, have quit
or been forced out.[616] Some, like Hicks and McEntee, later returned to the White House in
different posts.[617] Trump has disparaged several of his former top officials as incompetent,
stupid, or crazy.[618]
Trump's cabinet nominations included U.S. senator from Alabama Jeff Sessions as Attorney
General,[619] financier Steve Mnuchin as Secretary of the Treasury,[620] retired Marine Corps
general James Mattis as Secretary of Defense,[621] and ExxonMobil CEO Rex
Tillerson as Secretary of State.[622] Trump also brought on board politicians who had opposed him
during the presidential campaign, such as neurosurgeon Ben Carson as Secretary of Housing and
Urban Development,[623] and South Carolina governor Nikki Haley as Ambassador to the United
Nations.[624]
Two of Trump's 15 original cabinet members were gone within 15 months: Health and Human
Services Secretary Tom Price was forced to resign in September 2017 due to excessive use of
private charter jets and military aircraft, and Trump replaced Secretary of State Rex
Tillerson with Mike Pompeo in March 2018 over disagreements on foreign policy.[625][616] EPA
Administrator Scott Pruitt resigned in July 2018 amidst multiple investigations into his conduct,
[626]
 while Interior Secretary Ryan Zinke resigned five months later as he also faced multiple
investigations.[627]
Trump has been slow to appoint second-tier officials in the executive branch, saying many of the
positions are unnecessary. In October 2017, there were still hundreds of sub-cabinet positions
without a nominee.[628] By January 8, 2019, of 706 key positions, 433 had been filled (61%) and
Trump had no nominee for 264 (37%).[629]
Dismissal of James Comey

Main article: Dismissal of James Comey

On May 9, 2017, Trump dismissed FBI director James Comey. He first attributed this action to
recommendations from Attorney General Jeff Sessions and Deputy AG Rod Rosenstein,[630] which
criticized Comey's conduct in the investigation about Hillary Clinton's emails.[631] On May 11,
Trump said he was concerned with the ongoing "Russia thing"[632] and that he had intended to fire
Comey earlier, regardless of DOJ advice.[633]
According to a Comey memo of a private conversation on February 14, 2017, Trump said he
"hoped" Comey would drop the investigation into National Security Advisor Michael Flynn.[634] In
March and April, Trump had told Comey the ongoing suspicions formed a "cloud" impairing his
presidency,[635] and asked him to publicly state that he was not personally under investigation.
[636]
 He also asked intelligence chiefs Dan Coats and Michael Rogers to issue statements saying
there was no evidence that his campaign colluded with Russia during the 2016 election.[637] Both
refused, considering this an inappropriate request, although not illegal.[638] Comey eventually
testified on June 8 that, while he was director, the FBI investigations had not targeted Trump
himself.[635][639]
COVID-19 pandemic
Main articles: COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, U.S. federal government response to
the COVID-19 pandemic, and  Trump administration communication during the COVID-19
pandemic
Trump signs the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act into law on March 6, 2020.

In December 2019, an outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first identified

in Wuhan, Hubei, China, spreading worldwide within weeks.[640][641] The first confirmed case in the
United States was reported on January 20, 2020.[642] On January 31, Health and Human Services
Secretary Alex Azar announced a partial ban on non-Americans traveling to the U.S. from
China, effective February 2.[643]
Trump was slow to address the pandemic, initially dismissing the imminent threat and ignoring
calls for action from government health experts and Secretary Azar.[644][645] Throughout January and
February, he rejected persistent public health warnings from officials within his administration,
focusing instead on economic and political considerations of the outbreak.[646][645] He continued to
claim that a vaccine was months away, although HHS and CDC officials had repeatedly told him
it would take 12–18 months to develop a vaccine.[647][648] Trump also exaggerated the availability of
testing for the virus, falsely claiming "anybody that wants a test can get a test," despite the
availability of tests being severely limited.[649][650]
On March 6, Trump signed the Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental
Appropriations Act into law, which provided $8.3 billion in emergency funding for federal
agencies.[651] On March 11, he announced partial travel restrictions for most of Europe, effective
March 13.[652] That same day, he gave his first serious assessment of the virus ("horrible") in a
nationwide Oval Office address; he also said the outbreak was "a temporary moment" and that
there was no financial crisis.[653] On March 13, he declared a national emergency, freeing up
federal resources.[654][655][656]

Trump conducts COVID-19 press briefing on March 15, 2020.

Beginning in mid-March, Trump held a daily press conference, joined by medical experts and
other administration officials,[657] sometimes disagreeing with them by promoting unproven
treatments.[658] Trump was the main speaker at the briefings, where he praised his own response to
the pandemic, frequently criticized rival presidential candidate Joe Biden, and denounced
members of the White House press corps.[657][659] On March 16, he acknowledged for the first time
that the pandemic was not under control and that months of disruption to daily lives and a
recession might occur.[660]On April 3, Trump announced that the federal government would use
funds from the CARES Act to pay hospitals for treatment of uninsured patients infected with the
coronavirus.[661] His repeated use of the terms "Chinese virus" and "China virus" to
describe COVID-19 drew criticism from the media, health experts, the World Health
Organization (WHO), and the Chinese government.[662][663][664]
By early April, as the pandemic worsened and amid criticism of his administration's response,
Trump refused to admit any mistakes in his handling of the outbreak, instead blaming the media,
Democratic state governors, the previous administration, China, and the World Health
Organization.[665] By mid-April 2020, some national news agencies began limiting live coverage
of his daily press briefings, with The Washington Post reporting that "propagandistic and false
statements from Trump alternate with newsworthy pronouncements from members of
his coronavirus task force, particularly coronavirus response coordinator Deborah
Birx and National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Director Anthony S. Fauci."[666] The
daily coronavirus task force briefings ended in late April, after Trump at one of the briefings
floated the idea of using bleach injections to treat COVID-19, leading to widespread
condemnation by medical professionals for the idea.[667][668]
On April 1, 2020, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) extended
the PREDICT program for six months.[669][670] In September 2019, the Trump administration had
ended the 200-million-dollar early-warning program initiated by USAID in 2009;[671] dozens of
epidemiologists and wildlife veterinarians working for partner organizations were laid off.[672][673]
[674]
 The program trained scientists in sixty foreign laboratories, including the Wuhan lab that first
identified the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus that causes COVID-19, to detect and respond to viruses
that have the potential to cause pandemics.
On April 22, Trump signed an executive order restricting some forms of immigration to the
United States.[675] In April 2020, Republican-connected groups organized anti-lockdown
protests against the measures state governments were taking to combat the pandemic;[676][677] Trump
encouraged the protests on Twitter,[678] even though the targeted states did not meet the Trump
administration's own guidelines for reopening.[679] He first supported, then later criticized Georgia
Governor Brian Kemp's plan to reopen some nonessential businesses,[680] which was a key
example of Trump often reversing his stances in his communication during the COVID-19
pandemic.[681] Throughout the spring he increasingly pushed for ending the restrictions as a way to
reverse the damage to the country's economy.[682]
In early May, President Trump proposed that the coronavirus task force should be phased out, to
accommodate another group centered on reopening the economy. Amid a backlash, Trump
publicly said the coronavirus task force would continue on "indefinitely".[683] By the end of May,
the coronavirus task force's meetings were sharply reduced.[684]
For months, Trump refused to wear a face mask at press conferences and most public events,
contrary to his own administration's April 2020 guidance that Americans should wear masks in
public.[685] By June, Trump had stated that masks were a "double-edged sword", ridiculed Biden
for wearing one, continually emphasized that mask-wearing was optional, and suggested that
wearing a mask is a political statement against him personally.[686] Trump first wore a face mask
in public in July 2020, at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center.[685] In late spring and
early summer, with infections and death counts continuing to rise, he adopted a strategy of
shifting the blame for his administration's failure to the states.[687]
In July 2020, Trump announced the formal withdrawal of the United States from the WHO
effective July 2021, after alleging that the organization had enabled the Chinese government's
concealment of the origins of the pandemic.[688]
Despite record numbers of COVID-19 cases in the U.S. from mid-June onward and an increasing
percentage of positive test results, Trump continued to mostly downplay the pandemic, including
his claim in early July 2020 that 99% of COVID-19 cases are "totally harmless", a claim which
contradicts health officials in the U.S.[689] He also began insisting that all states should open
schools to in-person education in the fall, despite a July spike in reported cases.[690]
Lafayette Square protester removal and photo op
Main article: Donald Trump photo op at St. John's Church

External video

 A video timeline of the crackdown on protesters before

Trump's photo op on YouTube (The Washington Post)

(12:12)

 Trump Stands In Front of Church Holding Bible After

Threatening Military Action Against Protesters on YouTube

(NBC) (2:40)

 President Trump walks across Lafayette Park to St.

John's Church on YouTube (C-SPAN) (7:46)

In a Rose Garden speech on June 1, 2020, President Trump said he would deploy the U.S.
military to stop violence if a city or state refused to do so, and declared himself the ally of
peaceful protestors, following the police killing of George Floyd.[691][692][693][694] While he was
speaking, federal law enforcement officials used batons, rubber bullets, pepper spray projectiles,
[695]
 stun grenades, and smoke to remove a largely peaceful crowd from Lafayette Square, outside
the White House. The removal had been ordered by Attorney General William Barr.[695][696] Trump
then walked to St. John's Episcopal Church where the night before a small fire had been set in
the basement nursery of its parish house.[697] He posed for photographs holding a Bible, with
Cabinet members and other officials later joining him in photos.[695][696][698] Trump, who had attended
services at the church three times since taking office, did not enter the church or inspect the
damage to the basement.[699][700][701]
Religious leaders condemned the treatment of protesters and the photo opportunity itself.[702]
[700]
 Many retired military leaders and defense officials condemned Trump's proposal to use the
U.S. military against the protesters.[700][703] The chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General Mark
A. Milley, later apologized for accompanying Trump on the walk and thereby "creat[ing] the
perception of the military involved in domestic politics".[704]

Public profile
Approval ratings
Further information:  Opinion polling on the Donald Trump administration
At the end of his second year, his two-year average Gallup approval rating was the lowest of any
president since World War II.[705] As of February 2020, his Gallup rating has ranged from a low of
35% approval to a high of 49%.[706][707] His approval and disapproval ratings have been unusually
stable.[708][709]
In Gallup's end-of-year poll asking Americans to name the man they admire the most, Trump
placed second to Obama in 2017 and 2018, and tied with Obama for most admired man in 2019.
[710]
 Since Gallup started conducting the poll in 1948,[711] Trump is the first elected president not to
be named most admired in his first year in office.[711]
Social media
Main article: Donald Trump on social media
Trump's presence on social media has attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in
March 2009. He communicated heavily on Twitter during the 2016 election campaign, and has
continued to use this channel during his presidency. The attention on Trump's Twitter activity
has significantly increased since he was sworn in as president. As of May 2019, he is in the top
15 for most Twitter followers at more than 60 million.[712]
By the end of May 2020, Trump had written about 52,000 tweets.[713] Counted through the Trump
Twitter Archive, these include 22,115 tweets over seven years before his presidential candidacy,
8,159 tweets during the 1 1⁄2 years of his candidacy and transition period, and 14,186 tweets over
the first three years of his presidency.[714]
Trump has frequently used Twitter as a direct means of communication with the public,
sidelining the press.[715] Since early in his presidency, his tweets have been considered official
statements by the president of the United States,[716] employed for announcing policy or personnel
changes. In March 2018, Trump fired his Secretary of State Rex Tillerson by Twitter.[717]
Many of the assertions he tweeted have been proven false.[718][719][720]
In May 2020, Twitter began tagging some Trump tweets with fact checking warnings[713][721][722] and
labels for violations of Twitter rules.[723] Trump responded by threatening to "strongly regulate" or
even "close down" social media platforms.[713][724]
False statements
Main article: Veracity of statements by Donald Trump
Fact-checkers from The Washington Post,[725] the Toronto Star,[726] and CNN[727] compiled data on "false or misleading
claims" (orange background), and "false claims" (violet foreground), respectively.

As president, Trump has frequently made false statements in public speeches and remarks.[728][729]
[730]
 The misinformation has been documented by fact-checkers; academics and the media have
widely described the phenomenon as unprecedented in American politics.[731][732][253] This behavior
was similarly observed when he was a presidential candidate.[733][734] His falsehoods have also
become a distinctive part of his political identity.[732]
Trump uttered "at least one false or misleading claim per day on 91 of his first 99 days" in office,
according to The New York Times,[728] and 1,318 total in his first 263 days in office, according to
the "Fact Checker" political analysis column of The Washington Post.[735] By the Post's tally, it
took Trump 601 days to reach 5,000 false or misleading statements and another 226 days to
reach the 10,000 mark.[736] For the seven weeks leading up to the midterm elections, it rose to an
average of thirty per day[737] from 4.9 during his first hundred days in office.[738] The Post's reported
tally is 20,055 as of July 9, 2020,[725] with the 2019 total more than double the cumulative total of
2017 and 2018.[739]
Some of Trump's falsehoods are inconsequential, such as his claims of a large crowd size during
his inauguration.[740][741] Others have had more far reaching effects, such as Trump's promotion of
unproven antimalarial drugs as a treatment for COVID-19 in a press conference and on Twitter
in March 2020.[742][743][744] The claims had consequences worldwide, such as a shortage of these
drugs in the United States and panic-buying in Africa and South Asia.[745][746] The state
of Florida obtained nearly a million doses for its hospitals, even though most of them did not
want the drug.[747] Other misinformation, such as Trump's retweet of unverified videos of a far-
right British nationalist group in November 2017, serves a domestic political purpose, promoting
policies on immigration and border security.[748] As a matter of principle, Trump does not
apologize for his falsehoods.[749]
Despite the frequency of Trump's falsehoods, the media have rarely referred to them as "lies".[750]
[751]
 The word suggests an attempt to deceive, hence if used could be construed as conveying an
opinion as to the intent behind the statement.[750][751] The word is fraught with political peril and has
usually been avoided out of respect for the presidential office.[750][751] Nevertheless, in August
2018 The Washington Post declared for the first time that some of Trump's misstatements
(statements concerning hush money paid to Stormy Daniels and Playboy model Karen
McDougal) were lies.[752][751] Former Secretary of State for George W. Bush, Colin Powell, who
had never used the word in reference to any previous president, said in June 2020 that Trump
"lies all the time".[753]
Some view the nature and frequency of Trump's falsehoods as having profound and corrosive
consequences on democracy.[754] James Pfiffner, professor of policy and government at George
Mason University, wrote in 2019 that Trump lies differently from previous presidents, because
he offers "egregious false statements that are demonstrably contrary to well-known facts"; these
lies are the "most important" of all Trump lies. By calling facts into question, people will be
unable to properly evaluate their government, with beliefs irrationally settled by "political
power"; this erodes liberal democracy, wrote Pfiffner.[755]
Promotion of conspiracy theories
Before and throughout his presidency, Trump has promoted numerous conspiracy theories,
including the Barack Obama "birther" theory, the Clinton body count theory, conspiracy theories
related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal and QAnon.[756][757][758][759][760] A July 2020 video asserting
conspiracy theories about coronavirus by Stella Immanuel, a Texas physician, was retweeted by
Trump before it was removed from Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube because it violated their
rules on misinformation. At a press conference on July 28 he was asked why he would trust
Immanuel, considering the context of her claims about "alien DNA" and its supposed use in
medicine. Trump defended Immanuel saying, "I thought she was very impressive, in the sense
that, from where she came – I don't know what country she comes from – but she said that she's
had tremendous success with hundreds of different patients. I thought her voice was an important
voice, but I know nothing about her." When pressed further about the conflict with existing
official medical information about the virus, Trump ended the briefing abruptly.[761]
Relationship with the press
Further information:  Presidency of Donald Trump §  Relationship with the news media

Trump talking to the press, March 2017

Throughout his career, Trump has sought media attention. His interactions with the press turned
into what some sources called a "love-hate" relationship.[762][763][764] Trump began promoting himself
in the press in the 1970s.[765] Fox News anchor Bret Baier and former House speaker Paul
Ryan have characterized Trump as a "troll" who makes controversial statements to see people's
"heads explode".[766][767]
In the campaign, Trump benefited from a record amount of free media coverage, elevating his
standing in the Republican primaries.[246] New York Times writer Amy Chozick wrote in
September 2018 that one of the reasons for Trump's appeal was his media dominance, which
enthralls the public. Chozick endorsed the view that with Trump "feeding something every
night" there is a "can't miss" nature for media coverage of him, akin to a reality show.[768]
Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign and his presidency, Trump has repeatedly accused
the press of intentionally misinterpreting his words and of being biased, calling them "fake news
media" and "the enemy of the people".[243][769] After winning the election, journalist Lesley
Stahl recounted Trump's saying he intentionally demeaned and discredited the media "so when
you write negative stories about me no one will believe you."[770]
Trump has privately and publicly mused about taking away critical reporters' White House press
credentials.[771] His administration moved to revoke the press passes of two White House
reporters, which were restored by the courts.[772] In 2019, a member of the foreign press reported
many of the same concerns as those of media in the U.S., expressing concern that a
normalization process by reporters and media results in an inaccurate characterization of Trump.
[773]
 The Trump White House held about a hundred formal press briefings in 2017, declining by
half during 2018 and to two in 2019.[772]
In early 2020, the Trump campaign sued The New York Times, The Washington Post, and CNN
for alleged defamation.[774][775]
Racial views
Main article: Racial views of Donald Trump
Trump has made numerous comments and actions that have been characterized both within the
U.S. and abroad as racially charged or racist.[776] He has repeatedly denied he is racist, asserting: "I
am the least racist person there is anywhere in the world."[777] Many of his supporters say the way
he speaks reflects his rejection of political correctness, while others accept it because they share
such beliefs.[778][779] Scholars have discussed Trump's rhetoric in the context of white supremacy.[780]
[781][782][783][784]

Several studies and surveys have found that racist attitudes fueled Trump's political ascendance
and have been more important than economic factors in determining the allegiance of Trump
voters.[779][785] Racist and islamophobic attitudes have been shown to be a powerful indicator of
support for Trump.[786] In a June 2018 Quinnipiac University poll, 49 percent of respondents
believed he was racist, while 47 percent believed he was not.[787] Additionally, 55 percent said he
"has emboldened people who hold racist beliefs to express those beliefs publicly".[788]
In 1975, he settled a 1973 Department of Justice lawsuit that alleged housing discrimination
against black renters.[75] He has also been accused of racism for insisting a group of black and
Latino teenagers were guilty of raping a white woman in the 1989 Central Park jogger case, even
after they were exonerated by DNA evidence in 2002. He has maintained his position on the
matter into 2019.[789]
Trump launched his political career in 2011 as a leading proponent of "birther" conspiracy
theories alleging that Barack Obama, the first black U.S. president, was not born in the United
States.[790][791] In April 2011, Trump claimed credit for pressuring the White House to publish the
"long-form" birth certificate, which he considered fraudulent, and later saying this made him
"very popular".[792][793] In September 2016, amid pressure, he acknowledged that Obama was born
in the U.S. and falsely claimed the rumors had been started by Hillary Clinton during her 2008
presidential campaign.[794] In 2017, he reportedly still expressed birther views in private.[795]
According to an analysis in Political Science Quarterly, Trump made "explicitly racist appeals to
whites" during his 2016 presidential campaign.[796] In particular, his campaign launch speech drew
widespread criticism for claiming Mexican immigrants were "bringing drugs, they're bringing
crime, they're rapists."[797][798] His later comments about a Mexican-American judge presiding over
a civil suit regarding Trump University were also criticized as racist.[799]
 Play media

Trump answers questions from reporters about the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville.

Trump's comments in reaction to the 2017 Charlottesville far-right rally were interpreted as

implying a moral equivalence between white supremacist demonstrators and counter-protesters.
[800]

In a January 2018 Oval Office meeting to discuss immigration legislation, he reportedly referred

to El Salvador, Haiti, Honduras, and African nations as "shithole countries".[801] His remarks were
condemned as racist worldwide, as well as by many members of Congress.[802][803]
In July 2019, Trump tweeted that four Democratic members of Congress – all four minority
women, three of them native-born Americans – should "go back" to the countries they "came
from".[804] Two days later the House of Representatives voted 240–187, mostly along party lines,
to condemn his "racist comments".[805] White nationalist publications and social media sites
praised his remarks, which continued over the following days.[806]
Allegations of sexual misconduct
Main articles: Donald Trump sexual misconduct allegations and Donald Trump Access
Hollywood tape
At least twenty-three women have publicly accused Trump of sexual misconduct as of
October 2019, including his then-wife Ivana. There were allegations of rape, violence, being
kissed and groped without consent, looking under women's skirts, and walking in on naked
women.[807][808] In 2016, he denied all accusations, calling them "false smears", and alleged there
was a conspiracy against him.[809]
In October 2016, two days before the second presidential debate, a 2005 "hot mic" recording
surfaced in which Trump was heard bragging about kissing and groping women without their
consent, saying "when you're a star, they let you do it, you can do anything ... grab 'em by
the pussy."[810] The incident's widespread media exposure led to Trump's first public apology
during the campaign[811] and caused outrage across the political spectrum.[812]
Allegations of inciting violence
Some research suggests Trump's rhetoric causes an increased incidence of hate crimes.[813][814]
[815]
 During the 2016 campaign, he sometimes urged or praised physical attacks against protesters
or reporters.[816][817] Since then, some individuals or their attorneys have cited Trump's rhetoric as a
defense for their hate speech or violent actions.[818] In August 2019 it was reported that a man who
allegedly assaulted a minor for perceived disrespect toward the national anthem had cited
Trump's rhetoric in his own defense.[819] It was also reported in August 2019 that a nationwide
review conducted by ABC News had identified at least 36 criminal cases where Trump was
invoked in direct connection with violence or threats of violence. Of these, 29 were based around
someone echoing presidential rhetoric, while the other seven were someone protesting it or not
having direct linkage.[820]
Popular culture
Main articles: Donald Trump in popular culture  and Donald Trump in music
Trump has been the subject of comedians, Flash cartoon artists, and online caricature artists. He
has been parodied regularly on Saturday Night Live by Phil Hartman, Darrell Hammond,
and Alec Baldwin, and in South Park as Mr. Garrison. The Simpsons episode "Bart to the
Future", written during his 2000 campaign for the Reform party, anticipated a future Trump
presidency. A dedicated parody series called The President Show debuted in April 2017
on Comedy Central, while another one called Our Cartoon President debuted on Showtime in
February 2018.[821]
Trump's wealth and lifestyle had been a fixture of hip-hop lyrics since the 1980s, as he was
named in hundreds of songs, most often in a positive tone.[822][823] Mentions of Trump turned
negative and pejorative after he ran for office in 2015.[822]
Recognition
Further information:  List of honors and awards received by Donald Trump
In 1983, Trump received the Jewish National Fund Tree of Life Award, after he helped fund two
playgrounds, a park, and a reservoir in Israel.[824][825] In 1986, he received the Ellis Island Medal of
Honor in recognition of "patriotism, tolerance, brotherhood and diversity",[826] and in 1995 was
awarded the President's Medal from the Freedoms Foundation for his support of youth programs.
[827]
 He has been awarded five honorary doctorates, but one was revoked by Robert Gordon
University in 2015 after Trump called for a Muslim ban, citing Trump's speech being "wholly
incompatible ... with the ethos and values of the university". The remaining awards are Lehigh
University's honorary doctorate of laws in 1988, Wagner College's honorary doctorate of humane
letters in 2004, and Liberty University's honorary doctorates of business and law in 2012 and
2017 respectively.[828]
In December 2016, Time named Trump as its "Person of the Year",[829] but Trump took issue with
the magazine for referring to him as the "President of the Divided States of America".[830] In the
same month, he was named Financial Times Person of the Year[831] and was ranked
by Forbes the second most powerful person in the world after Vladimir Putin.[832] As president,
Trump received the Collar of The Order of Abdulaziz al Saud from Saudi Arabia in 2017.[833]

Investigations
Further information: Timeline of investigations into Trump and Russia (transition,  January–
June 2017, July–December 2017,  January–June 2018, July–December 2018, 2019, and  2020–
2021)
The Crossfire Hurricane FBI investigation into possible links between Russia and the Trump
campaign was launched in mid-2016 during the campaign season. Since he assumed the
presidency, Trump has been the subject of increasing Justice Department and congressional
scrutiny, with investigations covering his election campaign, transition and inauguration, actions
taken during his presidency, along with his private businesses, personal taxes, and charitable
foundation.[68] The New York Times reported in May 2019 that there were 29 open investigations
of Trump, including ten federal criminal investigations, eight state and local investigations, and
eleven Congressional investigations.[834] In 2020, Jeffrey Toobin authored a book entitled, True
Crimes and Misdemeanors, the Investigation of Donald Trump, which is described as a
condensation of evidence against Trump, as if he were on trial.[835]
Hush payments
Main article: Stormy Daniels–Donald Trump scandal

See also: Legal affairs of Donald Trump §  Payments related to alleged affairs, and Karen
McDougal §  Alleged affair with Donald Trump

Pornographic film actress Stormy Daniels in 2010

American Media, Inc. (AMI) paid $150,000 to Playboy model Karen McDougal in August 2016,

[836]
 and Trump's attorney Michael Cohen paid $130,000 to adult film actress Stormy Daniels in
October 2016.[837] Both women were paid for non-disclosure agreements regarding their alleged
affairs with Trump between 2006 and 2007.[838] Cohen pleaded guilty in 2018 to breaking
campaign finance laws, saying he had arranged both payments at the direction of Trump in order
to influence the presidential election.[839] AMI admitted paying McDougal to prevent publication
of stories that might damage Trump's electoral chances.[840] Trump denied the affairs, and claimed
he was not aware of Cohen's payment to Daniels, but reimbursed him in 2017.[841][842] Federal
prosecutors asserted that Trump had been involved in discussions regarding non-disclosure
payments as early as 2014.[843] Court documents showed that the FBI believed Trump was directly
involved in the payment to Daniels, based on calls he had with Cohen in October 2016.[844][845] In
July 2019, a federal judge disclosed that prosecutors had stated in a court filing they had closed
the investigation,[846] but days later the Manhattan District Attorney subpoenaed the Trump
Organization and AMI for records related to the hush payments[847] and in August subpoenaed
eight years of tax returns for Trump and the Trump Organization.[848]
Russian interference
Main article: Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections

See also: Links between Trump associates and Russian officials, Steele dossier, and Trump-
Ukraine scandal
In January 2017, American intelligence agencies – the CIA, the FBI, and the NSA, represented
by the Director of National Intelligence – jointly stated with "high confidence" that the Russian
government interfered in the 2016 presidential election to favor the election of Trump.[849][850] In
March 2017, FBI Director James Comey told Congress "the FBI, as part of our
counterintelligence mission, is investigating the Russian government's efforts to interfere in the
2016 presidential election. That includes investigating the nature of any links between
individuals associated with the Trump campaign and the Russian government, and whether there
was any coordination between the campaign and Russia's efforts."[851]
The connections between Trump associates and Russia have been widely reported by the press.[852]
[853]
 One of Trump's campaign managers, Paul Manafort, had worked from December 2004 until
February 2010 to help pro-Russian politician Viktor Yanukovych win the Ukrainian presidency.
[854]
 Other Trump associates, including former National Security Advisor Michael T. Flynn and
political consultant Roger Stone, have been connected to Russian officials.[855][856] Russian agents
were overheard during the campaign saying they could use Manafort and Flynn to influence
Trump.[857] Members of Trump's campaign and later his White House staff, particularly Flynn,
were in contact with Russian officials both before and after the November election.[858][859] On
December 29, 2016, Flynn talked with Russian Ambassador Sergey Kislyak about sanctions that
had been imposed the same day; Flynn later resigned in the midst of controversy over whether he
misled Pence.[860] The Washington Post reported that Trump had told Kislyak and Sergei
Lavrov in May 2017 he was unconcerned about Russian interference in U.S. elections.[861]
Trump and his allies have promoted a conspiracy theory that Ukraine, rather than Russia,
interfered in the 2016 election – which has also been promoted by Russia in an effort
to frame Ukraine.[862] After the Democratic National Committee was hacked, Trump firstly
claimed it withheld "its server" from the FBI (in actuality there were more than 140 servers, of
which digital copies were given to the FBI); secondly that CrowdStrike, the company which
investigated the servers, was Ukraine-based and Ukrainian-owned (in actuality, CrowdStrike is
U.S.-based, with the largest owners being American companies); and thirdly that "the server"
was hidden in Ukraine. Members of the Trump administration have spoken out against the
conspiracy theories.[863]
Special counsel investigation
Main articles: Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019) and Mueller Report
The redacted version of the Mueller Report released by the Department of Justice on April 18, 2019

On May 17, 2017, former Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Robert Mueller, a

former director of the FBI, to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of
Justice (DOJ) investigating "any links and/or coordination between Russian government and
individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose
or may arise directly from the investigation",[864][865] thus taking over the existing "Crossfire
Hurricane" FBI investigation into the matter.[865] The special counsel also investigated whether
Trump's dismissal of James Comey as FBI director constituted obstruction of justice, and
possible campaign ties to other national governments.[866] Trump repeatedly denied any collusion
between his campaign and the Russian government.[867] Mueller also investigated the Trump
campaign's possible ties to Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey, Qatar, Israel,
and China.[868]
Trump sought to fire Mueller on several occasions – in June 2017, December 2017, and April
2018 – and close the investigation but backed down after his staff objected or after changing his
mind.[869] He bemoaned the recusal of his first Attorney General Jeff Sessions regarding Russia
matters, and believed Sessions should have stopped the investigation.[870]
On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and gave his report to Attorney General
William Barr.[871] On March 24, Barr sent a four-page letter to Congress summarizing the
"principal conclusions" in the report. He quoted Mueller as stating "while this report does not
conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him." Barr further
wrote that he and Rosenstein did not see sufficient evidence to prove obstruction of justice.
[872]
 Trump interpreted Mueller's report as a "complete exoneration", a phrase he repeated multiple
times in the ensuing weeks.[873] Mueller privately complained to Barr on March 27 that his
summary did not accurately reflect what the report said,[874] and some legal analysts called the
Barr letter misleading.[875]
A redacted version of the report was released to the public on April 18, 2019. The first volume
found that Russia interfered to favor Trump's candidacy and hinder Clinton's.[876] Despite
"numerous links between the Russian government and the Trump campaign", the prevailing
evidence "did not establish" that Trump campaign members conspired or coordinated with
Russian interference.[877][878] The report states that Russian interference in the 2016 presidential
election was illegal and occurred "in sweeping and systematic fashion",[864] and it details how
Trump and his campaign welcomed and encouraged foreign interference believing they would
politically benefit.[879][880][881]
The second volume of the Mueller Report dealt with possible obstruction of justice by Trump.
[882]
 The report did not exonerate Trump of obstruction inasmuch as investigators were not
confident of his innocence after examining his intent and actions.[883] Investigators decided they
could not "apply an approach that could potentially result in a judgment that the President
committed crimes", as they could not indict a sitting president per an Office of Legal
Counsel (OLC) opinion, and would not accuse him of a crime when he cannot clear his name in
court.[884] The report concluded that Congress, having the authority to take action against a
president for wrongdoing, "may apply the obstruction laws".[885] Congress subsequently launched
an impeachment inquiry following the Trump–Ukraine scandal, albeit it ultimately did not press
charges related to the Mueller investigation.
Associates
See also: Criminal charges brought in the Special Counsel investigation (2017–2019)
On August 21, 2018, former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort was convicted on eight
felony counts of false tax filing and bank fraud.[886] Trump said he felt very badly for Manafort
and praised him for resisting the pressure to make a deal with prosecutors, saying "Such respect
for a brave man!" According to Rudy Giuliani, Trump's personal attorney, Trump had sought
advice about pardoning Manafort but was counseled against it.[887]
On November 29, Trump's former attorney Michael Cohen pleaded guilty to lying to Congress
about Trump's 2016 attempts to reach a deal with Russia to build a Trump Tower in Moscow.
Cohen said he had made the false statements on behalf of Trump, who was identified as
"Individual-1" in the court documents.[888]
The five Trump associates who have pleaded guilty or have been convicted in Mueller's
investigation or related cases include Paul Manafort, deputy campaign manager Rick Gates,
foreign policy advisor George Papadopoulos, Michael Flynn, and Michael Cohen.[889][890]
In February 2020, Trump campaign adviser Roger Stone was sentenced to over three years in
jail, after being convicted of lying to Congress and witness tampering regarding his attempts to
learn more about hacked Democratic emails during the 2016 election. The sentencing judge said
Stone "was prosecuted for covering up for the president".[891]
2019 congressional investigation
In March 2019, the House Judiciary Committee launched a broad investigation of Trump for
possible obstruction of justice, corruption, and abuse of power.[892] Committee chairman Jerrold
Nadler sent letters demanding documents to 81 individuals and organizations associated with
Trump's presidency, business, and private life, saying it is "very clear that the president
obstructed justice".[893][894] Three other committee chairmen wrote the White House and State
Department requesting details of Trump's communications with Putin, including any efforts to
conceal the content of those communications.[894] The White House refused to comply, asserting
that presidential communications with foreign leaders are protected and confidential.[895]

Impeachment
Main article: Impeachment inquiry into Donald Trump

See also: Trump–Ukraine scandal

Impeachment and trial is a process under the United States Constitution whereby the legislature
can remove from office a president, cabinet member, judge, or other civil officer.[896] The House
of Representatives investigates the case; if the House votes to bring charges, the officer is
impeached. There is then a trial in the Senate where a two-thirds vote is required to remove the
person from office.[897]
Impeachment by the House of Representatives
Main article: Impeachment of Donald Trump
Members of House of Representatives vote on two articles of impeachment (H.Res. 755), December 18, 2019

During much of Trump's presidency, Democrats were divided on the question of impeachment.
[898]
 Fewer than 20 representatives in the House supported impeachment by January 2019; after the
Mueller Report was released in April and special counsel Robert Mueller testified in July, this
number grew to around 140 representatives.[899]
In August 2019, a whistleblower filed a complaint with the Inspector General of the Intelligence
Community about a July 25 phone call between Trump and President of Ukraine Volodymyr
Zelensky, during which Trump had pressured Zelensky to investigate CrowdStrike and
Democratic presidential primary candidate Joe Biden and his son Hunter, adding that the White
House had attempted to "lock down" the call records in a cover-up.[900] The whistleblower further
stated that the call was part of a wider pressure campaign by Giuliani and the Trump
administration which may have included withholding financial aid from Ukraine in July 2019
and canceling Vice President Pence's May 2019 Ukraine trip.[901] Trump later confirmed having
withheld military aid from Ukraine and offered contradicting reasons for the decision.[902][903][904]
After the whistleblower complaint became known in September 2019, House speaker Nancy
Pelosi initiated a formal impeachment inquiry on September 24.[905][906] The Trump administration
subsequently released a memorandum of the July 25 phone call, confirming that after Zelensky
mentioned purchasing American anti-tank missiles, Trump asked Zelensky to investigate and to
discuss these matters with Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani and Attorney General
William Barr.[900][907] According to the testimony of multiple administration officials and former
officials, the events were part of a broader effort to further Trump's personal interests by giving
him an advantage in the upcoming presidential election.[908]
Among several State Department employees testifying to congressional committees in October
2019, William B. Taylor Jr., the chargé d'affaires for Ukraine, testified that soon after arriving in
Ukraine in June 2019, he found that Zelensky was being subjected to pressure from a private
initiative directed by Trump and led by Giuliani. According to Taylor and others, the goal was to
coerce Zelensky into making a public commitment to investigate the company that employed
Hunter Biden, as well as rumors about Ukrainian involvement in the 2016 U.S. presidential
election.[909] He said it was made clear that until Zelensky made such an announcement, the
administration would not release scheduled military aid for Ukraine and not invite Zelensky to
the White House.[910][911] Zelensky denied that he felt pressured by Trump.[912]
On December 3, 2019, the House Intelligence Committee published a report authored by
Democrats on the committee, stating that "the impeachment inquiry has found that President
Trump, personally and acting through agents within and outside of the U.S. government,
solicited the interference of a foreign government, Ukraine, to benefit his reelection." The report
said Trump withheld military aid and a White House invitation in order to influence Ukraine to
announce investigations into Trump's political rivals. Furthermore, the report described Trump
was the only U.S. president thus far to have "openly and indiscriminately" defied impeachment
proceedings by telling his administration officials to ignore subpoenas for documents and
testimony.[913][914][915]:8,208 The Republicans of the House Committees had released a draft of a
countering report the previous day, saying in part that the evidence "does not prove any of these
Democrat allegations, and none of the Democrats' witnesses testified to having evidence of
bribery, extortion, or any high crime or misdemeanor."[916][917]
On December 13, 2019, the House Judiciary Committee voted along party lines to pass two
articles of impeachment: abuse of power and obstruction of Congress.[918] After debate, the House
of Representatives impeached Trump with both articles on December 18.[919]
Impeachment trial in the Senate
Main article: Impeachment trial of Donald Trump
The Senate impeachment trial began on January 16, 2020.[920] On January 22, the Republican
Senate majority rejected amendments proposed by the Democratic minority to call witnesses and
subpoena documents; evidence collected during the House impeachment proceedings will be
entered into the Senate record automatically unless objected to on a case-by-case basis.[921]
For three days, January 22–24, the impeachment managers for the House presented their case to
the Senate. They cited evidence to support charges of abuse of power and obstruction of
Congress, and asserted that Trump's actions were exactly what the founding fathers had in mind
when they included an impeachment process in the Constitution.[922]

Trump holds up the February 6, 2020 issue of The Washington Post proclaiming "Trump acquitted"

Responding over the next three days, the Trump legal team did not deny the facts as presented in
the charges, but said Trump had not broken any laws or obstructed Congress.[923] They argued that
the impeachment was "constitutionally and legally invalid" because Trump was not charged with
a crime, abuse of power is not an impeachable offense, and Trump therefore should be acquitted
immediately.[923]
On January 31, the Senate voted against allowing subpoenas to call witnesses or documents; 51
Republicans formed the majority for this vote.[924] Thus, this became the first impeachment trial in
U.S. history without witness testimony.[925] On February 5, Trump was acquitted of both charges
in a vote nearly along party lines, with Republican Mitt Romney being the only senator – and the
only senator in U.S. history – to cross party lines by voting to convict on one of the charges.[926]
Following his acquittal, Trump began removing impeachment witnesses and political appointees
and career officials he deemed insufficiently loyal.[927]

Notes
1. ^ a b c This estimate is by Forbes in their annual ranking. Bloomberg
Billionaires Index listed Trump's net worth as $2.97 billion in June 2019,
[56]
 and Wealth-X listed it as at least $3.2 billion in April 2019.[57]
2. ^ Presidential elections in the United States are decided by the Electoral
College, in which each state names a number of electors equal to its
representation in Congress, and all delegates from each state usually vote for
the winner of the local state vote (except for faithless electors). Consequently,
it is possible for the president-elect to have received fewer votes from the
country's total population (the popular vote). This situation has occurred five
times since 1824.
3. ^ Ronald Reagan was older upon his second-term inauguration.
4. ^ "In connection with that analysis, we addressed the factual question
whether members of the Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]' – a term that
appears in the appointment order – with Russian election interference
activities. Like collusion, 'coordination' does not have a settled definition in
federal criminal law. We understood coordination to require an agreement –
tacit or express – between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government
on election interference. That requires more than the two parties taking
actions that were informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests.
We applied the term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that
the investigation did not establish that the Trump Campaign coordinated with
the Russian government in its election interference activities." Mueller
Report, vol. I, p. 2
5. ^ Records on this matter date from the year 1824. The number "five" includes
the elections of 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, and 2016. Despite their similarities,
some of these five elections had peculiar results; e.g. John Quincy
Adams trailed in both the national popular vote and the electoral college in
1824 (since no one had a majority in the electoral college, Adams was chosen
by the House of Representatives), and Samuel Tilden in 1876 remains the
only losing candidate to win an actual majority of the popular vote (rather
than just a plurality).[291][292]
6. ^ Grover Cleveland was the 22nd and 24th president.[303]

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Meddling: Why 17 Intelligence Agencies Don't Need to Agree". The New
York Times.
850. ^ "Intelligence Report on Russian Hacking". The New York Times.
January 6, 2017. p. ii. Retrieved January 8, 2017. We assess Russian
President Vladimir Putin ordered an influence campaign in 2016 aimed at
the U.S. presidential election. Russia's goals were to undermine public faith
in the U.S. democratic process, denigrate Secretary Clinton, and harm her
electability and potential presidency. We further assess Putin and the Russian
Government developed a clear preference for President-elect Trump. We
have high confidence in these judgments.
851. ^ Berman, Russell (March 20, 2017). "It's Official: The FBI Is
Investigating Trump's Links to Russia". The Atlantic. Retrieved June 7, 2017.
852. ^ McCarthy, Tom (December 13, 2016). "Trump's relationship with Russia
– what we know and what comes next". The Guardian. Retrieved March
11, 2017.
853. ^ Bump, Philip (March 3, 2017). "The web of relationships between Team
Trump and Russia". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 11, 2017.
854. ^ Phillips, Amber (August 19, 2016). "Paul Manafort's complicated ties to
Ukraine, explained". The Washington Post. Retrieved June 14, 2017.
855. ^ Risen, James (January 26, 2019). "Roger Stone Made His Name as a
Dirty Trickster, but the Trump-Russia Cover-Up May Finally Bring Him
Down". The Intercept.
856.^ Nesbit, Jeff (August 15, 2016). "Donald Trump's Many, Many, Many,
Many Ties to Russia". Time. Retrieved February 28, 2017.
857.^ Williams, Katie Bo (May 24, 2017). "NYT: Russians discussed using
Manafort, Flynn to influence Trump". The Hill. Retrieved May 28, 2017.
858. ^ Graham, David A. (November 15, 2019). "We Still Don't Know What
Happened Between Trump and Russia". The Atlantic.
859. ^ Parker, Ned; Landay, Jonathan; Strobel, Warren (May 18,
2017). "Exclusive: Trump campaign had at least 18 undisclosed contacts
with Russians: sources". Reuters. Retrieved May 19, 2017.
860. ^ Murray, Sara; Borger, Gloria; Diamond, Jeremy (February 14,
2017). "Flynn resigns amid controversy over Russia contacts". CNN.
Retrieved March 2, 2017.
861. ^ Harris, Shane; Dawsey, Josh; Nakashima, Ellen (September 26,
2019). "Trump told Russian officials in 2017 he wasn't concerned about
Moscow's interference in U.S. election". The Washington Post.
862. ^ Barnes, Julian E.; Rosenberg, Matthew (November 22, 2019). "Charges
of Ukrainian Meddling? A Russian Operation, U.S. Intelligence Says". The
New York Times.
863. ^ Pelley, Scott (February 16, 2020). "Why President Trump asked Ukraine
to look into a DNC "server" and CrowdStrike". CBS News.
Retrieved February 18, 2020.
864. ^ a b Mueller, Robert S. III (March 2019). "Report On The Investigation
Into Russian Interference In The 2016 Presidential Election"  (PDF). U.S.
Department of Justice. The Russian government interfered in the 2016
presidential election in sweeping and systematic fashion. [...] In connection
with that analysis, we addressed the factual question whether members of the
Trump Campaign 'coordinat[ed]' – a term that appears in the appointment
order – with Russian election interference activities. Like collusion,
'coordination' does not have a settled definition in federal criminal law. We
understood coordination to require an agreement – tacit or express –
between the Trump Campaign and the Russian government on election
interference. That requires more than the two parties taking actions that were
informed by or responsive to the other's actions or interests. We applied the
term coordination in that sense when stating in the report that the
investigation did not establish that the Trump Campaign coordinated with the
Russian government in its election interference activities.
865.^ a b Rosenstein, Rod (May 17, 2017). "Rod Rosenstein's Letter Appointing
Mueller Special Counsel". The New York Times. Retrieved May 18, 2017.
866. ^ Vitkovskaya, Julie (June 16, 2017). "Trump Is Officially under
Investigation. How Did We Get Here?". The Washington Post.
Retrieved June 16, 2017. Trump is officially under investigation ... Special
counsel investigating Trump for possible obstruction of justice ... The
president is being investigated ...
867. ^ Bump, Philip (January 11, 2018). "Analysis | Trump and the White
House have denied Russian collusion more than 140 times". The Washington
Post.
868. ^ Keating, Joshua (March 8, 2018). "It's Not Just a "Russia" Investigation
Anymore". Slate.
869. ^ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (April 10, 2018). "Trump
Sought to Fire Mueller in December". The New York Times.
870. ^ Keneally, Meghan; Mallin, Alexander (August 1, 2018). "Trump to
Sessions: Shut down Russia probe". ABC News. Retrieved August 1, 2018.
871. ^ Breuninger, Kevin (March 22, 2019). "Mueller probe ends: Special
counsel submits Russia report to Attorney General William Barr". CNBC.
Retrieved March 22, 2019.
872. ^ Pramuk, Jacob; Kimball, Spencer (March 24, 2019). "Trump did not
collude with Russia, says Mueller, and is cleared of obstruction by the
attorney general". CNBC. Retrieved March 24, 2019.
873.^ "Mueller report a 'complete exoneration' – Donald Trump". BBC News.
March 24, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2019.
874. ^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 30, 2019). "Mueller complained
that Barr's letter did not capture 'context' of Trump probe". The Washington
Post. Retrieved May 30, 2019.
875. ^ "The Surprises in the Mueller Report". Politico. April 19, 2019.
876. ^ "Main points of Mueller report". Agence France-Presse. Archived
from the original on April 20, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
877. ^ Ostriker, Rebecca; Puzzanghera, Jim; Finucane, Martin; Datar,
Saurabh; Uraizee, Irfan; Garvin, Patrick. "What the Mueller report says
about Trump and more". The Boston Globe. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
878.^ Law, Tara (April 18, 2019). "Here Are the Biggest Takeaways From the
Mueller Report". Time. Retrieved April 22, 2019.
879. ^ Mazzetti, Mark (July 24, 2019). "Mueller Warns of Russian Sabotage
and Rejects Trump's 'Witch Hunt' Claims". The New York Times.
Retrieved March 4, 2020.
880. ^ Bruggeman, Lucien (April 19, 2019). "What did the Mueller report
reveal about Trump's overtures to the Russians?". ABC News.
Retrieved March 4, 2020.
881. ^ Bump, Philip (May 30, 2019). "Trump briefly acknowledges that Russia
aided his election – and falsely says he didn't help the effort". The
Washington Post. Retrieved March 5,2020. Mueller's investigation bolstered
those findings and demonstrated ways in which Trump and his campaign
aided or encouraged those interference efforts, even if unwittingly.
882. ^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (April 17, 2019). "Mueller report lays
out obstruction evidence against the president". The Washington Post.
Retrieved April 20, 2019.
883. ^ Farley, Robert; Robertson, Lori; Gore, D'Angelo; Spencer, Saranac
Hale; Fichera, Angelo; McDonald, Jessica (April 19, 2019). "What the
Mueller Report Says About Obstruction". FactCheck.org. Retrieved April
22, 2019.
884. ^ Segers, Grace (May 29, 2019). "Mueller: If it were clear president
committed no crime, "we would have said so"". CBS News. Retrieved June
2, 2019.
885. ^ Mascaro, Lisa (April 18, 2019). "Mueller drops obstruction dilemma on
Congress". AP News. Retrieved April 20, 2019.
886. ^ Zapotosky, Matt; Bui, Lynh; Jackman, Tom; Barrett, Devlin (August 21,
2018). "Manafort convicted on eight counts; mistrial declared on ten
others". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 21, 2018.
887. ^ Leonnig, Carol D.; Dawsey, Josh (August 23, 2018). "Trump sought his
lawyers' advice weeks ago on possibility of pardoning Manafort, Giuliani
says". The Washington Post. Retrieved August 23, 2018.
888. ^ Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt; Helderman, Rosalind S. (November
29, 2018). "Michael Cohen, Trump's former lawyer, pleads guilty to lying to
 Congress about Moscow project". The Washington Post.
Retrieved December 12, 2018.
889. ^ Mangan, Dan (July 30, 2018). "Trump and Giuliani are right that
'collusion is not a crime.' But that doesn't matter for Mueller's
probe". CNBC.
890. ^ "Mueller investigation: No jail time sought for Trump ex-adviser
Michael Flynn". BBC Online. December 5, 2018.
891. ^ "Roger Stone sentenced to three years and four months in prison, as
Trump predicts 'exoneration' for his friend". The Washington Post. February
20, 2020. Retrieved March 3,2020.
892. ^ "House Judiciary Committee launches probe into possible obstruction by
Trump". Yahoo! News. March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
893. ^ "US: House panel to widen Trump probe, request documents". Al
Jazeera. March 3, 2019. Retrieved March 3, 2019.
894. ^ a b Fandos, Nicholas (March 4, 2019). "With Sweeping Document
Request, Democrats Launch Broad Trump Corruption Inquiry". The New
York Times. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
895. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Brown, Pamela (March 21, 2019). "White House rejects
Dem requests for info on Putin communications". CNN. Retrieved March
21, 2019.
896. ^ Cole, Jared P.; Garvey, Todd (October 29, 2015). "Impeachment and
Removal"  (PDF). Congressional Research Service. Retrieved January
25, 2020.
897. ^ "Article 2, United States Constitution". Legal Information Institute.
898. ^ McPherson, Lindsey (May 24, 2019). "'Reluctant impeachment': Will
Pelosi ever be swayed to go there?". Roll Call.
899. ^ Bump, Philip (September 25, 2019). "The most important number in the
impeachment fight keeps getting smaller". The Washington Post.
Retrieved October 1, 2019.
900. ^ a b Bump, Philip (September 25, 2019). "Trump wanted Russia's main
geopolitical adversary to help undermine the Russian interference
story". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
901. ^ Cohen, Marshall; Polantz, Katelyn; Shortell, David (September 26,
2019). "Whistleblower says White House tried to cover up Trump's abuse of
power". CNN. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
902. ^ Forgey, Quint (September 24, 2019). "Trump changes story on
withholding Ukraine aid". Politico. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
903. ^ Wagner, John; Sonmez, Felicia; Itkowitz, Colby. "Live updates: Top
Democrat warns White House 'we're not fooling around' on impeachment
inquiry". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
904. ^ Kramer, Andrew E. (October 4, 2019). "Ukraine to Review Criminal
Case on Owner of Firm Linked to Biden's Son". The New York Times.
Retrieved October 4, 2019.
905. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (September 24, 2019). "Nancy Pelosi Announces
Formal Impeachment Inquiry of Trump". The New York Times.
906. ^ Rucker, Philip; Bade, Rachael; Costa, Robert (September 25,
2019). "Trump deflects and defies as Democrats speed up impeachment
strategy". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 26, 2019.
907. ^ Santucci, John; Mallin, Alexander; Thomas, Pierre; Faulders, Katherine
(September 25, 2019). "Trump urged Ukraine to work with Barr and Giuliani
to probe Biden: Call transcript". ABC News. Retrieved October 1, 2019.
908. ^ "Newsgraphics: Read The Whistleblower Complaint". The New York
Times. September 24, 2019. Retrieved October 2, 2019.
909. ^ Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (October 22, 2019). "Ukraine
Envoy Testifies Trump Linked Military Aid to Investigations, Lawmaker
Says". The New York Times. Retrieved October 22, 2019.
910. ^ LaFraniere, Sharon (October 22, 2019). "6 Key Revelations of Taylor's
Opening Statement to Impeachment Investigators". The New York Times.
Retrieved October 23, 2019.
911. ^ Cheney, Kyle; Desiderio, Andrew (October 22, 2019). "William Taylor
testifies about deep-seated push for Ukraine quid pro quo". Politico.
Retrieved October 22, 2019.
912. ^ Law, Tara (September 25, 2019). "'Nobody Pushed Me.' Ukrainian
President Denies Trump Pressured Him to Investigate Biden's Son". Time.
Retrieved November 20, 2019.
913. ^ Mascaro, Lisa; Jalonick, Mary Clare; Miller, Zeke; Long, Colleen;
Tucker, Eric; Colvin, Jill (December 3, 2019). "House Releases 300-Page
Report Outlining Evidence for Trump's Impeachment". Time. Associated
Press. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
914. ^ Weiland, Noah (December 3, 2019). "Impeachment Briefing: The
Democratic Report". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2019.
915. ^ "Report of the House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence,
Pursuant to H. Res. 660 in Consultation with the House Committee on
Oversight and Reform and the House Committee on Foreign
Affairs"  (PDF). House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence.
December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 5, 2019.
916. ^ Jansen, Bart; Hayes, Christal (December 2, 2019). "House GOP report
on impeachment inquiry defends Trump's dealings with Ukraine". USA
Today. Retrieved December 12,2019.
917. ^ "Republican Report On The Impeachment Inquiry". NPR. December 2,
2019. Retrieved December 12, 2019.
918. ^ Siegel, Benjamin; Faulders, Katherine (December 13, 2019). "House
Judiciary Committee passes articles of impeachment against President
Trump". ABC News. Retrieved December 13, 2019.
919. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (December 18, 2019). "Trump impeached by the
House for abuse of power, obstruction of Congress". NBC News.
Retrieved December 18, 2019.
920. ^ Herb, Jeremy (January 16, 2020). "Senate impeachment trial of Donald
Trump officially begins". CNN. Retrieved January 18, 2020.
921. ^ Gregorian, Dareh (January 22, 2020). "Senate passes McConnell
impeachment rules after nearly 13 hours of debate". NBC News.
Retrieved January 22, 2020.
 922. ^ Kim, Seung Min; Wagner, John; Demirjian, Karoun (January 23,
2019). "Democrats detail abuse-of-power charge against Trump as
Republicans complain of repetitive arguments". The Washington Post.
Retrieved January 27, 2020.
923. ^ a b Shear, Michael D.; Fandos, Nicholas (January 22, 2020). "Trump's
Defense Team Calls Impeachment Charges 'Brazen' as Democrats Make
Legal Case". The New York Times. Retrieved January 30, 2020.
924. ^ Herb, Jeremy; Mattingly, Phil; Raju, Manu; Fox, Lauren (January 31,
2020). "Senate impeachment trial: Wednesday acquittal vote scheduled after
effort to have witnesses fails". CNN. Retrieved February 2, 2020.
925. ^ Bookbinder, Noah (January 9, 2020). "The Senate has conducted 15
impeachment trials. It heard witnesses in every one". The Washington Post.
Retrieved February 8, 2020.
926. ^ Fandos, Nicholas (February 5, 2020). "Trump Acquitted of Two
Impeachment Charges in Near Party-Line Vote". The New York Times.
Retrieved February 7, 2020.
927. ^ Baker, Peter (February 22, 2020). "Trump's Efforts to Remove the
Disloyal Heightens Unease Across His Administration". The New York
Times. Retrieved February 22, 2020.

Works cited
 Barrett, Wayne (2016) [First published 1992]. Trump: The Deals and the
Downfall (First Regan Art Paperback ed.). Harper Collins. ISBN 978-1-682450-
79-6. Paperback title: The greatest show on Earth – The deals, the downfall, the
reinvention.
 Blair, Gwenda (2015a). Donald Trump: The Candidate. Simon &
Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4391-2937-1.
 Blair, Gwenda (2015b) [First published 2001]. The Trumps: Three Generations
That Built an Empire. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-5011-3936-9.
 Gallup, George Jr. (1990). The Gallup Poll: Public Opinion 1989. Rowman &
Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-8420-2344-3.
 Pacelle, Mitchell (2001). Empire: A Tale of Obsession, Betrayal, and the Battle
for an American Icon. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-471-23865-2.
 Kranish, Michael; Fisher, Marc (2017) [First published 2016]. Trump Revealed:
The Definitive Biography of the 45th President. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-
5011-5652-6.
 O'Donnell, John R.; Rutherford, James (1991) [First published 1991]. Trumped!.
Crossroad Press Trade Edition. ISBN 978-1946025-26-5.
 Trump, Donald J.; Schwartz, Tony (2009) [First published 1987]. Trump: The Art
of the Deal. Random House. ISBN 978-0-446-35325-0.
 Wooten, Sara (2009). Donald Trump: From Real Estate to Reality TV. Enslow
Publishers. ISBN 978-0-7660-2890-6.

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Donald Trump
  45th President of the United States (2017–present)

 Owner of The Trump Organization (Chairman/President: 1971–2017)

 Executive producer of The Apprentice (Host: 2004–2015)

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rump: The Art of the Deal (1987)

rump: Surviving at the Top (1990)

rump: The Art of the Comeback (1997)

he America We Deserve (2000)

rump 101 (2006)

Why We Want You to Be Rich (2006)

hink Big and Kick Ass (2007)

ime to Get Tough (2011)

Midas Touch (2011)
 rippled America (2015)

naugural address (2017)

oint session of Congress (2017)

iyadh summit (2017)

Warsaw speech (2017)

ational Scout Jamboree (2017)

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 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺
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ِ

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