EiT-M, School of Civil Engineering

Hydraulic Structures II
(CENG 6606)

May, 2020
Chapter 4 – Cross Drainage Structures
– Design of Drop structures
– Design of Regulators
 Cross Drainage Work

Cross drainage work: is a structure which is constructed

at the crossing of a canal and a natural drain, so as
dispose of drainage water without interrupting the
continuous canal supplies .
Cross Drainage Work
Cross Drainage Work
Types of Cross Drainage Work
a) By passing the canal over the drainage. This
may be accomplished either through
i. Aqueduct
ii. Syphon aqueduct
b) By passing the canal below the drainage. This
may be accomplished either through
i. Super passage
ii.Canal syphon
Cross Drainage Work
Types of Cross Drainage Work
c) By passing the drain through the canal. This may
be accomplished either through
i. Level crossing
ii. Inlets and outlets.
Cross Drainage Work
1. Aqueduct and Syphon Aqueduct
 When the HFL of the drain is sufficiently below the
bottom of the canal, so that the drainage water flows
freely under gravity, the structure is called an aqueduct.
 If the HFL of the drain is higher than the canal bed and
the water passes through the aqueduct barrels under
syphonic action, the structure is called syphon aqueduct.
Cross Drainage Work
Types of Cross Drainage Work
Cross Drainage Work
Types of Cross Drainage Work
Cross Drainage Work
2. Super Passage and Syphon
 When the FSL of the canal is sufficiently below the
bottom of the drain trough, so that the canal water
flows freely under gravity, the structure is called super
passage.
 If the FSL of the canal is sufficiently above the bed
level of the drainage trough, so that the canal water
flows under syphonic action, the structure is called a
canal syphon or a syphon.
Cross Drainage Work
Types of Cross Drainage Work
Cross Drainage Work
3. Level Crossing, Inlets and Outlets
 Level Crossing፡ when both the canal water and drain water
run at more or less the same level.
 Inlet structure: is adopted when the drainage discharge is
small and the drain crosses the canal with its bed level
equal to or slightly higher than the canal FSL.
 Outlet structure: when the drainage discharge is high or if
the canal is small, so that the canal section cannot take the
entire drainage water.
Cross Drainage Work
Types of Cross Drainage Work
Cross Drainage Work
Example -1: Design a suitable cross drainage work, given the
following data at the crossing of a canal and a drainage.
Canal:
- Full Supply discharge = 32 m3/s
- Full Supply level = R.L 213.5 m
- Canal Bed level = R.L 212.0 m
- Canal Bed width = 20 m
- Canal water depth = 1.5 m
- Trapezoidal canal section with 1.5H:1V slopes
Cross Drainage Work
Drainage:
- High Flood discharge = 300 m3/s
- High flood level = R.L 210.0 m
- High flood depth = 2.5 m
- General ground depth = R.L 207.5 m
Solution
• Since the drainage area is large- type III is adopted. ..\Example -3
Cross drainage_structures.pdf
• Canal bed level (212 m) > HFL (210 m) ----- aqueduct is proposed.
Step 1. Drainage water way
P = 4.75 𝑄 = 4.75 ∗ 300 = 82.3 m.
 Cross Drainage Work
• Let clear span between piers be 9 m (8 bays, 7 piers) and pier
thickness = 1.5 m
Total length = 9*8 + 1.5*7 = 82.5 m.
Step 2. Canal water way
• Bed width of canal = 20 m and let the width be flumed to 10 m.
• Providing a splay of 2:1 in contraction and 3:1 in expansion
• Length of contraction transition
𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟎
Lf = *2 = 10 m
𝟐
• Length of expansion transition
𝟐𝟎−𝟏𝟎
Lf = *3 = 15 m
𝟐
Cross Drainage Work
• In transition, the slope of the canal section will be wrapped
in plane from the original slope of 1.5:1 to vertical.
Step-3: Canal Bed Level at different Sections
• Head loss and bed level at different section
At section 4-4 (Trapezoidal)
• A = (B+1.5y)*y , y = 1.5 m , B = 20 m and A = 33.375 m2
Q 32
• V4 = = = 0.959 m/s
A 33.375
V42 0.9592
• Velocity head at Sec 4-4 = = = 0.047 m
2g 2∗9.81
Cross Drainage Work
• R.L of bed at 4-4 = 212.0 m (given)
• R.L of water surface at 4-4 = 212+1.5 = 213.5 m
• R.L of TEL at 4-4 = 213.5 + 0.047 = 213.547 m
At section 3-3 (Rectangular)
• A = By ……….. y = 1 .5 m, B = 10 m, A = 15 m2
Q 32
• V3 = = = 2.13 m/s
A 15
V32 2.132
• Velocity head at Sec 3-3 = = = 0.232 m
2g 2∗9.81
Cross Drainage Work
• Head loss in expansion transition
• V3 = 2.13 m/s ,V4 = 0.959 m/s = 0.3(V32-V42)/(2g) = 0.055 m
• R.L of TEL at 3-3 = R.L of TEL at 4-4 + loss in expansion
= 213.547 + 0.055 = 213.602 m
• R.L of water surface at 3-3 = R.L of TEL at 3-3-velocity head
= 213.602 - 0.232 = 213.37 m
• R.L of bed at 3-3 = 213.37-1.5 = 211.870 m
Cross Drainage Work
At section 2-2 (Rectangular)
• Friction head loss between section 2-2 & 3-3
hL= (n2V2L)/(R4/3), n = 0.016
• A =10*1.5 = 15 m2 and P =10+2*1.5 = 13 m
• R =15/13 =1.154 m
• V = Q/A = 32/15 = 2.13 m/s
• R.L of TEL at 2-2 = R.L of TEL at 3-3 +friction loss
= 213.602 + 0.079 = 213.681 m
 Cross Drainage Work
• R.L of water surface at 2-2 = R.L of TEL at 2-2- V22/2g
= 213.681-0.232 = 213.449 m
• R.L of Bed at 2-2 = 213.449-1.5 = 211.949 m
At section 1-1 (Trapezoidal)
• Head loss in Contraction transition
= 0.2(V22-V12)/(2g) = 0.037 m
(V3 = V2 = 2.13 m/s ,V4= V1 = 0.959 m/s )
 Cross Drainage Work
• R.L of TEL at 1-1 = R.L of TEL at 2-2 +loss due to contraction
= 213.681 + 0.037 = 213.718 m
• R.L of water surface at 1-1 = R.L of TEL at 1-1- Velocity head
V1 = 213.718 - 0.047 = 213.671 m
• R.L of bed at 1-1= 213.671-1.5 = 212.171 m
Step 4. Design of Transition Sections
a. Contraction transition: using Mitra’s hyperbolic transition
equation (constant head)
 Cross Drainage Work
𝐵𝑛 ∗𝐵𝑓 ∗𝐿𝑓
• Bx = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐵𝑛 = 20m, 𝐵𝑓 = 10m and 𝐿𝑓 = 10m
𝐿𝑓 ∗𝐵𝑛 −𝑥(𝐵𝑛 −𝐵𝑓 )
20∗10∗10 200
Bx= =
10∗20−𝑥(20−10) 20−𝑥

(Setting out)

x (m) 0 2 4 6 8 10
Bx (m) 10.00 11.11 12.50 14.29 16.67 20.00
 Cross Drainage Work
b. Expansion transition:
𝐵𝑛 ∗𝐵𝑓 ∗𝐿𝑓
• Bx = , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝐵𝑛 = 20m, 𝐵𝑓 = 10m and 𝐿𝑓 = 15m
𝐿𝑓 ∗𝐵𝑛 −𝑥(𝐵𝑛 −𝐵𝑓 )
20∗10∗15 300
Bx= =
15∗20−𝑥(20−10) 30−𝑥

(Setting out)

x (m) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 15

Bx (m) 10.00 10.71 11.54 12.5 13.64 15.00 16.67 18.75 20

 Cross Drainage Work
Step 5. Design of Trough
• There should be an inspection road
• Free board should be provided (0.6 m).
• Outer walls = 0.4 m thick.
• Bottom slab of trough = 0.4m thick.
Note: The thickness are tentative and can be altered for the sake
of structural stability.
 Cross Drainage Work
Step 6. Detail Drawing
Design of Regulator Works
There are two types of Regulators
• Head regulator - provided at the head of the off taking
channel, controls the flow of water entering this new
channel.
• Cross regulator - required in the main parent channel
downstream of the off taking channel. Regulate the
supplies of the parent channel. For example, during the
Design of Regulator Works
Design of Regulator Works

Example-2:
Canal Falls

Canal Falls: whenever the available natural ground slope is

steeper than the designed bed slope of the channel, the
difference is adjusted by constructing vertical ‘falls’ or ‘drops’
in the canal bed at suitable intervals.
Canal Falls
Canal Falls
Types of Falls
• Vertical Drop Fall
Canal Falls
Types of Falls
• Ogee Fall
Canal Falls
Types of Falls
• Glacis Type Fall
Canal Falls
Types of Falls
• Baffle (English) Fall