Integral and Fractional Slot Windings:: Winding"

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1.

Integral and Fractional slot windings:

To maintain uniform magnetic reaction throughout the surface of armature, the


armature conductors should be properly distributed.

a. Integral means forming a whole. If the number of slots/phase/pole (m) is a integer


number then that type of winding is said to be integral slot winding.

b. The number of slots per phase per pole is a fractional then it is known as “fractional-slot
winding”.

But the total number of slots must be multiples three (3). This helps to maintain symmetrical
winding.
The advantages of fraction slot pitch winding are:
o Reduces the high-frequency harmonics in the EMF and MMF wave forms.
o This winding permits the use of already existing slotting nos. for the armature
laminations.
o Allows choice of coil-pitch.
The restrictions of this winding are,
 It can be used only with double-layer windings.

Coil Span or Pitch Factor (Kc):

The ratio of EMF induced when the coils are short pitched to an EMF induced when the coils
are full pitched. The ratio of phasor (vector) sum of induced EMFs per coil to the arithmetic sum of
induced EMFs per coil is known as pitch factor or coil span factor (Kc) which is always less than unity.
Let the coil have a short pitch angle “α” electrical space degrees. EMF induced in the each coil side or in
each conductor is E V,

If the coil is full pitched, then the total induced EMF in


the coil will be 2E as shown in Figure
When the coil is short pitched by “α” electrical space
degrees the resultant induced EMF is ER, the magnitude of

ER is obtained by taking by the Phasor sum of two voltages.


The phasor diagram is shown in figure
From phasor diagram

 L(ad ) 
cos  2 E cos
2 L(ab) 2
KC 
2E
ER

 2 
cos
2 E( Ea  Eb  E)
KC  cos
2

The pitch factor of the coil at the nth harmonic frequency is expressed as

n
KCn  cos
2
Where n is the order of harmonic

Distribution Factor:

The ratio of EMF induced when the coils are distributed to an EMF induced
when the coils are concentrated. The ratio of phasor (vector) sum of induced EMFs
per coil to the arithmetic sum of induced EMFs per coil is known as distribution
factor (Kd) which is always less than unity.
Consider the slot angle between each slot of β, the total EMF induced when coils
are short pitched or coils are full pitched is obtained from below phasor diagram.
To evaluate the total EMF induced when the coils are concentrated, let us consider
any one triangle shown in phasor diagram and multiply with m times to get total induced
EMF. Consider the triangle bcf, and divide it into exactly two half’s, i.e., bfx and cfx.
Consider anyone out of two, let me consider bfx,
 bx
sin 
2 fb
E
 2
R
Or E=2R sin β/2
EMF induced in all three coils is given by E  2*3* RSin 
2
The generalized expression is given by E  2mRSin 
2

To determine EMF induced in coil when the winding is short pitched , consider the triangle fga, from that
m ag
sin 
2 fa
ER
...........  2
R
m
ER  2R sin
2
𝑚𝛽
2𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐾𝑑 = 2
𝛽
2𝑚𝑅𝑠𝑖𝑛
2
Or
𝑚𝛽
𝑠𝑖𝑛
𝐾𝑑 = 2
𝛽
𝑚𝑠𝑖𝑛
2

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