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F_4 (mathematics)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Jump to navigation <#mw-head> Jump to search <#searchInput>
Algebraic structure <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_structure>
→ *Group theory*
Group theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_theory>
Cyclic group.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cyclic_group.svg>
Basic notions[show] <#>

* Subgroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgroup>
* Normal subgroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_subgroup>

* Quotient group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quotient_group>

* (Semi-) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidirect_product>direct
product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_product_of_groups>
/Group homomorphisms <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_homomorphism>/

* kernel
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_(algebra)#Group_homomorphisms>
* image <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_(mathematics)>
* direct sum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_sum_of_groups>

* wreath product <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreath_product>

* simple <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_group>
* finite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>

* infinite <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_group>
* continuous <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_group>
* multiplicative <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicative_group>

* additive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Additive_group>
* cyclic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group>
* abelian <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group>
* dihedral <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group>

* nilpotent <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilpotent_group>
* solvable <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvable_group>

* Glossary of group theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_group_theory>
* List of group theory topics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_group_theory_topics>

Finite groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_group>[show] <#>

Classification of finite simple groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classification_of_finite_simple_groups>

* cyclic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic_group>
* alternating <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_group>
* Lie type <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_of_Lie_type>
* sporadic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporadic_group>

* Cauchy's theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cauchy%27s_theorem_(group_theory)>
* Lagrange's theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagrange%27s_theorem_(group_theory)>

* Sylow theorems <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylow_theorems>

* Hall's theorem <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall_subgroup>

* p-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-group>
* Elementary abelian group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementary_abelian_group>

* Frobenius group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frobenius_group>

* Schur multiplier <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schur_multiplier>

* Symmetric group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_group> S_/n/

* Klein four-group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klein_four-group> V

* Dihedral group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dihedral_group> D_/n/
* Quaternion group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaternion_group> Q
 * Dicyclic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicyclic_group> Dic_/n/

* Discrete groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_group>

* Lattices <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(discrete_subgroup)>

[show] <#>

* Integers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integer> (*Z*)

* Free group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_group>

Modular groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular_group>

* PSL(2,*Z*)
* SL(2,*Z*)

* Arithmetic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arithmetic_group>

* Lattice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group)>
* Hyperbolic group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperbolic_group>

Topological <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_group> and Lie

groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>[hide] <#>

* Solenoid <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenoid_(mathematics)>
* Circle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group>

* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

GL(/n/)

* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>

SL(/n/)

* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)

* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group> E(/n/)

* Special orthogonal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group> SO(/n/)

* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)

* Special unitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group> SU(/n/)

* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)

* G_2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>
* F_4
* E_6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)>
* E_7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>
* E_8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>

* Lorentz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group>
* Conformal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_group>

* Diffeomorphism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism>
* Loop <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_group>

Infinite dimensional Lie group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_dimensional_Lie_group>

* O(∞)
* SU(∞)
* Sp(∞)

Algebraic groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algebraic_group>[show] <#>

* Linear algebraic group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear_algebraic_group>

* Reductive group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive_group>

* Abelian variety <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_variety>

* Elliptic curve <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliptic_curve>

* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Group_theory_sidebar>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Group_theory_sidebar>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Group_theory_sidebar&action=edit>

Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group>

E8Petrie.svg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E8Petrie.svg>
Classical groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_group>[show] <#>

* General linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_linear_group>

GL(/n/)
* Special linear <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_linear_group>
SL(/n/)
* Orthogonal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_group> O(/n/)
* Special orthogonal
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_orthogonal_group> SO(/n/)
* Unitary <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_group> U(/n/)
* Special unitary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_unitary_group> SU(/n/)
* Symplectic <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symplectic_group> Sp(/n/)

Simple Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>[hide] <#>

* List of simple Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_simple_Lie_groups>

Classical

* A_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#A_series>
* B_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#B_series>
* C_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#C_series>
* D_/n/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#D_series>

Exceptional

* G_2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>
* F_4
* E_6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)>
* E_7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>
* E_8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>
Other Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Lie_groups>[show] <#>

* Circle <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_group>
* Lorentz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poincar%C3%A9_group>
* Conformal group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_group>
* Diffeomorphism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffeomorphism>
* Loop <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_group>
* Euclidean <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euclidean_group>

Lie algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra>[show] <#>

* Lie group–Lie algebra correspondence

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group%E2%80%93Lie_algebra_correspondence>
* Exponential map
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential_map_(Lie_theory)>
* Adjoint representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation>
*
o Killing form <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_form>
o Index <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_a_Lie_algebra>
* Lie point symmetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_point_symmetry>
* Simple Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_algebra>

Semisimple Lie algebra

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semisimple_Lie_algebra>[show] <#>

* Dynkin diagrams <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>

* Cartan subalgebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartan_subalgebra>
*
o Root system <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system>
o Weyl group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group>
*
o Real form <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_form_(Lie_theory)>
o Complexification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complexification_(Lie_group)>
* Split Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_Lie_algebra>
* Compact Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact_Lie_algebra>

Representation theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory>[show] <#>

* Lie group representation

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_of_a_Lie_group>
* Lie algebra representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra_representation>
* Representation theory of semisimple Lie algebras

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_semisimple_Lie_algebras>
* Theorem of the highest weight
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theorem_of_the_highest_weight>
* Borel–Weil–Bott theorem
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borel%E2%80%93Weil%E2%80%93Bott_theorem>

Lie groups in physics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physics>[show] <#>

* Particle physics and representation theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_physics_and_representation_theory>
 * Lorentz group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group>
* Poincaré group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Poincar
%C3%A9_group>
* Galilean group representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representation_theory_of_the_Galilean_group>

Scientists[show] <#>

* Sophus Lie <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophus_Lie>

* Henri Poincaré <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9>
* Wilhelm Killing <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Killing>
* Élie Cartan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Cartan>
* Hermann Weyl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Weyl>
* Claude Chevalley <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chevalley>
* Harish-Chandra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra>
* Armand Borel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand_Borel>

* Glossary
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_Lie_groups_and_Lie_algebras>
* Table of Lie groups <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Lie_groups>

* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Lie_groups>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Lie_groups>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Lie_groups&action=edit>

In mathematics <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics>, *F_4 * is

the name of a Lie group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_group> and
also its Lie algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_algebra> *f*_4 .
It is one of the five exceptional simple Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>. F_4 has rank 4 and
dimension 52. The compact form is simply connected and its outer
automorphism group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outer_automorphism_group> is the trivial
group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trivial_group>. Its fundamental
representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation> is
26-dimensional.

The compact real form of F_4 is the isometry group

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry_group> of a 16-dimensional
Riemannian manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riemannian_manifold>
known as the octonionic projective plane
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonionic_projective_plane> *OP*^2 .
This can be seen systematically using a construction known as the /magic
square/ <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freudenthal_magic_square>, due to
Hans Freudenthal <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Freudenthal> and
Jacques Tits <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Tits>.

There are 3 real forms

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_simple_Lie_groups>: a compact
one, a split one, and a third one. They are the isometry groups of the
three real Albert algebras <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_algebra>.

The F_4 Lie algebra may be constructed by adding 16 generators

transforming as a spinor <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spinor> to the
36-dimensional Lie algebra *so*(9), in analogy with the construction of
E_8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>.

In older books and papers, F_4 is sometimes denoted by E_4 .

Contents

* 1 Algebra <#Algebra>
o 1.1 Dynkin diagram <#Dynkin_diagram>
o 1.2 Weyl/Coxeter group <#Weyl/Coxeter_group>
o 1.3 Cartan matrix <#Cartan_matrix>
o 1.4 F_4 lattice <#F4_lattice>
o 1.5 Roots of F_4 <#Roots_of_F4>
+ 1.5.1 Simple roots <#Simple_roots>
o 1.6 F_4 polynomial invariant <#F4_polynomial_invariant>
* 2 Representations <#Representations>
* 3 See also <#See_also>
* 4 References <#References>

Algebra[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=1>]

Dynkin diagram[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=2>]

The Dynkin diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram> for

F_4 is: Dyn-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-node.png>Dyn-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-3.png>Dyn-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-node.png>Dyn-4b.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-4b.png>Dyn-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-node.png>Dyn-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-3.png>Dyn-node.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn-node.png>.

Weyl/Coxeter group[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=3>]

Its Weyl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_group>/Coxeter

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_group> group G = W ( F 4 )
{\displaystyle G=W\left(\mathrm {F} _{4}\right)} {\displaystyle
G=W\left(\mathrm {F} _{4}\right)} is the symmetry group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetry_group> of the 24-cell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell>: it is a solvable group
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvable_group> of order 1152. It has
minimal faithful degree μ ( G ) = 24 {\displaystyle \mu (G)=24}
{\displaystyle \mu (G)=24}^[1] <#cite_note-1> which is realized by the
action on the 24-cell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell>.

Cartan matrix[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=4>]
 [ 2 − 1 0 0 − 1 2 − 2 0 0 − 1 2 − 1 0 0 − 1 2 ] {\displaystyle
\left[{\begin{array}{rrrr}2&-1&0&0\\-1&2&-2&0\\0&-1&2&-1\\0&0&-
1&2\end{array}}\right]}
\left[{\begin{array}{rrrr}2&-1&0&0\\-1&2&-2&0\\0&-1&2&-1\\0&0&-
1&2\end{array}}\right]

F_4 lattice[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=5>]

The F_4 lattice <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice_(group)> is a

four-dimensional body-centered cubic
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Body-centered_cubic> lattice (i.e. the
union of two hypercubic lattices
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercubic_lattice>, each lying in the
center of the other). They form a ring
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)> called the Hurwitz
quaternion <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurwitz_quaternion> ring. The
24 Hurwitz quaternions of norm 1 form the vertices of a 24-cell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell> centered at the origin.

Roots of F_4 [edit

<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=6>]

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F4_roots_by_24-cell_duals.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F4_roots_by_24-cell_duals.svg>
The 24 vertices of 24-cell <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell> (red)
and 24 vertices of its dual (yellow) represent the 48 root vectors of
F_4 in this Coxeter plane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coxeter_plane>
projection

The 48 root vectors <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system> of F_4

can be found as the vertices of the 24-cell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/24-cell> in two dual configurations,
representing the vertices of a disphenoidal 288-cell
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truncated_24-cells#Disphenoidal_288-cell>
if the edge lengths of the 24-cells are equal:

*24-cell vertices:* CDel node 1.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel 4.pngCDel

node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.png

* 24 roots by (±1,±1,0,0), permuting coordinate positions

*Dual 24-cell vertices:* CDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node.pngCDel

4.pngCDel node.pngCDel 3.pngCDel node 1.png

* 8 roots by (±1, 0, 0, 0), permuting coordinate positions

* 16 roots by (±½, ±½, ±½, ±½).

Simple roots[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=7>]

One choice of simple roots

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_root_(root_system)> for F_4 ,
Dyn2-node n1.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node_n1.png>Dyn2-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-3.png>Dyn2-node n2.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node_n2.png>Dyn2-4b.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-4b.png>Dyn2-node n3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node_n3.png>Dyn2-3.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-3.png>Dyn2-node n4.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dyn2-node_n4.png>, is given by the
rows of the following matrix:

[ 0 1 − 1 0 0 0 1 − 1 0 0 0 1 1 2 − 1 2 − 1 2 − 1 2 ] {\displaystyle
{\begin{bmatrix}0&1&-1&0\\0&0&1&-1\\0&0&0&1\\{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac
{1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}\\\end{bmatrix}}}
{\begin{bmatrix}0&1&-1&0\\0&0&1&-1\\0&0&0&1\\{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac
{1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}&-{\frac {1}{2}}\\\end{bmatrix}}

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F4HassePoset.svg>
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F4HassePoset.svg>
Hasse diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasse_diagram> of F4 root
poset <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_system#The_root_poset> with
edge labels identifying added simple root position

F_4 polynomial invariant[edit

<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=8>]

Just as O(/n/) is the group of automorphisms which keep the quadratic

polynomials /x/^2 + /y/^2 + ... invariant, F_4 is the group of
automorphisms of the following set of 3 polynomials in 27 variables.
(The first can easily be substituted into other two making 26 variables).

C 1 = x + y + z {\displaystyle C_{1}=x+y+z} C_{1}=x+y+z

C 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + 2 X X ¯ + 2 Y Y ¯ + 2 Z Z ¯ {\displaystyle
C_{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+2X{\overline {X}}+2Y{\overline
{Y}}+2Z{\overline {Z}}} C_{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+2X\overline
{X}+2Y\overline {Y}+2Z\overline {Z}
C 3 = x y z − x X X ¯ − y Y Y ¯ − z Z Z ¯ + X Y Z + X Y Z ¯
{\displaystyle C_{3}=xyz-xX{\overline {X}}-yY{\overline
{Y}}-zZ{\overline {Z}}+XYZ+{\overline {XYZ}}} C_{3}=xyz-xX\overline
{X}-yY\overline {Y}-zZ\overline {Z}+XYZ+\overline {XYZ}

Where /x/, /y/, /z/ are real valued and /X/, /Y/, /Z/ are octonion
valued. Another way of writing these invariants is as (combinations of)
Tr(/M/), Tr(/M/^2 ) and Tr(/M/^3 ) of the hermitian
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix> octonion
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octonion> matrix
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_(mathematics)>:

M = [ x Z ¯ Y Z y X ¯ Y ¯ X z ] {\displaystyle
M={\begin{bmatrix}x&{\overline {Z}}&Y\\Z&y&{\overline
{X}}\\{\overline {Y}}&X&z\end{bmatrix}}}
M={\begin{bmatrix}x&\overline {Z}&Y\\Z&y&\overline {X}\\\overline
{Y}&X&z\end{bmatrix}}

The set of polynomials defines a 24 dimensional compact surface.

 Representations[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=9>]

The characters of finite dimensional representations of the real and

complex Lie algebras and Lie groups are all given by the Weyl character
formula <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weyl_character_formula>. The
dimensions of the smallest irreducible representations are (sequence
A121738 <https://oeis.org/A121738> in the OEIS
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On-Line_Encyclopedia_of_Integer_Sequences>):

1, 26, 52, 273, 324, 1053 (twice), 1274, 2652, 4096, 8424, 10829,
12376, 16302, 17901, 19278, 19448, 29172, 34749, 76076, 81081,
100776, 106496, 107406, 119119, 160056 (twice), 184756, 205751,
212992, 226746, 340119, 342056, 379848, 412776, 420147, 627912…

The 52-dimensional representation is the adjoint representation

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjoint_representation_of_a_Lie_algebra>,
and the 26-dimensional one is the trace-free part of the action of F_4
on the exceptional Albert algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_algebra> of dimension 27.

There are two non-isomorphic irreducible representations of dimensions

1053, 160056, 4313088, etc. The fundamental representations
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation> are those
with dimensions 52, 1274, 273, 26 (corresponding to the four nodes in
the Dynkin diagram <#Dynkin_diagram> in the order such that the double
arrow points from the second to the third).

See also[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=10>]

* Albert algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_algebra>

* Cayley plane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_plane>
* Dynkin diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynkin_diagram>
* Fundamental representation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_representation>
* Simple Lie group <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group>

References[edit
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=F4_(mathematics)&action=edit&section=11>]

1. *^ <#cite_ref-1>* Saunders, Neil (2014). "Minimal Faithful

Permutation Degrees for Irreducible Coxeter Groups and Binary
Polyhedral Groups". arXiv
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)>:0812.0182
<https://arxiv.org/abs/0812.0182>.

* Adams, J. Frank (1996), /Lectures on exceptional Lie groups/

<https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0226005275>, Chicago Lectures
in Mathematics, University of Chicago Press
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press>, ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 978-0-226-00526-3
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-00526-3>,
MR <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)> 1428422
 <https://www.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1428422>
* John Baez <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baez>, /The
Octonions/, Section 4.2: F_4 , Bull. Amer. Math. Soc. *39* (2002),
145-205
<http://www.ams.org/bull/2002-39-02/S0273-0979-01-00934-X/home.html>. Online
HTML version at http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node15.html
<http://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/octonions/node15.html>.
* Chevalley C, Schafer RD (February 1950). "The Exceptional Simple Lie
Algebras F(4) and E(6)"
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063148>. /Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. U.S.A/. *36* (2): 137–41. Bibcode
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)>:1950PNAS...36..137C
<https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1950PNAS...36..137C>. doi
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)>:10.1073/pnas.36.2.137
<https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.36.2.137>. PMC
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)> 1063148
<https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1063148>. PMID
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)> 16588959
<https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16588959>.
* Jacobson, Nathan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Jacobson>
(1971-06-01). /Exceptional Lie Algebras/ (1st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)> 0-8247-1326-5
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-1326-5>.

show

* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Exceptional_Lie_groups>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Exceptional_Lie_groups>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:Exceptional_Lie_groups&action=edit>

Exceptional Lie groups

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Lie_group#Exceptional_cases>

* G_2 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>
* F_4
* E_6 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)>
* E_7 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>
* E_8 <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>

show

* v <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:String_theory_topics>
* t <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:String_theory_topics>
* e
<https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Template:String_theory_topics&action=edit>

String theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory>

Background

* Strings <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_(physics)>
* History of string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_string_theory>
o First superstring revolution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_superstring_revolution>
o Second superstring revolution
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_superstring_revolution>
 * String theory landscape
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_theory_landscape>

Calabi-Yau-alternate.png
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calabi-Yau-alternate.png>
Theory

* Nambu–Goto action
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nambu%E2%80%93Goto_action>
* Polyakov action <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyakov_action>
* Bosonic string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosonic_string_theory>
* Superstring theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstring_theory>
o Type I string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_string_theory>
o Type II string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_string_theory>
+ Type IIA string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_string_theory>
+ Type IIB string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_II_string_theory>
o Heterotic string
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotic_string_theory>
* N=2 superstring <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%3D2_superstring>
* F-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-theory>
* String field theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_field_theory>
* Matrix string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_string_theory>
* Non-critical string theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-critical_string_theory>
* Non-linear sigma model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-linear_sigma_model>
* Tachyon condensation
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon_condensation>
* RNS formalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNS_formalism>
* GS formalism <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GS_formalism>

String duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_duality>

* T-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-duality>
* S-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-duality>
* U-duality <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U-duality>
* Montonen–Olive duality
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montonen%E2%80%93Olive_duality>

Particles and fields

* Graviton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton>
* Dilaton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilaton>
* Tachyon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachyon>
* Ramond–Ramond field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramond%E2%80%93Ramond_field>
* Kalb–Ramond field
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalb%E2%80%93Ramond_field>
* Magnetic monopole <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_monopole>
* Dual graviton <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graviton>
* Dual photon <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_photon>

Branes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane>
 * D-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-brane>
* NS5-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NS5-brane>
* M2-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M2-brane>
* M5-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M5-brane>
* S-brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-brane>
* Black brane <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_brane>
* Black holes <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole>
* Black string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_string>
* Brane cosmology <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brane_cosmology>
* Quiver diagram <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_diagram>
* Hanany–Witten transition
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanany%E2%80%93Witten_transition>

Conformal field theory

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_field_theory>

* Virasoro algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virasoro_algebra>

* Mirror symmetry
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirror_symmetry_(string_theory)>
* Conformal anomaly <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_anomaly>
* Conformal algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conformal_symmetry>
* Superconformal algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconformal_algebra>
* Vertex operator algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_operator_algebra>
* Loop algebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_algebra>
* Kac–Moody algebra
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kac%E2%80%93Moody_algebra>
* Wess–Zumino–Witten model
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wess%E2%80%93Zumino%E2%80%93Witten_model>

Gauge theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_theory>

* Anomalies <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomaly_(physics)>
* Instantons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instanton>
* Chern–Simons form
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chern%E2%80%93Simons_form>
* Bogomol'nyi–Prasad–Sommerfield bound
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogomol%27nyi%E2%80%93Prasad
%E2%80%93Sommerfield_bound>
* Exceptional Lie groups
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exceptional_Lie_group> (G_2
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_(mathematics)>, F_4 , E_6
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E6_(mathematics)>, E_7
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E7_(mathematics)>, E_8
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E8_(mathematics)>)
* ADE classification <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADE_classification>
* Dirac string <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirac_string>
* /p/-form electrodynamics
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-form_electrodynamics>

Geometry

* Kaluza–Klein theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory>
* Compactification
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compactification_(physics)>
* Why 10 dimensions <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_10_dimensions>?
 * Kähler manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4hler_manifold>
* Ricci-flat manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricci-flat_manifold>
o Calabi–Yau manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabi%E2%80%93Yau_manifold>
o Hyperkähler manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperk%C3%A4hler_manifold>
+ K3 surface <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K3_surface>
o G_2 manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G2_manifold>
o Spin(7)-manifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin(7)-manifold>
* Generalized complex manifold
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalized_complex_structure>
* Orbifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbifold>
* Conifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conifold>
* Orientifold <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientifold>
* Moduli space <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moduli_space>
* Hořava–Witten domain wall
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C5%99ava%E2%80%93Witten_domain_wall>
* K-theory (physics) <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-theory_(physics)>
* Twisted K-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_K-theory>

Supersymmetry <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersymmetry>

* Supergravity <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supergravity>
* Superspace <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superspace>
* Lie superalgebra <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_superalgebra>
* Lie supergroup <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie_supergroup>

Holography <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography>

* Holographic principle
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographic_principle>
* AdS/CFT correspondence
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdS/CFT_correspondence>

M-theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-theory>

* Matrix theory <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_theory_(physics)>

* Introduction to M-theory
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_M-theory>

String theorists

* Aganagić <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mina_Aganagi%C4%87>
* Arkani-Hamed <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nima_Arkani-Hamed>
* Atiyah <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Atiyah>
* Banks <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Banks_(physicist)>
* Berenstein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Berenstein>
* Bousso <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Bousso>
* Cleaver <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_B._Cleaver>
* Curtright <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Curtright>
* Dijkgraaf <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbert_Dijkgraaf>
* Distler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Distler>
* Douglas <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_R._Douglas>
* Duff <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Duff_(physicist)>
* Ferrara <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Ferrara>
* Fischler <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willy_Fischler>
* Friedan <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Friedan>
* Gates <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvester_James_Gates>
* Gliozzi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinando_Gliozzi>
* Gopakumar <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Gopakumar>
* Green <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Green_(physicist)>
* Greene <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Greene>
* Gross <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gross>
* Gubser <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Gubser>
* Gukov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Gukov>
* Guth <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Guth>
* Hanson <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_J._Hanson>
* Harvey <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_A._Harvey>
* Hořava <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr_Ho%C5%99ava_(theorist)>
* Gibbons <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Gibbons>
* Kachru <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamit_Kachru>
* Kaku <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michio_Kaku>
* Kallosh <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renata_Kallosh>
* Kaluza <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kaluza>
* Kapustin <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Kapustin>
* Klebanov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Klebanov>
* Knizhnik <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim_Knizhnik>
* Kontsevich <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxim_Kontsevich>
* Klein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Klein>
* Linde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Linde>
* Maldacena <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mart%C3%ADn_Maldacena>
* Mandelstam <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Mandelstam>
* Marolf <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Marolf>
* Martinec <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Martinec>
* Minwalla <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiraz_Minwalla>
* Moore <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Moore_(physicist)>
* Motl <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubo%C5%A1_Motl>
* Mukhi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Mukhi>
* Myers <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Myers_(physicist)>
* Nanopoulos <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimitri_Nanopoulos>
* Năstase <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hora%C8%9Biu_N%C4%83stase>
* Nekrasov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikita_Nekrasov>
* Neveu <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Neveu>
* Nielsen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Bech_Nielsen>
* van Nieuwenhuizen
<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Nieuwenhuizen>
* Novikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Novikov_(mathematician)>
* Olive <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Olive>
* Ooguri <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hirosi_Ooguri>
* Ovrut <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burt_Ovrut>
* Polchinski <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Polchinski>
* Polyakov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Markovich_Polyakov>
* Rajaraman <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvind_Rajaraman>
* Ramond <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Ramond>
* Randall <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Randall>
* Randjbar-Daemi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seifallah_Randjbar-Daemi>
* Roček <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Ro%C4%8Dek>
* Rohm <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Rohm>
* Scherk <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%ABl_Scherk>
* Schwarz <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Henry_Schwarz>
* Seiberg <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Seiberg>
* Sen <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashoke_Sen>
* Shenker <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Shenker>
* Siegel <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Siegel>
* Silverstein <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eva_Silverstein>
* Sơn <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0m_Thanh_S%C6%A1n>
* Staudacher <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthias_Staudacher>
* Steinhardt <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Steinhardt>
 * Strominger <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Strominger>
* Sundrum <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raman_Sundrum>
* Susskind <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Susskind>
* 't Hooft <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft>
* Townsend <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Townsend>
* Trivedi <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandip_Trivedi>
* Turok <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Turok>
* Vafa <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumrun_Vafa>
* Veneziano <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriele_Veneziano>
* Verlinde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Verlinde>
* Verlinde <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Verlinde>
* Wess <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wess>
* Witten <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Witten>
* Yau <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau>
* Yoneya <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiaki_Yoneya>
* Zamolodchikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Zamolodchikov>
* Zamolodchikov <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Zamolodchikov>
* Zaslow <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Zaslow>
* Zumino <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruno_Zumino>
* Zwiebach <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Zwiebach>

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