Design and Analysis of High-Gain Medium-Voltage DC-

DC Converters for High-Power PV Applications

Sawsan Sayed, Mena Elmenshawy, Mariam Elmenshawy, Lazhar Ben-Brahim, Ahmed Massoud
Department of Electrical Engineering
Qatar University
Doha, Qatar

Abstract—Medium-Voltage (MV) DC grids for collecting and compensation, long distance transmission, and resonant
integrating Photovoltaic (PV) systems offer an effective solution to problems represent the main challenges affecting the grid
overcome the problems introduced due to AC grid. The direct reliability and stability [2],[4].
conversion of the PV power to MV DC grid increases the efficiency As an effective solution to overcome the AC grid connected
and reduces the cost when compared to MV AC grid. In MV DC
grid connected PV systems, a high gain DC-DC converter is
PV system shortcomings, Medium-Voltage (MV) DC grid
required to convert the unregulated PV DC voltage to a regulated connected PV system has been proposed [5]. To further
MV DC voltage. In this paper, voltage Re-Lift and Super Re-Lift illustrate, the direct conversion of PV power to MV DC grid with
Luo converters, are used as high-gain DC-DC converters to simple structure will increase the efficiency and reduce the cost
integrate the solar energy into the MV DC grid. Design, modelling when compared to MV AC grid connected system in utility scale
and analysis of the operation of these converters at MV high- PV plant applications. In addition, increased electricity
power levels are presented. Also, performance assessment for the generation and steady operation are also provided. Similar to
two different DC-DC converter topologies is conducted. Both the MV AC systems, one or two conversion schemes can be used
voltage Re-Lift and the Super Re-Lift Luo converters have high for DC-DC voltage conversion. In MV DC grid-connected PV
output voltage transfer gain, high power density, high efficiency,
and high output voltage with small ripples. However, the Voltage-
systems, an important part is the high gain, high frequency DC-
Lift Luo converter increases the output voltage in arithmetic DC conversion system that is used to convert variable and
progression, while the Super Lift Luo converter increases the unregulated PV DC voltage to a regulated MV DC voltage [2].
output voltage in geometric progression. Digital simulations are Currently, extensive studies are being conducted on DC-DC
carried out to validate the analysis and the comparison of the two converters for MV DC grids with the development and
converters performance using Matlab/Simulink platform for deployment of renewable energy sources such as wind turbines
10kV DC grid and 1MW PV power plant. and PV plants [6]-[9]. Many topologies have been investigated
for this application, and can be divided into two main types,
Keywords—PV; MV; DC grid; DC-DC converters; Voltage-Lift; isolated and non-isolated DC-DC converters. The isolated type
Voltage Re-Lift; Voltage Super Re-Lift, Maximum Power-Point requires low voltage semiconductor devices at the input side,
Tracking (MPPT). with the privilege of galvanic isolation provision. Nonetheless,
the design of transformer at MV and high-power levels might be
I. INTRODUCTION
complex [10]. Yet, non-isolated DC-DC converter provides a
During the past years, Photovoltaic (PV) power generation voltage step-up without the requirement of transformer. In [11],
system has expanded significantly worldwide, especially in grid non-isolated DC-DC converter topology was introduced, which
connected applications, providing high power that is expected to is based on the well-known boost converter topology, where
reach up to 100 GW [1]. Owing to the cost reduction in PV silicon carbide devices are used to boost the converter efficiency
systems, they are playing a major role in power market. In and to sustain MV levels. Although the results of the boost
addition, the installation of large scale PV plants is significantly converter with silicon carbide MOSFETs showed an efficiency
growing, which are typically connected to AC grids. In AC grid, of 98.5% with 30kW power rating converter, but the voltage and
centralized inverters and low frequency voltage step-up current limits of the switching devices are still an issue. The used
transformers are used to integrate PV systems into AC grid device has voltage and current rating of 10kV and 10A, which
[2],[3]. In integration of large scale PV systems to AC grid, a would limit the possibility of connecting PV strings in parallel
for larger current. Another topology was introduced in [12],
single DC-AC conversion stage scheme may be used since it
which is based on hybrid combination of boost and buck/boost
reduces power losses, system cost, and the system size.
converter for achieving high step-up voltage gain, through series
However, the overall efficiency may be reduced due to partial connection between them for offshore wind farm application.
shading. Accordingly, in case of partial shading, the two High voltage gain is achieved using multiple modules of single-
conversion stages have higher efficiency specially with using switch single-inductor converter, such that if a single module
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm. However, fails, the converter would continue operating with less power
due to the high cost and power quality disturbances, this scheme level. In [13], the resonant step-up (RS) was introduced, that
is commonly used in small and medium scale PV systems. achieves the step-up ratio using an inductor and a capacitor. This
Furthermore, in AC grid-connected PV systems, reactive power converter topology reduces the losses by achieving soft
switching, thus eliminating the turnoff and reverse recovery PV Plant
MV DC Bus

losses. In [10], Resonant Switched-Capacitor (RSC) was MV DC/DC

proposed as a DC-DC step converter, which reduces the losses PV Array

1 kV, 1 MW Luo Converter
-Re-Lift or 10 kV

through soft switching for all the switches and diodes by Zero -Super Re-Lift
HV DC/DC
Converter
Current Switching (ZCS). The switching frequency is made HVDC

equal to the resonant frequency. The zero current switching is Voltage & Current PWM
Transmission

achieved by having all the currents in the resonant inductors Measurement Generator

reaching zero, thus obtaining soft switching. As a result,

switching losses are reduced and higher switching frequency MPPT Algorithm (P&O) + Duty Cycle Adjustment

operation is possible.
Due to the parasitic elements effect, the DC-DC converters'
output voltage and power transfer efficiency are restricted. PV Plant 1 kV, 1 MW MV DC/DC
Converter
Hence, the Voltage-Lift (VL) method is widely used to enhance 10 kV
1 kV
the characteristics of the DC-DC converters by increasing their
output voltage [13]. The VL is a simple approach that can be
employed to design converters with high voltage gain by
increasing the voltage stage by stage in arithmetic progression. Fig. 1. General block diagram of the addressed MV DC network (1kV is
It can be applied to Luo-converters which are a series of DC-DC assumed the voltage of the MPP of the installed PV).
converters [14]. These converters make conversion with DC-DC
A. Positive Output Re-Lift Luo Converter Topology
voltage boosting at high power density, high efficiency, and high
output voltage with small ripples in a cheap and simple structure. Voltage-Lift method, in particular the Re-Lift topology, is
They are classified based on the number of their power stages; designed here for MV DC-DC converter. The Voltage-Lift
for example, the elementary circuit (one power stage), Re-Lift method approach increases the output voltage while overcoming
circuit (two power stages), triple-lift circuit (three power stages), the parasitic elements effects. This technique offers simple
etc. There is also the Super Lift (SL) method which is more structure DC-DC converter of high-voltage gain with high
powerful when compared to the VL technique. The SL technique efficiency and high power density [15]. The Voltage-Lift
can also be applied to the Luo-converters to produce the SL Luo approach operation is based on charging a capacitor during the
converters that have several merits such as: very high voltage switch-on period by the source voltage. While during the switch-
transfer gain, increasing the output voltage in geometric off this charged voltage is arranged on top-up to the output
progression, high efficiency, high power density, and reduced voltage, leading the output voltage to be boosted, and this
ripples for voltage and current [13]. operation is called self-lift. The Re-Lift circuit involved
In this paper, the two topologies using Luo converters additional capacitor charging by a certain voltage or the source
(voltage Re-Lift and Super Re-Lift) will be designed, modeled voltage, and then the charged voltage is arranged on top-up to
and analyzed to connect large scale PV generation system to MV the output voltage. The Voltage-Lift topologies are used in many
DC grid, where performance assessment is conducted focusing types of Luo-converters, which offer high output voltage with
reduced ripples. Positive output Luo-converter of Re-Lift
on non-isolated unidirectional DC-DC converters. The converter
technology will be used as an option for medium voltage DC-
steps up the voltage from 1kV to 10 kV, with a power rating of
DC design. The circuit diagram for Re-Lift topology is shown in
1MW. Theoretical analysis, simulation and comparison of the Fig. 2, where the switches are driven by Pulse Width Modulation
feasibility of both converters for the integration of the PV energy (PWM) signal of frequency fs .
to MV DC grid are presented in this paper. The organization of
this paper is as follows: Section I presents the introduction,
while section II discusses the DC-DC converters topologies and
their modeling. Simulation results for both topologies are
presented in section III. Finally, section IV concludes the paper.
II. DC-DC CONVERTERS TOPOLOGIES
In this section, the mathematical analysis of Re-Lift and
Super Re-Lift Luo converters is carried out assuming steady-
state and Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM) operation of the
converters, where 𝑘 is the conduction duty cycle, 𝑓𝑠 is the
Fig. 2. Re-Lift circuit diagram.
switching frequency, 𝑇 is the switching period, 𝑅 is the resistive
load, 𝑉𝑖𝑛 and 𝐼𝑖𝑛 are the input voltage and current, respectively,
and 𝑉𝑜 and 𝐼𝑜 are the output voltage and current, respectively. In The equivalent switch-on and off for the Re-Lift circuit is
addition, the analysis is carried out assuming no power losses shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. The lift elements in the circuit consist
where; 𝑉𝑖𝑛𝐼𝑖𝑛 = 𝑉𝑜 𝐼𝑜. Fig. 1 shows the general structure of the of D1, C1, L3, D2, S1, and C2. The capacitors C1 and C2 lift the
system with PV operating at the Maximum Power Point (MPP). capacitor voltage Vc twice the source voltage. The inductor L3
acts as a ladder joint for connecting C1 and C2 and lifting the
capacitor voltage Vc.
 TABLE I. DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR RE-LIFT CIRCUIT

Design Equations
2
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺 = 1‒k
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑇 𝐺 𝑉𝑐𝑛
𝐿𝑛 = ∆𝑖𝐿𝑛 , 𝑛 = 1,2,3 , 𝐶𝑛 = 𝑅𝑓 ∆𝑉𝑜, 𝑛 = 1,2
𝑉𝑖𝑛𝐷𝑇𝑠
∆𝑖𝐿 = 𝐿 ; ∆𝑖𝐿 = 20%𝐼𝐿𝑛
𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛
Fig. 3. Re-Lift circuit diagram during switch on period. 𝐺 𝑉𝑐𝑛
𝐶𝑛 = 𝑅𝑓 ∆𝑉 , 𝑛 = 1,2
𝑜
𝑘 𝑉𝑐
𝐶= 𝑅𝑓 ∆𝑉
𝑜
2𝑘 𝑉𝑜
𝐶𝑜 =
8 × 𝐺 𝑓2𝐿2∆𝑉𝑜
∆𝑣𝑜 ∆𝑉𝑐𝑛
𝑉𝑜
= 𝑉𝑐𝑛
≤ 0.5%, 𝑛 = 1,2
Design Calculations
𝐼𝑖𝑛 1 𝑘𝐴
𝐼𝑜 100 𝐴
𝐿1 20 𝑚𝐻
𝐿2 80 𝑚𝐻
𝐿3 16 𝑚𝐻
∆𝑖𝐿1 40 𝐴
Fig. 4. Re-Lift circuit diagram during switch off period.
∆𝑖𝐿2 10 𝐴
∆𝑖𝐿3 50 𝐴
The voltage gain in terms of input/output voltage, Vin and 𝐶1= 𝐶2 4 𝑚𝐹
Vo, is as follows [16]: 𝐶 0.2 𝑚𝐹
2 𝐶𝑜 0.8 𝑚𝐹
Vo = V
1 ‒ k in (1) ∆𝑣𝐶1= ∆𝑣𝐶2 25 𝑉
∆𝑣𝑜 125 𝑉
This relationship is obtained by finding the relation between
VL3,off and Vin as shown below through finding ∆i3 during the on
and off period. B. Positive Output Super Re-Lift Luo Converter Topology
k Super Re-Lift (SL) technique is more powerful when
VL3,off = V
1 ‒ k in (2) compared to the VL technique since it provides high voltage
transfer gain. The output voltage in SL technique increases in
Then finding the relation between Vc and Vin shown below geometric progression, however, the output voltage in VL
by solving KVL for VL1during on and off period. technique increases in arithmetic progression.
2 The following figures show the Super Re-Lift circuit
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉
1 ‒ 𝑘 𝑖𝑛 (3) diagram, in addition to the equivalent circuit during switch on
Finally, applying KVL for solving with respect to VL2 during and switch off respectively.
the on and off period, while using (2) and (3) to find direct
relation between Vo and Vin as shown in (1) [16].
The average inductor currents can be expressed as shown in
(4) and (5), while the capacitance 𝐶𝑜 is expressed as shown in
Table I.
2
𝐼𝐿1 = 𝐼𝐿2 = 𝑘 𝐼𝑖𝑛 (4)
1
𝐼𝐿3 = 𝐼
1‒𝑘 𝑜 (5)
The design equations for the Re-Lift circuit is listed below,
while assuming 𝑓𝑠 = 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧, 𝐺 = 10,𝑘 = 0.8, 𝑉𝑖𝑛 = 1𝑘𝑉, 𝑉𝑜 Fig. 5. Super Re-Lift circuit diagram.
= 10𝑘𝑉, 𝑃𝑜 = 1 𝑀𝑊.
Fig. 6. Super Re-Lift circuit diagram during switch on period. A. Positive Output Re-Lift and Super Re-Lift Luo Converter
Simulation
The Re-Lift and Super Re-Lift converters design are tested
with an output power of 1MW and output voltage of 10kV for
the Medium-Voltage design, with the design equations
presented in the proposed system section. The PV MPP is
assumed to be obtained at 1kV. Therefore the maximum
required achievable step-up ration is assumed 1:10. The
capacitors voltage waveform and inductors current waveforms
Fig. 7. Super Re-Lift circuit diagram during switch off period. are shown in Fig. 8 for the Re-Lift converter and in Fig. 9 for the
Super Re-Lift converter.
The voltage across capacitor C1 is charged to Vin, and the Current Waveform for L1 Voltage Waveform for C1

Current (A) Current (A) Current (A)

Voltage (kV) Voltage (V) Voltage (V)

voltage across capacitor C2 is described as follows: 300 940
2‒𝑘 250 920
200 900
𝑉1 = 1 ‒ 𝑘𝑉𝑖𝑛 (6) 0.7 0.701
Time (s)
0.702 0.7 0.701
Time (s)
0.702

The voltage across capacitor C3 is charged to V1. During the Current Waveform for L2 Voltage Waveform for C2
70 900
switch on period kT, the current flowing in inductor L2 increases 60
50
880
860
with voltage V1. However, during the switch off period (1-k)T, 0.7 0.701
Time (s)
0.702 0.7 0.701
Time (s)
0.702

the current flowing in inductor L2 decreases with voltage –(Vo – Current Waveform for L3 Voltage Waveform for C
350
2V1). Therefore, the inductor current ripple iL2 is as follows: 300
9.5
9
𝑉1 𝑉𝑜 ‒ 2𝑉1 250 8.5
0.7 0.701 0.702 0.7 0.701 0.702
∆𝑖𝐿2 = 𝐿2
𝑘𝑇 = 𝐿2
(1 ‒ 𝑘)𝑇 (7) Time (s) Time (s)

2‒𝑘 2‒𝑘 2
𝑉𝑜 = 1 ‒ 𝑘𝑉1 = (1 ‒ 𝑘) 𝑉𝑖𝑛 (8) Fig. 8. Re-Lift inductor currents and capacitor voltages waveform with design
criteria of input 1 𝑘𝑉 and output 10 𝑘𝑉, at 1𝑀𝑊.
Hence, the voltage transfer gain is
𝑉𝑜 2‒𝑘 2
𝐺= = (1 ‒ 𝑘) (9) Current Waveform for L1 Voltage Waveform for C2

Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV) Voltage (kV)

Voltage (V) Current (A) Current (A)

𝑉𝑖𝑛
1000 3
The design equations for the Super Re-Lift circuit is listed 900
800 2.95
0.7 0.701 0.702 0.7 0.701 0.702
below, while assuming 𝑓𝑠 = 1 𝑘𝐻𝑧, 𝐺 = 10,𝑘 = 0.538, 𝑉𝑖𝑛 Time (s) Time (s)
= 1𝑘𝑉, 𝑉𝑜 = 10𝑘𝑉, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑜 = 1 𝑀𝑊. The following section Current Waveform for L2 Voltage Waveform for C3
280 2.8
presents the simulation results of the Re-Lift and Super Re-Lift 260
240
0.7 0.701 0.702
2.78
2.76
0.7 0.701 0.702
converters analyzed above. Time (s) Time (s)
Voltage Waveform for C1 Voltage Waveform for C4
820 10.2
TABLE II. DESIGN EQUATIONS FOR SUPER RE-LIFT CIRCUIT [17] 800
780
10.15
0.7 0.701 0.702 0.7 0.701 0.702
Time (s) Time (s)
Design Equations
2‒k 2 Fig. 9. Super Re-Lift inductor currents and capacitor voltages waveform
𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = (1 ‒ k) ;𝑘 = 0.53 with design criteria of input 1 𝑘𝑉 and output 10 𝑘𝑉, at 1𝑀𝑊.
𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑘 𝑇 𝑘(1 ‒ 𝑘)2 𝑅
𝐿1 = ∆𝑖𝐿1 , 𝐿2 = 2(2 ‒ 𝑘) ∆𝑖𝐿2/2
, TABLE III. SIMULATION RESULTS
𝑓 𝐼
𝐿2
∆𝑣𝑜 ∆𝑉𝑐𝑛 Parameters Re-Lift Super Re-Lift
∆𝑖𝐿 = 20%𝐼𝐿𝑛, 𝑛 = 1,2, 𝑉 = 𝑉 ≤ 0.5%, 𝑛 = 1,2,3,4 Switches
𝑜 𝑐𝑛
𝐼𝑖𝑛 𝐼𝑜 Voltage 𝑉𝑠1, 𝑉𝑠2 𝑉𝑠 7.2 𝑘𝑉
𝐼𝐿1 = ,𝐼 = Rating 4.5 𝑘𝑉
2 ‒ 𝑘 𝐿2 1 ‒ 𝑘
(1 ‒ 𝑘) Diodes 𝑉𝐷1, 𝑉𝐷2 2.03 𝑘𝑉
𝐶4 = 𝑉𝐷1, 𝑉𝐷2
∆𝑉𝑜/2 Voltage 𝑉𝐷3 5 𝑘𝑉
2𝑅𝑓 𝑉𝑜 Rating 𝑉𝐷3 9 𝑘𝑉 𝑉𝐷4, 𝑉𝐷5 7.04 𝑘𝑉
Design Calculations ∆𝑉𝐶1 37 𝑉
𝐶4 𝐼𝑜 Capacitor ∆𝑉𝐶1, ∆𝑉𝐶2 14.8 𝑉
1.88 𝑚𝐹 100 𝐴 ∆𝑉𝐶2 27 𝑉
𝐶1, 𝐶2,𝐶3 5 𝑚𝐹 Voltage ∆𝑉𝐶3 10 𝑉
𝐿1 7.96 𝑚𝐻 𝐿2 79.64 𝑚𝐻 Ripple ∆𝑉𝐶 235𝑉 ∆𝑉𝐶4 35 𝑉
∆𝑖𝐿1 66.55 𝐴 ∆𝑖𝐿2 21.28 𝐴
∆𝑉𝐶1 ∆𝑉𝐶2 Inductor ∆𝑖𝐿1 37.5 𝐴 ∆𝑖𝐿1 60 𝐴
9.77 𝑉 5.18 𝑉
∆𝑉𝐶3 9.78 𝑉 ∆𝑉𝐶4 25 𝑉 Current ∆𝑖𝐿2 9.24 𝐴 ∆𝑖𝐿2
Ripple 20 𝐴
∆𝑖𝐿3 44.4 𝐴

III. SIMULATION AND RESULTS

The simulation results for the two converters presented in
In this section the Re-Lift and Super Re-lift simulation TABLE III. illustrates the voltage stress across the switches and
results are presented assuming the PV operates at the MPP and diodes for a Medium-Voltage High-Power application. In
delivering 1 MW. addition, it shows the voltage ripple in the capacitors and the
current ripple in the inductors. It can be noted that the switches
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