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Lecture16 20022020

This document discusses the Wien bridge oscillator circuit. It begins by explaining that no input signal is needed to start oscillations as noise at the desired frequency will start the oscillator. It then provides the equations for calculating the feedback factor and frequency selection of the Wien bridge oscillator. It discusses aspects of frequency stability, amplitude stabilization using a bulb or diode, and phase shift oscillators. Finally, it briefly introduces LC oscillators such as the Colpitts and Hartley oscillators.

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Parekh Prashil Bhaveshbhai
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74 views23 pages

Lecture16 20022020

This document discusses the Wien bridge oscillator circuit. It begins by explaining that no input signal is needed to start oscillations as noise at the desired frequency will start the oscillator. It then provides the equations for calculating the feedback factor and frequency selection of the Wien bridge oscillator. It discusses aspects of frequency stability, amplitude stabilization using a bulb or diode, and phase shift oscillators. Finally, it briefly introduces LC oscillators such as the Colpitts and Hartley oscillators.

Uploaded by

Parekh Prashil Bhaveshbhai
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Analog Electronics

Lecture -16
20-02-2020

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


Wien Bridge Oscillator

No input signal is needed. Noise at the desired oscillation frequency


will likely be present at the input and when picked up by the
oscillator when the DC power is turned on, it will start the oscillator
and the output will quickly buildup to an acceptable level.

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


Wien Bridge Oscillator
Frequency Selection Network
1 1
Let X C1  and X C 2  Z1
C1 C 2
R1 C1 Z2
Z1  R1  jX C1
1 Vi C2 R2 Vo
1 1   jR2 X C 2
Z2     
 2
R  jX C2  R2  jX C 2

Therefore, the feedback factor,

Vo Z2 ( jR2 X C 2 / R2  jX C 2 )
  
Vi Z1  Z 2 ( R1  jX C1 )  (  jR2 X C 2 / R2  jX C 2 )

 jR2 X C 2

( R1  jX C1 )( R2  jX C 2 )  jR2 X C 2

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


 can be rewritten as:
R2 X C 2

R1 X C 2  R2 X C1  R2 X C 2  j ( R1 R2  X C1 X C 2 )

For Barkhausen Criterion, imaginary part = 0, i.e.,


0.34
R1 R2  X C1 X C 2  0 0.32

Feedback factor 
0.3
1 1 =1/3
or R1 R2  0.28

C1 C2 0.26


0.24
   1 / R1 R2C1C2 0.22
0.2
Supposing, f(R=Xc)
1
R1=R2=R and XC1= XC2=XC,
0.5 Phase=0
RX C
Phase

3RX C  j ( R 2  X C2 ) 0

1 1 -0.5
 
 R XC  f f 
3  j   3  j  0  -1
 C
X R   f0 f  Frequency
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Example
RX C
1 , we get 
By setting  3RX C  j ( R 2  X C2 )
RC 1
Imaginary part = 0 and  
3 Rf

R1
Due to Barkhausen Criterion, 
Loop gain Av=1
where +
Av : Gain of the amplifier C R
Vo
Rf
Av   1  Av  3  1  R Z1
R1 C Z2
Rf
Therefore, 2 Wien Bridge Oscillator
R1

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


FREQUENCY STABILITY

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


AMPLITUDE STABILISATION

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
AMPLITUDE STABILISATION

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


AMPLITUDE STABILISATION

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Wien-bridge oscillator with bulb
stabilization

R C

R C 
R2 irms

Blub
Operating
point

Vrms

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


Wien-bridge oscillator with diode stabilization

Rf

R1

Vo
+
C R

R
C

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


RC Phase-Shift Oscillator
Rf

R1
 C C C

+
R R R

 Using an inverting amplifier


 The additional 180o phase shift is provided by an RC
phase-shift network

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


Applying KVL to the phase-shift network,
we have

V1  I1 ( R  jX C )  I 2 R  0 R3
0   I1R  I 2 (2 R  jX C )  I 3 R
0  0 I1  I2R  I 3 (2 R  jX C )

Solve for I3, we get

R  jX C R V1
R 2 R  jX C 0
R
I3  0 0
R  jX C R 0
R 2 R  jX C R
0 R 2 R  jX C

Or
V1 R 2
I3 
( R  jX C )[(2 R  jX C ) 2  R 2 ]  R 2 (2 R  jX C )
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
The output voltage,

V1 R 3
Vo  I 3 R 
( R  jX C )[(2 R  jX C ) 2  R 2 ]  R 2 (2 R  jX C )
Hence the transfer function of the phase-shift network is given by,

Vo R3
  3
V1 ( R  5RX C2 )  j ( X C3  6 R 2 X C )
For 180o phase shift, the imaginary part = 0, i.e.,

X C3  6 R 2 X C  0 or X C  0 (Rejected)
 X C2  6 R 2
1

6 RC
and,
Note: The –ve sign mean the
1
  phase inversion from the
29 voltage

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


LC Oscillators

 The frequency selection network (Z1, Z2 and Z3)


provides a phase shift of 180o
 The amplifier provides an addition shift of 180o

Two well-known Oscillators:


Colpitts Oscillator
Harley Oscillator 
Av Ro
~

+
2 Z1 Z2 1

Z3
Zp
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
LC - OSCILLATORS

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


A v Ro Z1
~ V f   Vo  Vo
Z1  Z 3
+
Vf Z1 Z2 Vo Z p  Z 2 || ( Z1  Z 3 )
Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )
Z3 
Zp Z1  Z 2  Z 3
For the equivalent circuit from the output

Ro Io
+  AvVi Vo Vo  Av Z p
 or 
+
Z p Vo Ro  Z p Z p Vi Ro  Z p
 AvVi

Therefore, the amplifier gain is obtained,

Vo  Av Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )
A 
Vi Ro ( Z1  Z 2  Z 3 )  Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus


The loop gain,
 Av Z1Z 2
A 
Ro ( Z1  Z 2  Z 3 )  Z 2 ( Z1  Z 3 )
If the impedance are all pure reactances, i.e.,
Z1  jX1 , Z 2  jX 2 and Z 3  jX 3
Av X 1 X 2
The loop gain becomes, A 
jRo ( X 1  X 2  X 3 )  X 2 ( X 1  X 3 )
The imaginary part = 0 only when X1+ X2+ X3=0
 It indicates that at least one reactance must be –ve (capacitor)
 X1 and X2 must be of same type and X3 must be of opposite
type
 Av X 1 Av X 1
With imaginary part = 0, A  
X1  X 3 X2

For Unit Gain & 180o Phase-shift, A  1  Av  X 2


X1
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
LC - OSCILLATORS

BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus

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