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Introduction To of A.C. Machines

This document discusses the different types of AC machines. It describes synchronous machines, which include synchronous generators and motors, and asynchronous machines, which include induction motors and generators. The key types are synchronous and asynchronous machines. Synchronous machines mainly consist of a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. The rotor can have either a salient pole or cylindrical structure. Asynchronous machines are the most commonly used motors for domestic and industrial applications. High-speed alternators use non-salient pole rotors due to their mechanical robustness.

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93 views3 pages

Introduction To of A.C. Machines

This document discusses the different types of AC machines. It describes synchronous machines, which include synchronous generators and motors, and asynchronous machines, which include induction motors and generators. The key types are synchronous and asynchronous machines. Synchronous machines mainly consist of a stationary stator and a rotating rotor. The rotor can have either a salient pole or cylindrical structure. Asynchronous machines are the most commonly used motors for domestic and industrial applications. High-speed alternators use non-salient pole rotors due to their mechanical robustness.

Uploaded by

manjumtech0034269
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to of A.C.

Machines:
AC rotating machines are classified mainly in two categories
1. Synchronous Machines
2. Asynchronous Machines.

1. Synchronous Machines:
 Synchronous Generators: A primary source of electrical energy. Which converts
mechanical energy into electrical energy.
 Synchronous Motors: Used as motor in industries and as power factor improving
device (synchronous condensers).
2. Asynchronous (Induction) Machines:
 Induction Motors: Most widely used electrical motors in both domestic and
industrial applications.
 Induction Generators: This generator runs at asynchronous speed and variable
frequency voltage generated. Due to lack of a separate field excitation, these
machines are rarely used as generators.

Construction of Synchronous machine:


Synchronous machines mainly consist of two parts:
1. Stator: which is stationary part and consist of 3-Ф winding on the stator
2. Rotor: Which is the rotating member and consist of DC field winding. Based on
the rotor structure it is classified as two types.
a. Salient pole rotor (Projection)
b. Non-salient pole rotor (No projections)
Stator:
It is the stationary part of the machine and is made of sheet steel laminations having
slots on its inner periphery and 3- Ф winding are placed in these slots and serves as
the armature winding of alternator.
Different shapes of the armature slots are shown in the fig.
1. The wide open type slot also used in DC machines has the advantage of permitting easy
installation of form-wound colis and there easy removal in case of repair but it has the
disadvantage of distributing the air gaps flux into bunches that produce ripples in the
wave of generated EMF.
2. The semi closed type slots are better in this respect but do not allow the use of form
wound coils.
3. The fully closed slots do not disturb the air gap flux but they try to increase the
inductance of the windings. The armature conductors have to be threaded through,
there by increasing the initial labor and cost of the winding. Hence, these are rarely
used.
Rotors:
The rotor carries a field winding which is fed with the direct current (DC) supply
through two slip rings by a separate DC source.
 Based on the construction of rotor the alternators are classified in to two types.
i. Salient / projecting pole type.
ii. Non-Salient / Cylindrical / Wound type.

(i). Salient (or) projecting pole type:-


 In this type, salient (or) projecting poles are mounted on a large steel (circular
type) frame, which is fixed to the shaft of an alternator as shown in figure.
 The individual field pole windings are connected in series in such a way that when a
field winding is energized, adjacent poles will have opposite polarities.
 Low and medium speed alternators (120 –
400) such as those driven by diesel engines
(or) water turbines have salient pole rotors
due to the following reasons:
a) The salient field poles would cause an
excessive windage loss if driven at high
speed and would tend to produce
noise.
b) Salient-pole construction cannot be
made strong enough to withstand the
mechanical stresses to which they
may be subjected at higher speeds.

Low speed rotors always posses a large diameter to provide the necessary space for the
poles. Consequently, salient pole type rotors have large diameters and short axial lengths.

(ii). Non – Salient pole type / cylindrical / wound rotor:-


In this type, the rotor is made of smooth solid forged steel radial cylinder having a
number of slots along the outer periphery.

 The field windings are embedded in these


slots and are connected in series to the
slip – rings through which they are
energized by the DC exciter.
 It is clear that the poles formed are non-
salient i.e., they do not project out from
the rotor surface.
 High-Speed alternator’s (1500 or 3000
rpm) are driven by steam turbines and use
of non-salient pole rotor’s due to the
following reasons:

The type of construction has mechanical robustness and gives noise less operation at
high speeds. The flux distribution around the periphery is nearly a sine wave and
hence a better emf wave form is obtained rather than salient pole rotor.
 Since steam turbine runs at high speed and a frequency of 50Hz is required, we
need a small number of poles i.e., 2 and 4. For a 2-pole it is 3000rpm and 4-pole it is
1500rpm.
 It possesses small diameter and very long axial lengths because high speed of
rotation produces strong centrifugal forces which impose an upper limit on the
diameter. Therefore, high-power & high speed rotors have to be very long.

Armature windings:-
The armature windings of dc machines are usually closed circuit windings but
alternators winding may be either closed giving delta connections (or) open giving star
connections. These are classified as follows.
 Distributed and concentrated windings.
 Closed and opened windings.
 Single layer and double layer winding.
 Full-pitched and short-pitched windings.
 Integral and Fractional-slot windings.

Basic terms related to armature windings:


Conductor :- A length of wire, which is used for energy–conversion process or the part of a wire
that is under the influence of magnetic field, is called conductor.
Turn :- One turn consists of two conductors. In a figure the AB and DE is a coil side /
conductors form a turn.

Coil :- One coil consists of number of turns. One coil has one turn shown in fig. (a) One coil

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