LAB MANUAL

SOLID MECHANICS (KCE 452)

SYLLABUS OF PRACTCALS
S.NO LIST OF EXPERIMENT PAGE NO.
.
1 Tension test on Mild Steel
2 Bending tests on simply supported beam and Cantilever beam.
3 Determination of torsion and deflection,
4 Measurement of forces on supports in statically determinate
beam,
5 Determination of shear forces in beams,
6 Determination of bending moments in beams,
7 Measurement of deflections in statically determinate beam.
8 To determine Flexural Rigidity (EI) of a given beam
9 To find deflection of curved members.
10 To find Critical load in Struts with different end conditions.
11 Hardness Test (Brinnel’s and Rockwell)
12 Impact test (Charpy and IZOD)

MECHANICS OF SOLIDS LABORATORY

OBJECTIVE:
In this laboratory, students will have the opportunity to apply loads to various materials under
different equilibrium conditions. The student will perform tests on materials in tension,
compression, torsion, bending, and impact. These conditions and/or constraints are designed
to reinforce classroom theory by having the student perform required tests, analyze
subsequent data, and present the results in a professionally prepared report. The machines and
equipment used to determine experimental data include universal testing machines, torsion
equipment, spring testing machine, compression testing machine, impact tester, hardness
tester, etc. Data will be collected using Dial indicators, extensometers, strain gages and strain
indicator equipment, as well as load and strain readouts on the machinery and graphing
capabilities to print relevant plots for analysis.
OUTCOMES:
Upon the completion of Mechanicsl of Solids practical course, the student will be able to:

1. Determine the young’s modulus for ductile materials.

2. Analyze the various points on stress strain diagram.
3. Calculate the modulus of rigidity of ductile materials.
4. Calculate & Compare the hardness values for various materials.
5. Experiment on a spring to interpret the stiffness and shear modulus.
6. Apply the concept of impact loading and to determine impact values for various
materials.
7. Analyse the compression strength of different materials
8. Determine the shear stress of different materials.

EXPERIMENT 1
AIM
To determine ultimate tensile stress of a metal.
OBJECTIVE
To conduct a tensile test on a mild steel specimen and determine the following:
i. Limit of proportionality
 ii. Elastic limit
iii. Yield strength
iv. Ultimate strength
v. Young’s modulus of elasticity
vi. Percentage elongation
vii. Percentage reduction in area.
APPARATUS
i. Universal Testing Machine (UTM)
ii. Mild steel specimens
iii. Graph paper
iv. Scale
v. Vernier Caliper
DIAGRAM
THEORY
The tensile test is most applied one, of all mechanical tests. In this test ends of test piece are
fixed into grips connected to a straining device and to a load measuring device. If the applied
load is small enough, the deformation of any solid body is entirely elastic. An elastically
deformed solid will return to its original from as soon as load is removed. However, if the
load is too large, the material can be deformed permanently. The initial part of the tension
curve which is recoverable immediately after unloading is termed. As elastic and the rest of
the curve which represents the manner in which solid undergoes plastic deformation is
termed plastic. The stress below which the deformations essentially entirely elastic is known
as the yield strength of material. In some material the onset of plastic deformation is denoted
by a sudden drop in load indicating both an upper and a lower yield point. However, some
materials do not exhibit a sharp yield point. During plastic deformation, at larger extensions
strain hardening cannot compensate for the decrease in section and thus the load passes
through a maximum and then begins to decrease. This stage the “ultimate strength”’ which is
defined as the ratio of the load on the specimen to original cross-sectional area, reaches a
maximum value. Further loading will eventually cause ‘neck’ formation and rupture.
PROCEDURE
1. Measure the original length and diameter of the specimen. The length may either be
length of gauge section which is marked on the specimen with a preset punch or the total
length of the specimen.
2. Insert the specimen into grips of the test machine and attach strain-measuring device to
it.
3. Begin the load application and record load versus elongation data.
4. Take readings more frequently as yield point is approached.
5. Measure elongation values with the help of dividers and a ruler.
6. Continue the test till Fracture occurs.
7. By joining the two broken halves of the specimen together, measure the final length and
diameter of specimen.
OBESERVATIONS
 a) Original dimensions
Gauge Length = ------------
Diameter = ---------
Area = --------------
b) Final Dimensions:
Gauge Length = -------------------
Diameter = -----------------
Area = ------------------------
TABULATION
S.N Extension Load (N) Average Young’s Modulus E (N/mm2)
o (mm) Load
Left Right Lef Righ
t t

Load at limit of proportionality N /mm2

i. Limit of proportion =
Original area of cross−section
Load at elastic limit N /mm2
ii. Elastic Limit =
Original area of cross−section
Yield Load
iii. Yield Strength = N/mm2
Original area of cross−section
Maximum tensile Load
iv. Ultimate Strength = N/mm2
Original area of cross−section
Stress below proportionality limit
v. Young’s modulus E = N/mm2
Original area of cross−section
Final Length−Original Length
vi. % of elongation = %
Original length
Original area− Areaat fracture
vii. % of reduction in area = %
Original area

RESULT
i. Average Breaking Stress =
ii. Ultimate Stress =
iii. Average % Elongation =
iv. Modulus of Elasticity, E =
 EXPERIMENT-10

Aim
To find Critical load in Struts with different end conditions.
Apparatus
Column Buckling apparatus, Weight, Vernier calliper, Screw Gauge and graph paper
Struts – a bar or a member of a structure in any position other than vertical, subjected to an axial
compressive load is called a strut.
Column – a bar or a member of a structure inclined at 900 to the horizontal and carrying an axial
compressive load is called a column.
 EXPERIMENT-11

OBJECTIVE
To conduct hardness test on mild steel, carbon steel, brass and aluminium specimens.
APPARATUS
Hardness tester, soft and hard mild steel specimens, brass, aluminium etc.
DIAGRAM

THEORY: -
The hardness of a material is resistance to penetration under a localized pressure or resistance
to abrasion. Hardness tests provide an accurate, rapid and economical way of determining the
resistance of materials to deformation. There are three general types of hardness
measurements depending upon the manner in which the test is conducted:
a) Scratch hardness measurement,
b) Rebound hardness measurement
c) Indention hardness measurement.
In scratch hardness method the material are rated on their ability to scratch one another and it
is usually used by mineralogists only. In rebound hardness measurement, a standard body is
usually dropped on to the material surface and the hardness is measured in terms of the height
of its rebound. The general means of judging the hardness is measuring the resistance of a
material to indentation. The indenters usually a ball cone or pyramid of a material much
harder than that being used. Hardened steel, sintered tungsten carbide or diamond indenters
are generally used in indentation tests; a load is applied by pressing the indenter at right
angles to the surface being tested. The hardness of the material depends on the resistance
which it exerts during a small amount of yielding or plastic. The resistance depends on
friction, elasticity, viscosity and the intensity and distribution of plastic strain produced by a
given tool during indentation.
BRINELL’S HARDNESS
AIM :-
To determine the Brinell hardness of the given test specimen.
APPARATUS:-
1. Brinell Hardness testing machine,
2. Specimen of mild steel / cast iron/ non ferrous metals
3. Brinell microscope.
THEORY: -
Hardness represents the resistance of material surface to abrasion, scratching and cutting,
hardness after gives clear identification of strength. In all hardness testes, a define force is
mechanically applied on the test piece for about 15 seconds. The indentor, which transmits
the load to the test piece, varies in size and shape for different testes. Common indenters are
made of hardened steel or diamond. In Brinell hardness testing, steel balls are used as
indentor. Diameter of the indentor and the applied force depend upon the thickness of the test
specimen, because for accurate results, depth of indentation should be less than 1/8th of the
thickness of the test pieces. According to the thickness of the test piece increase, the diameter
of the indentor and force are changed. A hardness test can be conducted on Brinell testing
m/c, Rockwell hardness m/c or vicker testing m/c. the specimen may be a cylinder, cube,
thick or thin metallic sheet. A Brinell- cum-Rockwell hardness testing m/c along with the
specimen is shown in figure. Its specification are as follows:
1. Ability to determine hardness upto 500 HB.
2. Diameter of ball (as indentor) used D = 2.5mm, 5mm, 10mm.
3. Maximum application load = 3000kgf.
4. Method of load application = Lever type
5. Capability of testing the lower hardness range = 1 HB on application of 0.5D2 load.
Indentation Hardness-A number related to the area or to the depth of the impression made
by an indenter or fixed geometry under a known fixed load. This method consists of
indenting the surface of the metal by a hardened steel ball of specified diameter D mm under
a given load F kgf and measuring the average diameter d mm of the impression with the help
of Brinell microscope fitted with a scale. The Brinell hardness is defined, as the quotient of
the applied force F divided by the spherical area of the impression.
HB = Load Applied (kgf)/ Spherical surface area indentation (in mm.)
= 2 F / π D (D-√D2 – d2) kg/mm2
PROCEDURE:
1. Select the proper size of the ball and load to suit the material under test.
2. Clean the test specimen to be free from any dirt and defects or blemishes.
3. Mount the test piece surface at right angles to the axis of the ball indenter plunger.
4. Turn the platform so that the ball is lifted up.
5. By shifting the lever applies the load and waits for some time.
6. Release the load by shifting the lever.
7. Take out the specimen and measure the diameter of indentation by means of the Brinell
microscope.
8. Repeat the experiments at other positions of the test piece.
9. Calculate the value of HB.
OBSERVATIONS:
Test piece material =
Diameter of the ball, D =
Load section, P/D2 =
Test load =
Load application time =
Least count of Brinell Microscope =
TABULATION:
S. Impression Load Diameter of Average HB
Applied, Kg Ball, D mm Kg/mm2
No. Diameter
d1 d2 (d1 +d2 )/2
1
2
3
RESULT:-
The Brinell hardness number of the specimen is --------
PRECAUTIONS:-
1. The surface of the test piece should be clean.
2. The testing machine should be protected throughout the test from shock or vibration.
3. The test should be carried out at room temperature.
4. The distance of the center of indentation from the edge of test piece should be at least 2.5
times the diameter of the indentation and the distance between the centres of the two adjacent
indentations should be at least 4 times the diameter of the indentation.
5. The diameter of each indentation should be measured in two directions at right angles and
the mean value readings used the purpose of determining the hardness number.
 EXPERIMENT-12
IMPACT TEST (IZOD)
AIM
To determine the impact strength of steel by Izod impact test
APPARATUS
1. Impact testing machine
2. A steel specimen 75 mm X 10mm X 10mm
DIAGRAM

THEORY
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy
during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of un notched specimens do not always reveal
the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact
test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several
engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied
loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore,
the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an
impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values
obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly
arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of
various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition. This test can
also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due
to lowering of temperature.

PROCEDURE:-
(a) lzod test
1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen
in impact testing machine’s vice in such a way that the notch face the hammer and is half
inside and half above the top surface of the vice.
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and
lock it at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At
its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. Again bring back the hammer to its idle position and back
OBESERVATIONS:-
Izod Test.
1. Impact value of - Mild Steel ------------N-m
2. Impact value of - Brass ------------N-m
3. Impact value of - Aluminum ------------N-m
RESULT:-
i. The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be (K) ----------------Joules.
ii. The energy absorbed for Brass is found out to be (K) ------------------- Joules.
iii. The energy absorbed for Aluminium is found out to be (K) ------------------ Joules
iv. Impact strength of the specimen, (K/A) = -------------------J/mm2
IMPACT TEST (CHARPY)
AIM
To determined impact strength of steel.
OBJECT
To determine the impact strength of steel by (Charpy test)
APPARATUS
1. Impact testing machine
2. A steel specimen 10 mm x 10 mm X 55mm

DIAGRAM

THEORY
An impact test signifies toughness of material that is ability of material to absorb energy
during plastic deformation. Static tension tests of unmatched specimens do not always reveal
the susceptibility of a metal to brittle fracture. This important factor is determined by impact
test. Toughness takes into account both the strength and ductility of the material. Several
engineering materials have to withstand impact or suddenly applied loads while in service.
Impact strengths are generally lower as compared to strengths achieved under slowly applied
loads. Of all types of impact tests, the notch bar tests are most extensively used. Therefore,
the impact test measures the energy necessary to fracture a standard notch bar by applying an
impulse load. The test measures the notch toughness of material under shock loading. Values
obtained from these tests are not of much utility to design problems directly and are highly
arbitrary. Still it is important to note that it provides a good way of comparing toughness of
various materials or toughness of the same material under different condition. This test can
also be used to assess the ductile brittle transition temperature of the material occurring due
to lowering of temperature.
PROCEDURE
(b) Charpy Test
1. With the striking hammer (pendulum) in safe test position, firmly hold the steel specimen
in impact testing machines vice in such a way that the notch faces s the hammer and is half
inside and half above the top surface of the vice.
2. Bring the striking hammer to its top most striking position unless it is already there, and
lock it at that position.
3. Bring indicator of the machine to zero, or follow the instructions of the operating manual
supplied with the machine.
4. Release the hammer. It will fall due to gravity and break the specimen through its
momentum, the total energy is not absorbed by the specimen. Then it continues to swing. At
its topmost height after breaking the specimen, the indicator stops moving, while the
pendulum falls back. Note the indicator at that topmost final position.
5. The specimen is placed on supports or anvil so that the blow of hammer is opposite to the
notch.
OBESERVATIONS
Charpy test
1. Impact value of - Mild Steel ------------N-m
2. Impact value of - Brass ------------N-m
3. Impact value of - Aluminum ------------N-m
RESULT
i. The energy absorbed for Mild Steel is found out to be (K)-------------Joules.
ii. The energy absorbed for Brass is found out to be (K)------------ Joules.
iii. The energy absorbed for Aluminum is found out to be (K) -------------Joules
iv. Impact strength of the specimen, (K/A) = -------------------J/mm2