SUMMER CLASS 2020

ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Lesson 4

Documentation and Citation

At the end of the lesson, students are expected to:

1. Recognize the different forms of citation and documentation used in research.
2. Use accurately the chosen method of citation in writing a research or report.
3. Create a bibliography page using the list of references utilized in the process of writing.
4. Realize and keep the value of honesty.
5. Sustain interest in writing and oral presentation.
6. Utilize suitable situations, conditions, and activities to spur and initiate writing activities.

Insight in Focus

• Judy Hunter of Grinnel College calls citation and documentation both a signpost and acknowledgement.

Signpost – it signals the location of the source

Acknowledgment – it reveals indebtedness to the source.

Three Reasons why citation is important

• Because ideas are the currency of academia.

• Because failing to cite violates the rights of the person who originated the idea.
• Because academics need to be able to trace the genealogy of ideas.

Two styles of documentation

1. Note Citations - calls for footnotes or end notes.

2. Parenthetical Citations or documentation – the most preferred style, which includes the Modern Language
Association (MLA) author-work method and the American Psychological Association (APA) author-date method

1. Note Citation

• A footnote is an explanation at the bottom of the page which indicates the source of a particular information
contained in the text while endnote, which does the same thing, appears at the end of the paper and is printed
together with other endnote entries on a separate sheet.

• A foot note has two parts: the footnote marker which is the number printed slightly above the typewritten line at
the and of the word or sentence to be documented, and the footnote proper which appears at the foot or bottom
of the page and is numbered to correspond with sample the marker.

Sample footnotes forms:

• For a book:
1
Maximo D. Tan, The evils of this Age (New York: Holt and Winston, Inc., 1984), p. 105

• For a magazine article:

2
Alex B. Santos, “Filipino in the Midst of Debate,” Philippine Panorama, May 22, 1983. p.56

• For a newspaper article:

3
Johnny Manalo, “-Post Dated Politics,” Manila Standard, September 20, 2014, p. 25

• For an encyclopedia:

William Markowitz, “Time, Measurement and Determination of,” Encyclopedia Americana (2005), XXXVI, 6333a-
33c.

Special forms of footnote references

Ibid. When references to the same source are made consecutively, use the Latin abbreviation Ibid (for ibidem,
meaning “in the same place”) to avoid repetition of the proceeding citation. Underline Ibid to show litalics.

PREPARED BY: MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 1

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES
Examples:

• 1
Jam M. Maximo, The English Proficiency of the 21 st Century Students (Boston: Houghton – Mifflin Company, 2012),
p. 42

• 2
Ibid. (This refers to page 4, not to any other)

• 3
Ibid. Pp25-30 (This still refers to McCrimmon, but to pages 25-30)

Special forms of footnote references

Op. cit. When reference to the same work follow but not consecutively and when they refer to different pages in
that work, op. cit. (opera citato, the work cited) may be used. The author’s surname must be repeated to identify
the work cited, followed by the abbreviation op. cit.

Examples:

• Fred Lindon, Reflection of an Entrepreneur (New York. Harper, 2010, p. 5

• Antonina Rividad, The Banes and Bones of Technology (California: Milton, Inc., 2004) pp. 55-70

• Avelino, op. cit., p 283. (references to Avelino are not consecutively, and different pages in his work are cited.)

• Levi, op. cit., pp 13-15

Special forms of footnote references

Loc. Cit.When a second but nonconsecutive reference is made to the exact material ( the same volume and page)
previously cited, loc. cit. (loco citato, “the page cited”) is substituted for Ibid or op. cit. Write the author’s last name
to identify the work. Page numbers may be omitted.

Examples:

• Henry Linoc, Politics and Arts (Manila: Star Bookstore, 2007, p. 102.

• Roco de la Merced, New Approach to Governance (Quezon City: Ozanam Publishing House Inc., 2011), pp 20-26

• Lopez, loc. cit. (This abbreviation is used because the reference is to page 25 also).

Parenthetical citation

• Is the most preferred today because of its streamlined method of documenting the resources. Researches in the
science, as well as in language and literature, now utilize this new style of documentation.

Two forms of Parenthetical citations

• Author and Work

• Author and date
Author and Work

• This is the Modern Language Association (MLA) style for Language and Literature researches.

Guidelines for using this method

A. Give the author’s last name (full name in the first reference to an author) in the text of your paper and
indicate the page numbers in parentheses following the borrowed material. This subsequent citation will refer
simply to the author’s surname.

Example:
Josefina M. Espiritu observes that there are significant changes in the cultural beliefs of the Bicolanos and the
Ilocanos (230-231)

B. Place in parenthesis the author’s name and the page reference immediately following the text material.

Example:
The Department of Justice is determined to make the country’s justice system work (Perez 37).

C. Write only the author’s name in the text and omit any page number if you cite an entire work rather than the
specifically borrowed passage or text material.

PREPARED BY: MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 2

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

Example:

Santiago argues that there are no significant differences between intelligence quotient and emotional quotients
test.

Author and date

This is the American Psychological Association (APA) style which is used for researches in science and business.
The guidelines in using this method:
Write the surname of author and the year of publication enclosed in the parentheses,
• Escador (2013) revealed that the reading selections in the English Communication 2 textbook conformed with
the objects stated in the curriculum framework.
OR
• Based on a recent study (Escador, 2013), reading selections
OR
• In 2013, Escador revealed

Bibliography, Modern Language Association Style

1. The bibliography must have a separate page.
2. Type the title “Works Cited” one inch from the top of the page.
3. Names of authors should be arranged alphabetically, surname first.
4. Leave at least two spaces between the title and the first entry. Use double space throughout and observe hanging
indention.

Works Cited
• Allan, Earl M. The Making of a Hero. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1980.
• Lucas, Paul C. “New Horizons.” Bicol Tribune 9 March 1979: 56-59
• Monroe, Henry “New Western Society.” Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1975 ed.
• WILSON, Rob and Ariel Foreman. Literature in Critical Perspective. 3rd ed. New York: Simon, 1980.

Bibliography, American Psychological Association Style (APA)

1. Give the author’s surname and initials for the first and middle names.
2. Place the year of publication in parenthesis followed by a period.
3. Start your reference list on a new page and type the title “References” at the center of the paper.
4. List all entries alphabetically, according to author’s surname.

PREPARED BY: MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 3

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

TASK 4.1
A. Using APA format, make parenthetical documentation or in-text citation put of the following statements.

Example:
“Ask not what your country can do for you, rather ask what you can do for the country” John F. Kennedy, 1991

Answer:
Kennedy (1961) asserted that people should not ask what their country can do for them. Instead they should ask
what they can do for the country.

1. The minute Corona doesn’t explain his dollar account, he presumption of ill-gotten wealth remains. That is not an
opinion. That is the law. He is the chief magistrate. He should be the first one to comply.- Benigno III, 2002

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2. “Be nice to nerds. Chances are you’ll end up working for one.” – Bill Gates, 2012

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3. “I really had a lot of dreams when I was a kid, and I think a great deal of the grew out of the fac that I had a chance to
read a lot.” – Bill Gates, 2011

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4. “The Problem with Americans is that they are overpaid, oversexed and over her.” – Miriam Defensor Santiago, 2009

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5. “We have the hardest working people in the world, the most adaptable and the most congenial to employ.” – Gloria
Macapagal Arroyo, 2007
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B. Using MLA format, make parenthetical documentation or in-text out of the following statements.

1. “Nurses are angels in comfortable shoes.” -unknown, 5

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2. “Caring is the essence of nursing.” Jean Watson, 30

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PREPARED BY: MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 4

SUMMER CLASS 2020
ENGLISH FOR ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL PURPOSES

3. “Man who want pretty nurse, must be patient” – Confucius, 36

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TASK 4.2
Make a “reference Page” and “Work Cited Page” using the following bibliographical entries.

1.___________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________.
 Baugh, L.S.
 How to Write Term Papers and Reports Chicago
 NTC/Contemporary Publishing Co.
 1997

2.___________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________

 College Reading and Writing (Textbook with Workbook).

 Makati City
 Grandwater Publication and Research Corporation.
 1997

3.___________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
 et al
 2000
 Essential Interviewing
 Evans, D.R.
 Albany
 Cole Publishing Company

4.___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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 http://www.phistar.com
 WhenGod marches through an impeachment trial
 Epeso, W.
 2012, May 27

5.___________________________________________________________________________________________________
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 Irsan, G.
 Confession of Breast Cancer Survivor.
 2010, May 14
 www.bodipedia.com

PREPARED BY: MARK ANTHONY E. GARCIA 5