Computer Fundamentals

TERMINOLOGIES:

Program - A set of instructions, written in a specific programming language, which a

computer follows in processing data, performing an operation, or solving a logical
problem.

Software – Programs

Hardware - Physical component of a computer

DATA vs. INFORMATION

DATA – a collection of facts relating to events that take place. These facts could be in
the form of numbers, letters, special symbols or combination of these.

INFORMATION – data that has been organized and processed so that it is meaningful.
It is essential for effective performance of management functions of planning, organizing,
directing, and controlling for effective internal operations and external reporting.

DATA PROCESSING CYCLE

The process of converting data into useful and meaningful information:

PROCESS OUTPUT
INPUT

THE PROGRAMMING CYCLE

1.) Defining the Problem

2.) Developing Software Requirements
3.) Designing the Program
4.) Coding the Program
5.) Checking out the program by Testing and Debugging
6.) Installing and Maintaining the Program
7.) Documentation

Program Elements and Structure

 
1.)     Constants – Literal Value that does not change during program execution. It can
be of the numeric or string type.
 
Numeric Constant - may be an integer (whole number) or a real number (with a
decimal place). It may be preceded by a positive or negative sign.
Examples:
10 -28 +3.4 -0.413 0 201
 

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Note: No other characters must or can appear together with the constants. The
following are examples of incorrect numeric constants:
 
10,000 $14.3 10mi/hr 1/2
 
String Constant – A character or group of characters enclosed in double quotation
marks ( “ ). The numbers 0-9, letters a-z or A-Z and all special characters like a space,
% $ - _ & etc. may be included.
 
Examples:
“C” “Tina” “.” “1225” “B & L”
 
Note: The entire string constant must always be enclosed in double quotation marks,
one before the first character and one after the last character (no more no less). The
following are examples of incorrect string constants:
 
“Cristina A. Pascua ACT” “Power Plant

2.) Variables – Is a portion of the computer’s main memory used to store a numeric or
string constant. The value stored in the variable must be given a unique variable name
but it can only hold one value at a given time.
 Variable names must conform to the following requirements:
 
a.)    Must contain only letters, numbers and/or an underscore.
b.)    Must begin with a letter.
c.)    Must Stop either with a letter or a number.
d.)    Must be unique that is, not a name of another variable.
e.)    Must not be a keyword like IF, WHILE and the like.
 
Note: Variable names are case sensitive, that is, upper and lower case letters are
differentiated. For example the variable TOTAL is not the same as total.
The following are example of incorrect variable name:

  Year code 10ctr #5 Total=

 3.) Expressions – is a group of program elements consisting of operands and

operators. Operands can be a constant, variable, and or an array element. Operators
can be arithmetic, logical, relational and/or string. Expressions always yield a value of
a certain type depending on the type of expressions used.

Arithmetic Expressions
 
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators

1.)     Expressions in parenthesis

2.)     * / %
3.)     + -

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Examples: 
1.)     10 + 4 * 8
= 10 + 32
= 42
 
2.)     50 % 6 – 5
=2–5
= -3
 
3.)     20 / 4 * 9
=5*9
= 45

String Expressions
 
Examples:
 
1.)     “3” + “4” = “34”
2.)     “Cris” + “tina” = ”Cristina”
 
Examples of incorrect usage of the + operator:
 
“3” + 4 100 + “Peso”

Relational Expressions

Greater than > Less than or equal to <=

Less than < Not equal !=
Greater than or equal to >= Is equal to ==

Examples:

Ctr1 > 10 3 <= 5 Temp1 != Temp2

 
Examples of incorrect Relational Expressions:
 
30 <= X <= 40 43 > < 50

Logical Expressions
 
Hierarchy or Priority of Operators

1.)     Expressions in parenthesis

2.)     Not (!)
3.)     And (&&)
4.)     Or (||)
 

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TRUTH TABLE FOR NOT(!)

X !X
FALSE TRUE
TRUE FALSE

TRUTH TABLE FOR AND(&&)

X Y X && Y
FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE FALSE
TRUE FALSE FALSE
TRUE TRUE TRUE

TRUTH TABLE FOR OR(||)

X Y X || Y
FALSE FALSE FALSE
FALSE TRUE TRUE
TRUE FALSE TRUE
TRUE TRUE TRUE

Examples:
 
15 >= 10 && 15 <= 20
T && T
T
 
Statements – are keywords, which perform a predefined procedure. The following
statements are available:
 
1.)     IF Statement
2.) WHILE Statement
3.)     FOR Statement

Exercises:
 
1.)     11 % 2 + 3 * 7 –2
2.)     100 % 5 % 3 % 2
3.)     – (45 / 9) * 6 + 4
4.)     (5 + 7) % (10 * 2 – 5) / (15 – (8 – 6 % 4))
5.)     (8 + 21 % (18 – 5 * 3)) % (17 – (6 + 13 % 5))
6.)     (12 == 12 % 2 * 2) && !(( 5 > 3) && (8<3))
7.)     (6 > 3) && (8 != 8) || !(10 <= 10)
8.)     15 / 3 == 15 % 3
9.)     5 != 11 / 2

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Exercises:
 
10.) Number of enrollees exceeded 5,000 students.
11.) HEIGHT is at least 170 cm.
12.) REVENUE is at most 80% of SALES.
13.) X is either 6, 8 , or 10
14.) X is any number except 1, 2, and 3.
15.) X is between 100 and 200.

FLOWCHARTS

- A graphic form of an algorithm.

- A diagram of a sequence of steps that a program must perform to produce the
desired output.
- Traditional tool of programmers which allow flexibility in terms of detail to be
included.

TYPES OF FLOWCHARTS

1.) System Flowchart – present the total picture without worrying about taking
care of every detail.
2.) Program Flowcharts – depicts a main segment of a complete computer
program.

FLOWCHARTING GUIDELINES

1.) Always use the ANSI standard symbols.

2.) Construct your flowcharts to read from top to bottom and left to right.
3.) Do not crisscross flow lines (used labeled connectors and use arrowheads to
indicate direction of the flow.
4.) Make the messages and labels in the flowchart symbol direct and descriptive.
5.) Strive for neatness, clarity and simplicity.

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BASIC FLOWCHARTING SYMBOLS

Terminal Symbol

Preparation Symbol

Processing Symbol

Decision Symbol

Input/Output Symbol

Predefined Process Symbol

Onpage Connector

Offpage Connector

Flow Direction Lines

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Computer Fundamentals

Punched Card

Magnetic Tape

Online Storage

Document Printout

PSEUDOCODE

- An outline of a program.
- There is no real formatting or syntax rules for pseudocode.
- It cannot be compiled nor executed.

A SIMPLE PSEUDOCODE

This pseudocode will prompt the user to input length and width of a rectangle and
compute and output its area

start
Declarations
num length
num width
num area

output “Input length and width of a rectangle: “

input length
input width

area = length * width

output “Area of a rectangle = “, area
stop

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C++ SPECIFICS

Data Types

Type Size Range of Values

unsigned short int 2 bytes 0 to 65, 535
short int 2 bytes -32,768 to 32,767
unsigned long int 4 bytes 0 to 4, 294,967,295
long int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
int 4 bytes -2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647
unsigned int 4 bytes 0 to 4, 294,967,295
char 1 bytes 256 characters
bool 1 bytes true or false
float 4 bytes 1.2e-38 to3.4e38
double 8 bytes 2.2e-308 to 1.8e308

Escape Sequence Character

Character combinations consisting of a backslash (\) followed by a letter or by a

combination of digit is called "escape sequences."

Escape Sequence Represents

\a Bell (alert)
\b Backspace
\f Formfeed
\n New line
\r Carriage return
\t Horizontal tab
\v Vertical tab
\' Single quotation mark
\" Double quotation mark
\\ Backslash
\? Literal question mark
\ ooo ASCII character in octal notation
\x hh ASCII character in hexadecimal notation
\x hhhh Unicode character in hexadecimal notation
if this escape sequence is used in a wide-
character constant or a Unicode string
literal.
For example, WCHAR f = L'\x4e00' or
WCHAR b[] = L"The Chinese character for
one is \x4e00".

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C++ SPECIFICS

Compound Operators

In addition to basic Arithmetic operators, compound operators are available in C++.

The following are the compound Operators in C++: *=, /=, %=, +=, and - =

Normal Arithmetic Expression Arithmetic Expression Using Compound

Operators
Var = Var * 2 Var *= 2
Var = Var / 3 Var /= 3
Var = Var % 5 Var %= 5
Var = Var + 4 Var += 4
Var = Var – 1 Var -= 1

Unary Operators (Prefix and Postfix)

The available unary operators in C++ are ++ which increments a variable by 1 and - -
which decrements a variable by 1. It can be written as PREFIX or before the variable or
POSTFIX after the variable.

PREFIX Example: ++X or --X

POSTFIX Example: X++ or X--

#include<iostream.h>
Sample Program 1 :
int main()

{ int num1=1, num2=2;

num1++; cout<<num1++<<endl;

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Sample Program 2 :
#include<iostream.h>

int main()

{ int num1=1, num2=2;

++num1; cout<<++num1<<endl;

A SIMPLE C++ PROGRAM

/*This program will prompt the user to input length and width
of a rectangle and compute and output its area*/
//Programmer: CRISTINA A. PASCUA 1
2
#include<iostream.h>

int main() 3
{ int length, width, area;
4
5
6
cout<<“Input length and width of a rectangle: “;
cin>>length>>width; 7
area = length * width;
cout<<“ Area of a rectangle = “<<area;
8
return 0;
} 9

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ELEMENTS OF A C++ PROGRAM

1.) comment – represented by // for a single line comment

and /* */ for multiple line comments.
2.) compiler directives
3.) main function
4.) variables
5.) data types
data types includes the following: int, float, double, char
6.) special characters
; - terminates a statement
, - separates variable names of the same type
() – used in function declaration and function call
{ } – begin and end symbol
7.) expressions – can be arithmetic, relational and logical
8.) reserved word – cannot be used as a user defined identifier.
example: return, int, float, double, char, for, while, do, etc.
9.) statements - any line terminated by a semicolon

 Basic input statement used in C++ is cin

syntax: cin>>variable_name;
cin>>var1>>var2>>var3;
example: cin>>num;
cin>>num1>>num2>>num3;

 Basic output statement used in C++ is cout


syntax: cout<<variable_name;
cout<<var1<<var2<<var3;
cout<<“string”;
cout<<“string”<<variable_name;
example: cout<<num;
cout<<num1<<num2<<num3;
cout<<“Hello Philippines Mabuhay!”;
cout<<“Sum = “<<sum;

SEQUENTIAL PROGRAM STRUCTURE

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1.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will input temperature in Celsius and
output the corresponding temperature in Fahrenheit.

The formula is a follows:

Fahrenheit = 9 (Celsius) + 32
5

Flowchart
C++ Program

Start #include <iostream >

using namespace std;

Declarations int main()

num F, C {
double F, C;

F=0 F = 0;
cout<<” Input temperature in Celsius: ”;
cin>> C;
Input C F = (9.0 / 5.0) * C + 32;
cout<< “Temperature in Fahrenheit:”<<F<<endl;
return 0;
F = (9.0/5.0) * C + 32 }

Output F

Stop

2.) Pepperoni++ Pizza House charges 10% service charge and 5% sales tax on the
gross bill of the customer. Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input the

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gross bill of the customer and the amount given by the customer to the waiter. It must
output the customer’s total bill and change (if there’s any).

Flowchart
C++ Program
Start
#include<iostream>
Declarations using namespace std;
num GBill, Amt, change, TBill
int main()
{ int GBill, Amt, change, TBill;
TBill = 0
TBill = 0;
change = 0
change = 0;
cout<< ” Input Gross Bill and Amount Given: ”;
Input GBill, Amt cin>> GBill>> Amt;
TBill = GBill + GBill * 0.1 + GBill * 0.05;
change = Amt – Tbill;
Output TBill, change cout<< “Total Bill = ”<< Tbill<<endl;
cout<< “Change = ”<< change<<endl;
return 0;
}
TBill = Gbill + Gbill *0.1 + Gbill * 0.05
change = Amt - TBill

Stop

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ double DO, AC;
AC = 0;
3.) Ten young men agreed to purchase a gift worth 10,000 Pesos for their super idol. In
cout<< ” Input number of men who dropped out: ”;
addition, they agreed to continue with their plan even if at least one of them drops out.
cin>> DO;
AC = (1000.00 * DO) / (10 – DO);
cout “Additional Contribution =”<< AC<<endl;
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return 0;
}
Computer Fundamentals

Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input the number of men who dropped
out (assume 0 to 9 only) and output how much more will each have to contribute toward
the purchase of the gift.

Flowchart

Start

Declarations
num DO, AC

AC = 0

Input DO

AC = (1000.00 * DO) / (10-DO)

Output AC

Stop

4.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input an integer number and then
output its one’s digit or the right most digit.

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Flowchart
Start C++ Program

#include<iostream>
Declarations using namespace std;
num number, RDigit
int main()
{ int num, RDigit;
RDigit = 0 RDigit = 0;
cout<< ” Input an integer number: ”;
cin>> num;
Input number
RDigit = num % 10;
cout<< “It’s rightmost digit is ”<<RDigit<<endl;
return 0;
RDigit = number % 10
}

Output RDigit

Stop

5.) Workers at a particular company were given a 15.5% salary increase. Moreover, the
increase was retroactive for 2 months, that is, effective two months ago. Create a

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flowchart and a C++ program that takes the employee’s old salary as input and then
output the amount of retroactive pay (balance) due the employee and his new salary as
well.

Flowchart C++ Program

#include <iostream>
Start
using namespace std;

Declarations int main()

num OS, Retro, NS { double OS, Retro, NS;

Retro = 0;
NS = 0;
Retro = 0
cout<<” Input employees old salary: ”;
NS = 0
cin>>OS;
Retro = (OS * 0.155) * 2;
Input OS NS = OS + OS * 0.155;
cout<<“Retroactive pay = ”<<Retro<<endl;
cout<<“New salary = ”<<NS<<endl;
Retro = (OS *0.155) *2 return 0;
NS = OS + OS * 0.155 }

Output Retro, NS

Stop

6.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input numeric values to A, B, C, D

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and exchange their values such that A goes to B, B goes to C, C goes to D, and D goes
to A.

Flowchart C++ Program

Start
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Declarations
num A, B, C, D, Temp int main()
{ int A, B, C, D, Temp;

cout<< ” Input values for A, B, C, and D: ”;

Temp = 0 cin>> A>> B>> C>> D;
Temp = A;
Input A, B, C, D A = D;
D = C;
C = B;
Temp = A B = Temp;
A=D cout<< A<<endl<< B<<endl<< C<<endl<< D<<endl;
D=C return 0;
C=B }
B = Temp

Output A, B, C, D

Stop

SELECTION/CONDITIONAL PROGRAM STRUCTURE

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1.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will prompt the user to input two
numbers and output the highest number entered.

Flowchart C++ Program

Start
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
Declarations int main()
num N1, N2 { int N1, N2;

cout<<” Input two numbers: ”;

Input N1, N2 cin>> N1>> N2;

if (N1 > N2)

cout<<N1<<endl;
If N
N1 > N2 Output N2 else
cout<<N2<<endl;
return 0;
Y }
Output N1

Stop

2.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that would input an integer number and then

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indicate whether the number is an even or an odd number.

Flowchart
Start

Declarations
num number

Input number

If
number % 2 == 0
Y Output
“even number” A

N
Output
“odd number”
A

Stop

C++ Program

#include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ int num

cout<<” Input an integer number: ”;

cin>> num;

if (num % 2 == 0)
cout<< “ The number you’ve entered is an even number”<<endl;
else
cout<< “ The number you’ve entered is an odd number”<<endl;
return 0;
}
3.) Workers at Kookaburra Factory have a regular working hours of 30 hours per week

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and are paid $ 10.00 per hour. However, if the workers rendered more than 30 hours
per week, the excess hours are paid 75% more. Create a flowchart and a C++ program
that would input the number of hours rendered by a worker in one week and output his
net salary.
Flowchart

Start

Declarations
NHrs, Salary

Input NHrs

If N
Salary = NHrs *10 A
NHrs > 30

Y
Salary = 300 + (NHrs – 30) * 17.50
A

Output Salary

Stop

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ double NHrs, Salary;

cout<< ” Input number of hours worked: ”;

cin>> NHrs;
if (NHrs > 30)
Salary = 300 + (NHrs – 30) * 17.50;
else
Salary = NHrs * 10.00;
cout<< “ Your salary = ”<< Salary<<endl;
4.) The fine for an over-speeding violation depends on the speed of the erring driver, as
return 0;
}
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follows:
100 to 120 km/h = 3,000.00 Php
121 km/h and above = 5, 000 Php

Create a flowchart and a C++ program to input the car’s speed and then output
the fine, if there’s any.

5.) In the game of JACK N POY each of the two player choose either a scissors (code
X), paper (code P), or stone (code S). If one chooses scissors and the other chooses
stone then stone wins. If one chooses paper and the other stone then paper wins. If one
chooses paper and the other scissors then scissors wins. If they both choose the same
then the result is a tie. Create a flowchart or a C++ program that will input two character
codes corresponding to the object selected and then output either the message
“PLAYER 1 WINS” or “PLAYER 2 WINS”.

ITERATIVE PROGRAM STRUCTURE

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1.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that will generate the following number series:
10, 5, 9, 10, 8, 15, 7, 20, 6, and 25

Flowchart

Start

Declarations
num X, Y

X = 10 C++ Program
Y=5 #include<iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
Output X, Y { int X, Y;

X = 10;
Y = 5;
X=X–1 do
Y=Y+5 {
cout<< X<<endl<<Y<<endl;
X = X – 1;
Y = Y + 5;
} while (X >= 6);
while Y return 0;
X >= 6 }

N
Stop

2.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that will generate the following number series:

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1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and 55

Flowchart

Start C++ Program

#include <iostream>
Declarations using namespace std;
num X, Y, Sum
int main()
{ int X, Y, Sum;
X=0
Y=1 X = 0;
Sum = 1 Y = 1;
Sum = 1;
do
Output Sum {
cout<< Sum<<endl;
Sum = X + Y;
Sum = X + Y X = Y;
X=Y Y = Sum;
Y = Sum } while (Sum <= 55);
return 0;
}

while Y
Sum <= 55

N
Stop

3.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that will generate the following number series:

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1, 2, 4, 7, 11, 16, 22, 29, 37, and 46

Flowchart

Start
C++ Program
Declarations
#include <iostream>
num X, Y
using namespace std;

X=1 int main()

Y=1 { int X, Y;
X = 1;
Y = 1;
do
Output Y
{
cout<< Y<<endl;
Y = Y + X;
Y=Y+X X = X + 1;
X=X+1
} while (Y <= 46);
return 0;
}

while Y
Y <= 46

Stop

4.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that will input five numbers and output how many of

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the numbers entered are odd or even.

Flowchart
A
Start

ctr = ctr + 1
Declarations
Num number, ctr, ctre, ctro

while Y
ctr <= 5 B
ctr = 1
ctre = 0
ctro = 0 N
B Output ctro, ctre
Input number
Stop

If Y ctre = ctre + 1 A
number % 2 == 0

ctro = ctro + 1

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ int num, ctr=1, ctro=0, ctre=0;

do
{
cin>> num;
if (num % 2 == 0)
ctre = ctre + 1;
else
ctro = ctro + 1;
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr <= 5);
cout<< ctro<<endl<<
5.) Create a flowchart/C++ ctre<<endl;
program that will input five numbers and output how many of
return 0;
}
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the numbers entered are positive or negative.

Flowchart
A
Start

ctr = ctr + 1
Declarations
num number, ctr, crtp, ctrn
while Y
ctr <= 5 B
ctr = 1
ctrp =0
ctrn = 0 N
B Output ctrp, ctrn
Input number

Stop

If Y
ctrp = ctrp + 1 A
number > 0

N
ctrn = ctrn + 1

C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main()
{ int num, ctr=1, ctrp=0, ctrn=0;

do
{
cin>> num;
if (num > 0)
ctrp = ctrp + 1;
else
ctrn = ctrn + 1;
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr <= 5);
cout<<ctrp<<endl<<ctrn<<endl;
6.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that will input 10 alphabetic characters and output
return 0;
}
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how many of the characters entered were vowels and consonants. Disregard characters
that are not alphabetic.
7.) Create a flowchart/ C++ program that will input 5 numbers and output the highest
number entered.
8.) Create a flowchart/ C++ program that will input 6 score for quizzes (0-100).
Eliminate the lowest quiz and compute and output the average of the five remaining
quizzes.

ARRAYS

ARRAYS - a series of simple variables grouped together under one single variable.

int Score[5];

In the computer’s main memory, this can be depicted as:

Score[0] Score[1] Score[2] Score[3] Score[4]

Notice that a total of 5 adjacent slots are allotted because the array is declared as size 5.
In effect, array SCORE can hold 5 different values at the same time.

There are certain rules to follow when using subscripts and they are as follows:

1 The value of the subscript must be a positive integer number.

2 It can be an integer constant (e.g., Score[2]), numeric variable with integer
value (e. g., Score[X] where X is a numeric variable with integer value)
3 The first element always has a subscript of 0.
4 The value of the subscript cannot exceed the size of the array minus 1. For
example, for array Score, the subscript must be between 0 and 4 only since
Score was declared as Score[5].
5 The subscript must be enclosed in square bracket.

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Examples of Incorrect usage of subscript:

Consider the variable declaration below:

num TOTAL[12], IND

char XX[20]

1.) TOTAL [0.1]

2.) TOTAL [-1]
3.) TOTAL [14]

* Subscript must be between 0 and the size of the array minus 1 which in this case
12.

2.) TOTAL {2}

* Subscript must be enclosed within square bracket. No other symbols must be

used.

3.) TOTAL [XX]

* Subscript must be either an integer constant, numeric variable with integer value
or an arithmetic expression with integer value or an arithmetic expression with
integer result. The above is a character array variable which violates the rule just
mentioned.

4.) TOTAL [“2”]

* Subscript must be numeric.

5.) TOTAL [5+10]

* The resulting answer of 15 exceeds the size of the array which was defined as
TOTAL is ARRAY [12]

Assigning values to an array element using assignment statement:

To assign number 10 to element number 0, the statement is:

Score[0] = 10

To assign number 20 + 30 to element number 1, the statement is:

Score[1] = 20 + 30

To assign expression X / 5 to element number 3, the statement is:

Score[3] = X / 5

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To assign the content of variable X to element number 4, the statement is:

Score[4] = X

To assign the content of element number 4 to element number 3, the statement is:

Score[3] = Score[4]

To assign the result of multiplying the content of element number 4 to element number 2
and putting the result in element number 1, the statement is:

Score[1] = Score[5] * Score[3]

To assign zero to all the elements of array Score, the statement is:

ctr = 0

while (ctr<5)
begin
Score[ctr] = 0
ctr = ctr + 1
end

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1.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that would accept 10 numbers and then display
all 10 numbers together with its total.

Flowchart
Start A
Flowchart

Declarations ctr = 0
num NUM[10], ctr, sum

Output NUM[ctr]
ctr = 0
sum = 0
ctr = ctr + 1
Input NUM[ctr]

ctr = ctr + 1 while Y

sum = sum + NUM[ctr] ctr <10

N
while Output sum
Y
ctr < 10

N Stop
A

C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int NUM[10];
int ctr=0, sum=0;
do
{
cin>> NUM[ctr];
sum = sum + NUM[ctr];
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr <10);
ctr =0;
do
{
cout<< NUM[ctr];
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr < 10);
cout<<“The total of all the numbers entered = “<<sum<<endl;
return 0;
} Page 30 of 32
Computer Fundamentals

2.) Create a flowchart/C++ program that would assign numbers 8-15 to an array of 8
elements. The program must then display the contents of the array starting from
the last element.

Flowchart A
Start

ctr = 7
Declarations
num Num[8], ctr, value
Output NUM[ctr]

ctr = 0
value = 8 ctr = ctr - 1

NUM[ctr] = value
value = value + 1
ctr = ctr + 1 while Y
ctr >= 0

while Y N
ctr <= 7
Stop
N
A

C++ Program
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{ int NUM[8];
int ctr=0, value=8;

do
{
NUM[ctr] = value;
value = value + 1;
ctr = ctr + 1;
} while (ctr <=7);

ctr=7;
do
{
cout<< NUM[ctr];
ctr = ctr – 1;
} while (ctr >= 0);
return 0; Page 31 of 32
}
Computer Fundamentals

Exercises:

1.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will declare an array named A with 10
elements. Prompt the user to input values into its first five cells and copy the
numbers entered into its last five cells. Finally, output the content of array A.

2.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will input values to array A[10] and
array B[10]. Exchange their values in reverse order and output the new content
of arrays A and B.

3.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will declare an array named NUM
with 10 elements. Compute its product such that all the elements in the odd
subscripts will be your multiplicand and all the elements in the even subscript will
be your multiplier. Placed the product into the array named PROD with 5
elements and finally output the content of array PROD.

4.) Create a flowchart and a C++ program that will prompt the user to input numbers
into array C and the input should be terminated by a zero sentinel. Output the
contents of array C and also the highest and the lowest number entered.

Page 32 of 32