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DNA Structure and Replication

Griffith's experiments showed that genetic material can be transferred from dead to live bacteria. Chargaff found that the proportions of adenine equal thymine and guanine equals cytosine in DNA. DNA replication is semiconservative, producing two new DNA molecules each with one old and one new strand. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand, requiring DNA ligase to join Okazaki fragments.

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Meek Adan Rodriguez
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149 views

DNA Structure and Replication

Griffith's experiments showed that genetic material can be transferred from dead to live bacteria. Chargaff found that the proportions of adenine equal thymine and guanine equals cytosine in DNA. DNA replication is semiconservative, producing two new DNA molecules each with one old and one new strand. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand, requiring DNA ligase to join Okazaki fragments.

Uploaded by

Meek Adan Rodriguez
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Name of Student: Mr. John Meek A.

Rodriguez

Class: BIO 807 (B Class) - Genetics

Professor: Sir Edwin Reyes

DNA Structure and Replication


1. What was the key finding from Griffith’s experiments using live and heat-killed pathogenic
bacteria?
a. Bacteria with a smooth coat could kill mice.
b. Bacteria with a rough coat are not lethal.
c. DNA is the genetic material.
d. Genetic material can be transferred from dead to live bacteria.

2. Which of the following is not a component of DNA?


a. The pyrimidine uracil c. The purine adenine
b. Five-carbon sugars d. Phosphate groups
3. Chargaff studied the composition of DNA from different sources and found that
a. the number of phosphate groups always equals the number of five-carbon sugars.
b. the proportions of A equal that of C and G equals T.
c. the proportions of A equal that of T and G equals C.
d. purines bind to pyrimidines.

4. The bonds that hold two complementary strands of DNA together are
a. hydrogen bonds. c. ionic bonds.
b. peptide bonds. d. phosphodiester bonds.
5. The basic mechanism of DNA replication is semiconservative with two new molecules,
a. each with new strands.
b. one with all new strands and one with all old strands.
c. each with one new and one old strand.
d. each with a mixture of old and new strands.

6. One common feature of all DNA polymerases is that they


a. synthesize DNA in the 3'-to-5' direction.
b. synthesize DNA in the 5'-to-3' direction.
c. synthesize DNA in both directions by switching strands.
d. do not require a primer.

7. Which of the following is not part of the Watson–Crick model of the structure of DNA?
a. DNA is composed of two strands.
b. The two DNA strands are oriented in parallel (5'-to-3').
c. Purines bind to pyrimidines.
d. DNA forms a double helix.
8. If one strand of a DNA is: 5' ATCGTTAAGCGAGTCA 3', then the complementary strand would
be:
a. 5' TAGCAATTCGCTCAGT 3'.
b. 5' ACTGAGCGAATTGCTA 3'.
c. 5' TGACTCGCTTAACGAT 3'.
d. 5' ATCGTTAAGCGAGTCA 3'.

9. Hershey and Chase used radioactive phosphorus and sulfur to


a. label DNA and protein with the same molecule.
b. differentially label DNA and protein.
c. identify the transforming principle.
d. Both (b) and (c) are correct.

9. The Meselson and Stahl experiment used a density label to be able to


a. determine the directionality of DNA replication.
b. differentially label DNA and protein.
c. distinguish between newly replicated and old strands.
d. distinguish between replicated DNA and RNA primers.

10. The difference in leading- versus lagging-strand synthesis is a consequence of


a. only the physical structure of DNA.
b. only the activity of DNA polymerase enzymes.
c. both the physical structure of DNA and the action of polymerase enzyme.
d. the larger size of the lagging strand.

11. If the activity of DNA ligase was removed from replication, this would have a greater affect on
a. synthesis on the lagging strand versus the leading strand.
b. synthesis on the leading strand versus the lagging strand.
c. priming of DNA synthesis versus actual DNA synthesis.
d. photorepair of DNA versus DNA replication.

12. Successful DNA synthesis requires all of the following except


a. helicase. b. endonuclease.
c. DNA primase. d. DNA ligase.

13. The synthesis of telomeres


a. uses DNA polymerase, but without the sliding clamp.
b. uses enzymes involved in DNA repair.
c. requires telomerase, which does not need a template.
d. requires telomerase, which uses an internal RNA as a template.

14. Which type of enzyme is involved in excision repair?


a. Photolyase c. Endonuclease
b. DNA polymerase III d. Telomerase
Answer: DNA Polymerase II
15. Enzyme function is critically important for the proper replication of DNA. Predict the
consequence of a loss of function for each of the following enzymes.

a. DNA gyrase
If DNA gyrase will be gone in the DNA replication process, DNA molecule will experience
supercoiling that results the DNA to wind up on itself. It will stop the continued binding of
polymerases essential for replication as this enzyme functions to relieve torsional strain of the DNA.

b. DNA polymerase III


As said, DNA polymerase III enzyme is primarily involved in the addition of new nucleotides to the
growing polymer and in formation of phosphodiester bond that makes up the sugar-phosphate
backbone. The moment DNA polymerase will not take part in the DNA replication process, there
will be no new strand to synthesize and no replication will happen.

c. DNA ligase
DNA ligase is involved in the formation of phosphodiester bonds between Okazaki fragments. These
are mall fragments of DNA produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication, joined later by
DNA ligase to form a complete strand. On the condition that DNA ligase will not function in the
process of DNA replication, the consequence is that the fragments would stay disconnected and be
more prone to digestion by nucleases.

d. DNA polymerase I
DNA polymerase I acts on the lagging strand to remove primers and replace them with DNA. If it
happens that DNA polymerase I will be absent in the process of DNA replication, the effect would be
RNA primers would remain and replicated DNA would become a mix of DNA and RNA

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