A.

) ISOBARIC PROCESS
1.) PV diagram below shows an ideal gas undergoes an isobaric process. Calculate the
work is done by the gas in the process AB.

Known :
Pressure (P) = 5 x 105 N/m2
Initial volume (V1) = 2 m3
Final volume (V2) = 6 m3
Wanted : Work (W)
Solution :
W = P (V2 – V1)
W = (5 x 105)(6 – 2) = (5 x 105) (4)
W = 20 x 105 = 2 x 106 Joule

2.) What is difference of the work is done by the gas in process AB and process CD?
Known :
Isobaric process AB :
Pressure (P) = 6 atm = 6 x 105 N/m2
Initial volume (V1) = 1 liter = 1 dm3 = 1 x 10-3 m3
Final volume (V2) = 3 liters = 3 dm3 = 3 x 10-3 m3
Isobaric process CD :
Pressure (P) = 4 atm = 4 x 105 N/m2
Initial volume (V1) = 2 liters = 2 dm3 = 2 x 10-3 m3
Final volume (V2) = 5 liters = 5 dm3 = 5 x 10-3 m3
Wanted : Difference of the work is done by the gas in process AB and CD.
Solution :
Work is done by the gas in process AB : Work is done by the gas in process CD :
W = P (V2 – V1) W = P (V2 – V1)
W = (6 x 105)(3 x 10-3 – 1 x 10-3) W = (4 x 105)(5 x 10-3 – 2 x 10-3)
W = (6 x 105)(2 x 10-3) W = (4 x 105)(3 x 10-3)
W = 12 x 102 = 1200 Joule W = 12 x 102 = 1200 Joule
Difference of the work is done by the gas in process AB and CD = 1200 – 1200 = 0.

3.) Work is done by the gas in process ABC is….

Known :
Pressure 1 (P1) = 6 x 105 Pa = 6 x 105 N/m2
Pressure 2 (P2) = 3 x 105 Pa = 3 x 105 N/m2
Volume 1 (V1) = 2 cm3 = 2 x 10-6 m3
Volume 2 (V2) = 6 cm3 = 6 x 10-6 m3
Wanted : Work is done in process ABC.
Solution :
In process AB, the volume is kept constant so that no work is done by the gas.
Work was done by the gas in the process BC.
W = P2 (V2 – V1)
W = (3 x 105)(6 x 10-6 – 2 x 10-6)
W = (3 x 105)(4 x 10-6)
W = 12 x 10-1
W = 1.2 Joule
Work is done in the process ABC = work is done in the process AB = 1.2 Joule.

B.) ISOTHERMAL PROCESS

1.) PV diagram below shows an ideal gas undergoes an isothermal process. Calculate the
work is done by the gas in the process AB.
Solution

Work done by a gas is equal to the area under the PV curve

AB = triangle area + rectangle area
W = [½ (8 x 105–4 x 105)(3-1)] + [4 x 105 (3-1)]
W = [½ (4 x 105)(2)] + [4 x 105 (2)]
W = [4 x 105] + [8 x 105]
W = 12 x 105 Joule
The work is done by the gas in the process AB = 12 x 105 Joule

2.) Calculate the work is done by an ideal gas in the process ABC.

The work is done by an ideal gas in the

process ABC = the area under the PV curve

AB = triangle area + rectangle area

W = [½(10×105–5×105)(30-10)]+[5×105(30-10)]
 W = [½ (5 x 105)(20)] + [5 x 105 (20)]

W = [(5 x 105)(10)] + [100 x 105]

W = [50 x 105] + [100 x 105]

W = 150 x 105 Joule

W = 1.5 x 107 Joule

3.) An ideal gas undergoing isothermal processes. What is an amount of heat is added to the
gas so the gas do work of 5000 Joule on the environment.

Known :

Work (W) = 5000 Joule

Wanted: Heat is added to the gas (Q)

Solution :

An isothermal process is a thermodynamic process that occurs at a constant temperature.

ΔU = 3/2 n R ΔT

ΔU  = the change in internal energy, n = number of moles, R = universal gas constant,ΔT =
The change in temperature.

According to the above equation, if ΔT = 0 then ΔU = 0.

The equation of the first law of thermodynamics :

ΔU = Q – W

0=Q–W

Q=W

Q = 5000 Joule.

C.) POLYTROPIC PROCESS

1.) A polytropic process(n = − 1) starts with P = 0, V = 0 and ends with P= 600 kPa, V = 0.01
m3. Find the boundary work done
 W = ⌠ PdV
= (1/2)(P1 + P2)(V2 – V1)
= (1/2)(P2 + 0)( V2 – 0)
= (1/2)(600*0.1)
= 3 kJ.

2.) The piston/cylinder contains carbon dioxide at 300 kPa, with volume of 0.2 m3 and at
100°C. Mass is added at such that the gas compresses with PV^(1.2) = constant to a final
temperature of 200°C. Determine the work done during the process.

 Work done = (P2V2 – P1V1)/(1-n)

mR = (P1V1)/T1 = 0.1608 kJ/K
Work done = 0.1608(473.2 – 373.2)/(1 – 1.2) = -80.4 kJ.

3.) Neon at 400 kPa, 20°C is brought to 100°C in a polytropic process with n = 1.4. Find the
work done.
For Neon, k = γ = 1.667
n < k, Cv = 0.618, R = 0.412
1w2 = [R/(1-n)](T2 – T1) = -82.39 kJ/kg.

D.) ISENTROPIC PROCESS

1.) Determine the internal energy change (in kJ/kg) for OH as it undergoes an isentropic
process from 3200 K and 7.2 MPa to 720 kPa.
Solution:
Our internal energy change will be given by, u2 – u1. Again we will use the constant specific
heat approach where Cv,avg will come from Table A.2SI.
Substance Type: Ideal Gas (air)
Process: Isentropic
State 1 State 2
T1 = 3200 K T2 = K
P1 = 7200 kPa P2 = 720 kPa
We note that our second state is not fixed (we only know the pressure), but we know the
process, so that
s2 - s1 = Cp,avg *ln(T2 /T1) - Rln(P2/P1) = 0
We know everything in this equation, except for T2, which we can solve for
 P2
Rln( )
P1
 C p ,avg
T 2=T 1

The problem here is that we do not know Cp,avg, which requires T2 to determine. This is a
classic iteration problem. What we will do is guess a value for cP,avg (normally at T1), then
solve for T2.
Use that T2 to recalculate cP,avg, recalculate T2, and continue until T2 becomes a constant.
At 3200 K we have
Cp = 2.1679 kJ/(kg∙K)
so that

(98.314 720
17 ) ( 7200 )
ln

2.1679
T 2=( 3200 ) =2455 K


Now calculating Tavg:
Tavg= (T1+T2)/2 = (3200+2455)/2
Tavg= 2877 K
Then
Reevaluating Cp
Tavg = 2874 K
Cp = 2.1447 kJ/(kg∙K)
with
Cv,avg = 1.6573 kJ/(kg∙K)
Recalculating T2
Then (finally)
T2 = 2548 K
u=Cv,avg(T2-T1)
which we will take as good enough.
u= (1.6573)(2548-3400)
u= -1081.38 kJ/kg

2.) Air enters an adiabatic compressor at 300 K, 1 atm pressure. The work input to the
compressor is 350 kJ per kg of air flowing through the compressor. Given that the
compressor has an isentropic efficiency of 0.85, calculate the actual exit temperature and
pressure of the compressor. Use the constant specific heat relations for this problem:

T 2 s P2 k −1
k
h2 − h1 = Cp (T2 − T1), =( )
T1 P1

with Cp = 1.01 kJ/kg K and k = 1.4 for air.

Wa = h1 − h2a ≈ CP (T1 − T2a) = −350 kJ/kg
Wa
T 2 a=T 1− =647 K
Cp
 Ws = ηc wa ≈ CP (T1 − T2s)
Solve to get T2s = 595 K. Since 1 − 2s is isentropic;
P2=P1 ¿

3.) Steam enters an adiabatic turbine at 350◦C and 2 MPa. The exit from the turbine is a
saturated vapor at 50 kPa. Determine the isentropic efficiency of the turbine.
h1 = 3137.0 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.956 kJ/kg K
State 2s : s2s = s1 and P2 = 50 kPa: h2s = 2419.8 kJ/kg and
Ws = h1 − h2s = 717.2 kJ/kg
State 2a : x2a = 1 and P2 = 50 kPa: h2a = 2645.9 kJ/kg, and
Wa = h1 − h2a = 491.1 kJ/kg
ηt = Wa/Ws = 0.68 or 68%

E.) CARNOT CYCLE

1.) Based on graph below, if the heat output is 3000 Joule, what is the heat input.
Known :
Low temperature (TL) = 500 KCarnot cycle
High temperature (TH) = 800 K
Heat output (Q2) = 3000 Joule
Wanted : Heat input (Q1)
Solution :
Efficiency of Carnot engine : Q2 = Q1 – W
e = (TH – TL) / TH Q2 = 8W/3 – 3W/3
e = (800 – 500) /8600 Q2 = 5W/3
e = 300 / 800 3Q2 = 5W
e = 3/8 W = 3Q2/5 = 3(3000)/5 = 9000/5
Work done by Carnot engine : W = 1800
W = e Q1 Heat absorbed by engine :
W = (3/8)(Q1) Q1 = W + Q2 = 1800 + 3000 Q1=
4800 Joule
8W/3 = Q1
2.) An Carnot engine absorbs heat at high temperature 800 Kelvin and efficiency of the
Carnot engine is 50%. What is the high temperature to increase efficiency to 80% if the low
temperature kept constant.
Known :
If high temperature (TH) = 800 K , efficiency (e) = 50% = 0.5
Wanted : High temperature (TH) if efficiency (e) = 80% = 0.8
Solution :

Low temperature = 400 Kelvin

What is the high temperature (TH) if efficiency (e) = 80 % ?

High temperature = 2000 Kelvin

3.) If heat absorbed by the engine (Q1) = 10,000 Joule, what is the work done by the Carnot
engine?
Known:
Low temperature (T2) = 400 K
High temperature (T1) = 800 K
Heat input (Q1) = 10,000 Joule
Wanted: Work done by Carnot engine (W)
Solution:
The efficiency of the Carnot engine : Work was done by Carnot engine :
W = e Q1
W = (1/2)(10,000) = 5000 Joule
F.) OTTO CYCLE
1.) In an Otto cycle air at 1bar and 290K is compressed isentropic ally until the pressure is
15bar The heat is added at constant volume until the pressure rises to 40bar. Calculate the air
standard efficiency and mean effective pressure for the cycle. Take Cv=0.717 KJ/Kg K and
Runiv = 8.314KJ/Kg K.
 
Given Data:
 Pressure (P1) = 1bar = 100KN/m2 Pressure (P3) = 40bar = 4000KN/m2
 Temperature(T1) = 290K  Cv = 0.717 KJ/KgK
 Pressure (P2) = 15bar = 1500KN/m2 Runiv = 8.314 KJ/Kg K
 To Find:
  i) Air Standard Efficien cy (ηotto) ii) Mean Effective Press ure (Pm)
 
Solution:
 Here it is g    Runiv = 8.314 KJ/Kg K
We know
2.) An ideal air-standard Otto cycle engine has a compression ratio of 8. At the beginning of
the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa, 27°C (300 K), and 800 kJ/kg heat is
supplied during the constant volume heat addition process. Neatly sketch the pressure-volume
[P-v] diagram for this cycle, and using the specific heat values for air at a typical average
cycle temperaure of 900K determine:
 a) the temperature and pressure of the air at the end of each process
 b) the net work output/cycle [kj/kg], and
 c) the thermal efficiency [ηth] of this engine cycle.
Solution Approach:
The first step is to draw the P-v diagram of the complete cycle, including all the relevant
information. We notice that neither volume nor mass have been provided, hence the diagram
and solution will be in terms of specific quantities.

We assume that the fuel-air mixture is represented by pure air. The relevant equations of
state, internal energy and adiabatic process for air follow:
We recall from the previous section that the nominal specific heat capacity values used for air
at 300K are Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K,, and k = 1.4. However they are all functions of temperature,
and with the extremely high temperature range experienced in internal combustion engines
one can obtain significant errors. In this problem we use a typical average cycle temperature
of 900K taken from the table of Specific Heat Capacities of Air.

We now go through all four processes in order to determine the temperature and pressure at
the end of each process, as well as the work done and heat transferred during each process.
Note that the pressure P4 (as well as P2 above) could also be evaluated from the adiabatic
process equation. We do so below as a vailidity check, however we find it more convenient to
use the ideal gas equation of state wherever possible. Either method is satisfactory.

We continue with the final process to determine the heat rejected:

Notice that we have applied the energy equation to all four processes allowing us two
alternative means of evaluating the "net work output per cycle" and the thermal efficiency, as
follows:
3.) In a standard OTTO cycle, the compression ratio is 7 and the compression begins at 1 bar
and 313K. The heat added is 2510 kJ/kg. Find
(1)   Maximum pressure and temperature of cycle;
(2)   Work done per kg of air
(3)   Cycle efficiency
(4)   Mean effective pressure
Solution

Fig. 11.2
Considering Process 1-2

            

= 

= 681.7 K

or    P2 = P1 rγ = 1� (7)1.4 = 15.25 bar

Considering the process 2-3
Heat Added,   Qh = CV (T3−T2) = 2510                                                (Given)
or        0.714 (T3−681.7) = 2510
or       T3 = 4197 K  (Ans)
For constant volume, process
or

Considering process 3-4

or 

 
Heat Rejected = CV (T4−T1)
= 0.174(1927−313)
= 1152 kJ
∴          Work done = Heat Supplied−Heat Rejected
= 2510−1152 = 1358 kJ   (Ans)
 Cycle efficiency:

= 0.54 or 54% (Ans)

Mean effective Pressure:
P1V1 = m R T1

Or 
= 0.899 or 0.9 m3

 
G.) DIESEL CYCLE
1.) A diesel engine working on theoretical Diesel cycle has a diameter of 20 cm and stroke 20
cm. The clearance volume is 10% of the swept volume. Determine the compression ratio and
air standard efficiency of the engine, if the cut-off takes place at 8 per cent of the stroke.
Solution
Stroke volume can be calculated from the given dimension of engine as

   = 6.283x10-3 m3
Clearance volume                     
VC = 0.1VS                                                                      (Given)
= 0.1*6.283*10-3
= 6.283x10-4 m3
So, total volume                        
V1 = VC + VS = 6.912x10-3 m3
Compression ratio is given as

 = 11 (Ans)
Cut-off Ratio,

 
   = 1.8
The air standard efficiency of the cycle is given as:

 
 = 0.563 or 56.3%   (Ans)
2.) A diesel engine operating an air standard diesel cycle has 20cm bore and 30 cm stroke.
The clearance volume is 420cm3. If the fuel is injected at 5% of the stroke. Find the air
standard efficiency.
 Given Data:  
  Bore diameter (d) =20cm=0.2mk To Find:
  Stroke, (l) =30cm=0.3m  Air standard efficiency, (diesel)
  Clearance volume, (v2 )
=420cm3=420/1003=  m3
Solution:
Compression ratio,  We know that,
r = v1/v2   Stroke volume,    vs=area*length
= (vc+vs)/vc
3.) An ideal air-standard Diesel cycle engine has a compression ratio of 18 and a cutoff ratio
of 2. At the beginning of the compression process, the working fluid is at 100 kPa, 27°C (300
K). Determine the temperature and pressure of the air at the end of each process, the net work
output per cycle [kJ/kg], and the thermal efficiency.
Note that the nominal specific heat capacity values used for air at 300K are C P = 1.00
kJ/kg.K, Cv = 0.717 kJ/kg.K,, and k = 1.4. However they are all functions of temperature,
and with the extremely high temperature range experienced in Diesel engines one can obtain
significant errors. One approach (that we will adopt in this example) is to use a typical
average temperature throughout the cycle.
Solution Approach:
The first step is to draw a diagram representing the problem, including all the relevant
information. We notice that neither volume nor mass is given, hence the diagram and solution
will be in terms of specific quantities. The most useful diagram for a heat engine is the P-
v diagram of the complete cycle:

The next step is to define the working fluid and decide on the basic equations or tables to use.
In this case the working fluid is air, and we have decided to use an average temperature of
900K throughout the cycle to define the specific heat capacity values as presented in the table
of Specific Heat Capacities of Air.
We now go through all four processes in order to determine the temperature and pressure at
the end of each process.

Note that an alternative method of evaluating pressure P 2 is to simply use the ideal gas
equation of state, as follows:

Either approach is satisfactory - choose whichever you are more comfortable with. We now
continue with the fuel injection constant pressure process:
Notice that even though the problem requests "net work output per cycle" we have only
calculated the heat in and heat out. In the case of a Diesel engine it is much simpler to
evaluate the heat values, and we can easily obtain the net work from the energy balance over
a complete cycle, as follows:
Bicol State of Applied Sciences and Technology
College of Engineering and Architecture
City of Naga

THERMODYNAMICS
PROJECTS
(SOLVED PROBLEMS)

JECEL C. OSIO
BSEE 1A

EDUARDO DOROIN
Instructors