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Math 87 Wew

The document provides examples and strategies for evaluating integrals involving trigonometric functions. It discusses using trigonometric identities to rewrite integrals containing powers of sine and cosine in terms of each other. Examples are provided for integrals of the form ∫sinmxcosnxdx and ∫tanmxsecnxdx. Guidelines are summarized for evaluating these types of integrals. Integration by parts and other trigonometric identities may also be useful tools.

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Kenneth Michael Antipolo Felisilda
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42 views52 pages

Math 87 Wew

The document provides examples and strategies for evaluating integrals involving trigonometric functions. It discusses using trigonometric identities to rewrite integrals containing powers of sine and cosine in terms of each other. Examples are provided for integrals of the form ∫sinmxcosnxdx and ∫tanmxsecnxdx. Guidelines are summarized for evaluating these types of integrals. Integration by parts and other trigonometric identities may also be useful tools.

Uploaded by

Kenneth Michael Antipolo Felisilda
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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7.2 7.

2 Trigonometric Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals
In this section we use trigonometric identities to integrate
certain combinations of trigonometric functions.

We start with powers of sine and cosine.


Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 1
Example 2
Find ∫ sin5x cos2x dx.
Example 2
Find ∫ sin5x cos2x dx.

Solution:
We could convert cos2x to 1 – sin2x, but we would be left
with an expression in terms of sin x with no extra cos x
factor.
Example 2
Find ∫ sin5x cos2x dx.

Solution:
We could convert cos2x to 1 – sin2x, but we would be left
with an expression in terms of sin x with no extra cos x
factor.

Instead, we separate a single sine factor and rewrite the


remaining sin4x factor in terms of cos x:
sin5 x cos2x = (sin2x)2 cos2x sin x

= (1 – cos2x)2 cos2x sin x


Example 2 – Solution
cont’d

Substituting u = cos x, we have du = –sin x dx and so

∫ sin5x cos2x dx = ∫ (sin2x)2 cos2x sin x dx

= ∫ (1 – cos2x)2 cos2x sin x dx

= ∫ (1 – u2)2 u2 (–du) = –∫ (u2 – 2u4 + u6)du

= – cos3x + cos5x – cos7x + C


Example 3
Evaluate
Example 3
Evaluate

Solution:
If we write sin2x = 1 – cos2x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2x, however,
we have
Example 3
Evaluate

Solution:
If we write sin2x = 1 – cos2x, the integral is no simpler to
evaluate. Using the half-angle formula for sin2x, however,
we have
Example 3 – Solution cont’d

Notice that we mentally made the substitution u = 2x when


integrating cos 2x.
Example 4
Example 4
Example 4
Example 4
Trigonometric Integrals
To summarize, we list guidelines to follow when evaluating
integrals of the form ∫ sinmx cosnx dx, where m  0 and
n  0 are integers.
Trigonometric Integrals
We can use a similar strategy to evaluate integrals of the
form ∫ tanmx secnx dx.

Since (ddx) tan x = sec2x, we can separate a sec2x factor


and convert the remaining (even) power of secant to an
expression involving tangent using the identity
sec2x = 1 + tan2x.

Or, since (ddx) sec x = sec x tan x, we can separate a


sec x tan x factor and convert the remaining (even) power
of tangent to secant.
Example 5
Evaluate ∫ tan6x sec4x dx.
Example 5
Evaluate ∫ tan6x sec4x dx.

Solution:
If we separate one sec2x factor, we can express the
remaining sec2x factor in terms of tangent using the identity
sec2x = 1 + tan2x.
Example 5
Evaluate ∫ tan6x sec4x dx.

Solution:
If we separate one sec2x factor, we can express the
remaining sec2x factor in terms of tangent using the identity
sec2x = 1 + tan2x.

We can then evaluate the integral by substituting u = tan x


so that du = sec2x dx:

∫ tan6x sec4x dx = ∫ tan6x sec2x sec2x dx


Example 5 – Solution cont’d

= ∫ tan6x (1 + tan2x) sec2x dx

= ∫ u6(1 + u2)du = ∫ (u6 + u8)du

= tan7x + tan9x + C
Example 6
Example 6
Example 6
Example 6
Trigonometric Integrals
The preceding examples demonstrate strategies for
evaluating integrals of the form ∫ tanmx secnx dx for two
cases, which we summarize here.
Integrals
Trigonometric Integrals
For other cases, the guidelines are not as clear-cut. We
may need to use identities, integration by parts, and
occasionally a little ingenuity.

We will sometimes need to be able to integrate tan x by


using the formula given below:
Trigonometric Integrals
We will also need the indefinite integral of secant:

We could verify Formula 1 by differentiating the right side,


or as follows. First we multiply numerator and denominator
by sec x + tan x:
Trigonometric Integrals

If we substitute u = sec x + tan x, then


du = (sec x tan x + sec2x) dx, so the integral becomes

∫ (1u) du = ln |u| + C.

Thus we have

∫ sec x dx = ln |sec x + tan x| + C


Example 7
Find ∫ tan3x dx.
Example 7
Find ∫ tan3x dx.

Solution:
Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan2x = sec2x – 1 to
rewrite a tan2x factor in terms of sec2x:

∫ tan3x dx = ∫ tan x tan2x dx


Example 7
Find ∫ tan3x dx.

Solution:
Here only tan x occurs, so we use tan2x = sec2x – 1 to
rewrite a tan2x factor in terms of sec2x:

∫ tan3x dx = ∫ tan x tan2x dx

= ∫ tan x (sec2x – 1) dx

= ∫ tan x sec2x dx – ∫ tan x dx


u = tan x
du = sec2x dx.
Example 7 – Solution cont’d

= – ln |sec x| + C
Example 8
Example 8
Example 8
Example 9
Example 9
Example 9
Example 9
Trigonometric Integrals
Finally, we can make use of another set of trigonometric
identities:
Example 10
Evaluate ∫ sin 4x cos 5x dx.

Solution:
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts,
but it’s easier to use the identity in Equation :

= ∫ (–sin x + sin 9x) dx

= (cos x – cos 9x) + C


Example 10
Evaluate ∫ sin 4x cos 5x dx.

Solution:
This integral could be evaluated using integration by parts,
but it’s easier to use the identity in Equation :

∫ sin 4x cos 5x dx = ∫ [sin(–x) + sin 9x] dx

= ∫ (–sin x + sin 9x) dx

= (cos x – cos 9x) + C

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