ACTA SCIENTIFIC DENTAL SCIENCES (ISSN: 2581-4893)

Volume 3 Issue 6 June 2019

Review Article

Dentin Bonding Agents – A Review

Rajendran Ganesh*
Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, AL BAHA University, Saudi Arabia
*Corresponding Author: Rajendran Ganesh, Assistant Professor, Department of Pediatric Dentistry, AL BAHA University, Saudi Arabia.
Received: May 03, 2019; Published: May 30, 2019
DOI: 10.31080/ASDS.2019.03.0556

Abstract
Dentin bonding agents have evolved through different generations during the past few decades. These recent advances in
adhesive dentistry have been exciting. There have been changes in chemistry, mechanism, number of bottles, application technique,
and clinical effectiveness. The self-etching primers have been in widespread use for over 10 years, whereas the all-in-one adhesives
have only been available for 2 years. The development of self-etching primer adhesive systems has greatly simplified resin bonding.
A separate etching step is no longer required. No rinsing step is required. This review describes different dentin bonding agents, its
evolution, mechanism of action and different commercially available dentin bonding agents.
Keywords: Bonding Agents; Dentistry

Introduction Classification of dentin bonding agent

Adhesive resins are designed to provide strong coupling be- Dentin bonding agents have evolved through different genera-
tween resin composites and enamel and dentin. The earliest dental tions during the past few decades. Dentin bonding agents have
adhesives were relatively hydrophobic and were placed directly on been categorized into generations of products based on chemistry
enamel and dentin smear layers although the presence of these lay- and the manner in which they treat the smear layer. The First Gen-
ers were unknown at that time [1]. eration products were early, largely unsuccessful attempts at pro-
ducing a bond between dentin and resins. They essentially ignored
The principles of adhesive dentistry date back to 1955, Buono-
the smear layer. The Second Generation depended upon the smear
core stated that acids can be used to treat enamel and dentin prior
layer for bonding while the Third Generation agents characteristi-
to adhesives and described the importance of rete pegs in adhesion
cally remove or heavily alter the smear layer prior to bonding.
[2].
First generation
Buonocore [2] discovered that acrylic resin could be bonded to
human enamel that was conditioned with 85% phosphoric acid for The first generation dentin bonding agents were developed in
30 seconds of the enamel surface as well as micromechanical re- the early 1960’s [6]. Buonocore., et al. in 1956 reported that Glyc-
tention from the sealant. Eick 1970 [3] described the nature of the erophosphoric Acid Dimethacrylate (GPDM) could bond to hydro-
smear layer. Fusayama., et al. 1979 [4] were the first to report the chloric acid-etched dentin surfaces However, the bond strengths to
successful use of phosphoric acid to remove smear layer, etch the dentin attained with this primitive adhesive technique were only 1
dentin and restore with adhesive composite. to 3 MPa [6].

In 1982, Nakabayashi [5] and colleague used 3% ferric chloride The development of N-phenylglycine glycidyl methacrylate
in 10% citric acid as a conditioning agent to remove the smear layer (NPG-GMA) was the basis of the first commercially available den-
and to demineralize the underlying intact. Kanca 1991 [5] intro- tin bonding agent, Cervident (SS white).They bond by chelation
duced the All etch technique. with calcium [7].

Citation: Rajendran Ganesh. “Dentin Bonding Agents – A Review”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 3.6 (2019): 108-111.
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The factors like Difficulty in bulk polymerization of the Cyano- substrate more receptive to bonding. The fourth-generation adhe-
acrylates, instability of NPG-GMA in solution in combination with sive generally come with 30% to 40% phosphoric acid gels and is
very low bond strength prevent the successful use of these bond- referred to as three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive. The total etch
ing agents. technique permits the etching of enamel and dentin simultaneous-
ly using phosphoric acid for 15-30 seconds. The surface must be
Second generation
left moist however, in order to avoid collagen collapse [7].
The second generation dentin bonding agents were developed
in the late 1970’s and early 1980’s [8]. These systems leave the- The fourth generation can be used in cavities for both enamel
smear layer largely, if not wholly, intact when used. Second gen- and dentin. Some of their components can also be used for bonding
eration bonding agents produced variable results; they generally to substrates such as porcelain and alloys.
performed better than first-generation bonding agents. They rou- Representative adhesives in this group include All-bond 2, Opti-
tinely produced bond strengths that ranged from approximately 5 bond FL, Permaqui (Ultra dent), and Scotchbond Multipurpose etc.
to 6 MPa [7]. Composition of some of the commercially available fourth genera-
Ethylmethacrylate, Phosphate ester, Polyurethane were incor- tion bonding agents are All Bond 2, Scotch bond Multipurpose
porated in them. Fifth-Generation
Brands: Bondlite (S0S/Kerr), Creation Bond (Den-Mat), Prisma Because of the complexity and number of steps of compounds
Universal Bond (Caulk), and Scotchbond (3M). involved with the fourth-generation systems, researchers and man-
ufacturers have worked to develop simpler adhesive systems. In
Disadvantages in this type were low bond strength, hydrolysis
this generation bonding agent include etching enamel and dentin
to oral environment and poor wetting leading to failure in restora-
simultaneously with 35-37% phosphoric acid for 15-20 seconds
tion.
followed by application of one bottle containing primer and bond-
Third generation
ing agent which has a general composition of HEMA, Bis-GMA, di-
The third generation dentin bonding agent were designed not to methacrylate, patented polyalkenoic acid copolymer ,Water and
remove the entire smear layer but rather to modify it prior to den- ethanol. Though they require fewer steps in achieve dentin bond-
tin bonding agent application. With this system, dentin is etched ing, these agents are inferior to fourth generation bonding agents in
with an aqueous solution of 10% citric acid and 3% ferric chloride, terms of their bond strength [9].
followed by the application of an aqueous solution of 35% HEMA
Representative commercial products of this generation include
and a self-curing adhesive resin containing 4-META, MMA, and tri-
excite (Ivoclar Vivadent), One-step (several versions, Bisco), Opti-
n-butyl borane (TBB), the last as a polymerization initiator [5].
Bond Solo (several versions, Kerr), Prime and Bond (several Ver-
Based on this technology, adhesive systems such as C&B meta- sions, Dentsply), and Single Bond or Scotchbond 1 (several ver-
bond (Sun Medical), Super-bond D-Liner, and Amalgambond Plus sions).
(Parkell) are commercially available and have been reported to
Sixth generation
yield consistent results in vitro studies [7], regardless of dentinal
depth. Further demand for simplification has urged manufacturers to
develop adhesives with even fewer clinical steps. The sixth genera-
Thus the third generation bonding agent came out with a sys- tion consists of self-etch adhesives. Sixth-generation adhesives are
tem consisting of Conditioner, Primer and Bonding agent. This characterized by the omission of a separate conditioning phase and
paved the way for the further development in bonding agents. are composed of two different solutions. This generation of adhe-
Fourth-generation sives contains two-step self-etch adhesives and one-step, two-com-
ponent self-etch adhesives, respectively [8].
Essential to the enhanced adhesive capacity and responsible
for the improved clinical effectiveness of fourth-generation adhe- Representative sixth-generation two-step self-etch adhesives
sive systems is the pretreatment of dentin with conditioners and/ include AdheSE, clearfil SE Bond and clearfil Protech Bond, Opti-
or primers that make the heterogeneous and hydrophilic dentinal Bond Solo Plus.

Citation: Rajendran Ganesh. “Dentin Bonding Agents – A Review”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 3.6 (2019): 108-111.
Dentin Bonding Agents – A Review

110

Seventh-generation adhesives risk of estrogenic effect from treatment using bisphenol A-based
The latest generation of adhesives consists of single-compo- resins is insignificant and therefore should not be of concern to the
nent, one-step self-etch adhesives, Seventh-generation adhesives general public.
combine conditioning, priming and application of adhesive resin, Conclusion
but unlike sixth-generation adhesives they do not require mixing.
The excellent uses for current-generation dentin bonding agents
As a consequence, adhesives belonging to this generation are in-
are prior to the luting of cast ceramic, composite restorations with
tricate mixes of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components [7]. So
resin cements when dentin is exposed; advantages may include in-
far, a number of shortcomings of the seventh-generation adhesives
creased bond strength, reduced microleakage, reduced post-treat-
have been documented but to the complex nature of the mixed
ment sensitivity. Dentine adhesive systems have created a new era
solutions, the seventh-generation adhesives have attained consis-
in the field of dentistry. Owing to its property of adherence to the
tently lower bond strengths that the fourth- and fifth generation
tooth structure by both micromechanical and chemical means, if
adhesives [7]. Representatives of seventh – generation adhesives
finds a wide range of application in various fields. It has lead to the
include Clearfil S Bond (Kuraray), G-Bond (GC), i-Bond, and Xeno
most desired forms of treatment needs, which is the conservation
IV (Dentsply).
and esthetics of tooth.
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Volume 3 Issue 6 June 2019

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Citation: Rajendran Ganesh. “Dentin Bonding Agents – A Review”. Acta Scientific Dental Sciences 3.6 (2019): 108-111.