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PART 3:

ACADEMIC PROJECT WRITING

This section covers the different types of academic writing, including

projects, theses, and dissertations, which are typically required in the
pursuit of scholarly activities. The structural requirements are explained
and examples are defined wherever possible to provide visual stimuli to
understanding. The structure of a research proposal has been provided at
the beginning of the section with all the necessary information. The details
have been added to provide readers with accurate and relevant examples to
ensure they have information which they can use while working on their
own research publications.
Writing the introduction of the study is of vital importance as it
describes the research problem and creates the basic platform of the
research issue and its scope. Further details, such as the literature review,
creating the research framework, and the methodology to be used for the
research problem, are discussed in this section, and their usage, guidelines,
and tips are also provided to ensure that scholars, new to the field, can
work on their academic research publications with more ease. In addition
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to the above-mentioned topics, data presentation, data analysis,

recommendations, and concluding the publication have also been
integrated into this section.

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PART 3:

ACADEMIC PROJECT WRITING

This part of the book highlights how to systematically write an

academic project. It is important for an author to remember that the
language should be formal, and the sentence structure and choice of words
should have a constructive tone.

3.1 Research proposal

This is a written statement explaining the purpose of the study and
clarifying the research design proposal. It also mentions the procedures
necessary for the particular research methodology chosen for the
individual project. Below is a standard structure of a research proposal.

I. Introduction
1.1 Introduction of the study
1.2 Objectives
1.3 Scope of research
II. Literature Review
2.1 Review of the related literature
III. Research Methodology
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3.1 Methods of research

3.2 Respondents and sampling procedure
3.3 Research instruments/questionnaire
3.4 Collection of data/gather procedures
3.5 Statistical tools
References

3.2 Research project writing

The researcher can prepare the academic research project according to the
structure given below:

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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 General background
1.2 Statement of problems
1.3 Research objective
1.4 Scope of research
1.5 Limitations of the research
1.6 Significance of the study
1.7 Definition of terms
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Theory
2.2 Review of related literature
2.3 Previous studies

Chapter 3: Research Framework

3.1 Theoretical framework
3.2 Conceptual framework
3.3 Research hypothesis
3.4 Operationalization of the variables

Chapter 4: Research Methodology

4.1 Methods of research used
4.2 Respondents and sampling procedures
4.3 Research instruments/questionnaire
4.4 Pre-tests
4.5 Collection of data/gather procedure
4.6 Statistical treatment of data

Chapter 5: Presentation of Data and Critical Discussion of Results

5.1 Descriptive analysis for demographic factors
5.2 Hypothesis testing
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Chapter 6: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

6.1 Summary of the findings
6.2 Conclusions
6.3 Recommendations
6.4 Further study

Bibliography

Appendices
Appendix A: Questionnaire
Appendix B: Demography of pre-test respondents
Appendix C: Acronyms
Appendix D: Statistical tools
Glossary
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The details of academic project writing will be presented in this part

through various chapters, sections, and subsections.

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 General background

In this section, the author will pay particular attention to a number of
issues. Firstly, the focus of the study could be on the global, national, or
local context. This section highlights the association or relationship of the
title of the study with the global, national, or local context.
If the study presents a case study (a descriptive study) on a particular
phenomenon of the organization/institution, in that case, the overview of
the organization will be stated in terms of various variables of that
phenomenon. On the other hand, the overview of the subject title should
be included if the study focuses on exploratory research.

1.2 Statement of problem

A problem statement is the basis from which to start any research. To
create a concise problem statement is not an easy task. Researchers can
assess previous research, with their drawbacks or new ideas. The decision
of carrying out research on a particular topic should be undertaken because
of its importance and/or if it is a new idea. Anyone can have a research
question in his/her mind, based on the fact that he/she can propose a
statement of problem, e.g.

i) Is there any difference in work values when determined by

demographic factors (gender, age, etc.)?
ii) Is there any difference in work values when determined by job
satisfaction?
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iii) Is there a relationship between work values and job satisfaction?

1.3 Research objectives

This refers to the general and specific objectives of the study,
indicating the intent or purpose of the study. Objectives are formed
according to the variables of the model (if available) or hypothesis,
relationship, comparative study, etc. Research objectives should be
SMART, an acronym which stands for S-Specific, M-Measurable, A-
Attainable, R-Realistic, and T-Time bound.

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1.4 Scope off research

In spite of the broadd scope coveered, the reseearcher shoulld clarify
his/her ownn research foccus, covering the followingg areas: type of study
(comparativve or relationshhip) or type of
o research (exxploratory, deescriptive,
mple (target resspondents), vaariables (depeendent or independent),
causal), sam
measuremennt (research innstruments), area
a of focus, limitations, and
a future
opportunity..

Non coveraage of Exclusion of

prooblem research
h

Fig. 3.1 Scope of research

1.5 Limitatiions of the reesearch

Any studdy has its ow wn kinds of lim mitation. Thee limitations can
c range
from the seelection of toopics/titles of the study; thhe type of sttudy, i.e.,
applied reseearch, case stuudy or basic research; thee perspectives in local,
national, orr global enviironments; th he type of inndustry, for example,
manufacturiing or servicee; sample sizze; number oof variables; statistical
tools, and so on. Limitations are extended to time constrraints for
completion of the projectt, and the cosst covering fieeld work, surrvey, data
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entry, etc. A
At the proposaal stage, the limitations maay be briefly presented
p
in Chapter 1, whereas, inn the final maanuscript, theey must be inccluded in
Chapter 4, before the section
s on Fu urther Study.. In that chaapter, the
limitations sshould be disccussed in deptth so that the quality of thee research
can be assesssed in terms of
o the limitatio
ons.
All reseaarch studies haave limitation
ns and a finite scope. Limitaations are
often impossed by time and a budget co onstraints. It also implies there are
limitations oon the researrch design thaat have been deliberately imposed.
Limitations restrict the poopulation to which
w the resuults of the stud
dy can be
generally appplied. Limittations refer to t the restricctions over which
w the
researcher hhas no control..

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1.6 Significance of the study

In this section, the researcher explains the implications of the research
problem. Here, the researcher justifies the research problem in terms of its
research potential and also the practical implications of the proposed topic.
Hence, it is very important to justify the worth of the topic in this section.
This is also important in the sense that future researchers might be taking
it as a reference point for their own proposed research.

1.7 Definition of terms

The definition of operational or technical terms encountered in the title
or topic of the study should be clarified here. Sometimes, acronyms of
research ideas or conceptual models should also be defined in this section.
It is important to note that definitions should be taken from websites,
referred journals, conference proceedings, or books.

Chapter 2: Literature Review

2.1 Overview
A literature review explores the prior research endeavors on the topic
of study. This section discusses the previous research undertaken by
various authors, their findings, established theories, methodologies, and
tools used to develop existing theories.
In this section, the main theories behind the study should be
mentioned. This information would be gathered from various sources,
such as text books, articles (conference and journal papers), websites etc.
The information given should be restructured by paraphrasing, or
restated by changing the tense and the voice of the sentences, or it may be
reworded by using synonyms. These are done in order to avoid plagiarism
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which is the unacknowledged use of information discovered and reported

by others, or the use of their exact words, copied verbatim. Direct copying,
or quoting an author’s previous work without an acknowledgement,
should be avoided in order not to violate the norms of ethical research.
The general concept should be explained in such a way that it is easily
understandable and develops a logic for the following sections of the
literature review.

2.2 Related previous theories

Contrary to the overview, this section covers the specific theme of the
study. Elaborate previous theories about the research work should be
stated here. This section is important since it shows what previous

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researchers have discovered. It is usually quite long and primarily depends

upon how much research has previously been done in the area the
researcher is planning to investigate. In order to explore a relatively new
idea, the literature review should cite similar areas of studies that lead up
to the current research. New variables, dependent or independent,
connected to the study in accordance with the previous variables should be
described.

2.3 Previous studies

In this section, previous works directly related to the study should be
clarified. They should be mentioned paragraph-by-paragraph from their
different sources. The sentence structure should be in the past tense.
Objectives, methods, results, and discussions of previous studies should be
cited with references.
For example, if the researcher’s focus point is Supply Chain
Management (SCM) for a hospital, in that case he/she explains the
definition of SCM, and the core ideas of SCM in the first section, i.e., 2.1
of the literature review. As a hospital represents the service industry,
therefore, the service industry supply chain management should be
included in the next section (2.2). If there are any previous studies of
private or public hospitals, these should be cited in 2.3. At a glance, the
researcher has to move from an initially broad area of discussion to the
more specific area under research.

Chapter 3: Research Framework

This chapter describes the structure of the research framework, its uses
and types, how to develop the framework, the research hypothesis, and the
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operationalization of the variables.

A framework is a model which allows the researcher to explore the
relationship of variables in a logical and prescribed manner. It clarifies
questions and summarizes the overall concept being investigated.

3.1 Theoretical framework

The theoretical framework is a structure developed by the previous
researcher(s) that would be used as an initial idea to develop a new
concept/model. Researchers accomplish their research based on their
framework.

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3.2 Conceptual framework

The conceptual framework is the map for a new idea that comes from
the theoretical framework. For example, conceptual framework A, which
has been developed in the year 1998, can be the theoretical framework for
developing conceptual framework B, in 2000, which would, in turn, be
used as the theoretical framework for constructing conceptual framework
C in 2005.

Conceptual Framework A (1998)

Theoretical Framework A (1998) -> Conceptual Framework B (2000)

Theoretical Framework B (2000) -> Conceptual Framework C (2005)

Fig. 3.2 Construction of a conceptual framework

3.3 Research hypothesis

The research hypothesis is an unproven proposition or supposition that
tentatively explains certain facts or phenomena and is empirically testable.
It is concerned with the relationship among variables. There are two types
of research hypothesis, i.e., null hypothesis (Ho) and alternative hypothesis
(Ha).

3.4 Operationalization of the variables

An operational definition is a procedure for classifying, ordering, or
quantifying (measuring through operational component) variables in a
conceptual model. The researcher can use this table to understand the
operationalization of the variables.

Table 3.1 Operationalization of the variables

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Variables Concept/ Operational Measurement

Category/ Component Scale
Classification of
Variables
Parametric scale
Variable 1 Research
Dependent/ (interval scale,
instrument
independent ratio scale).
(questionnaire),
variables; Nonparametric
type of analysis
Variable 2 sub-variable scale (nominal
(i.e., multiple
under one variable scale, ordinal
linear regression)
scale)

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Chapter 4: Research Methodology

4.1 Methods of research used

In this section, it is mandatory for the researcher to mention the types
of research being used for the study, i.e., exploratory research, descriptive
research, or causal research. These types are already defined and explained
in Part 1 of this book. The researcher also needs to mention the method of
research, particularly the survey, observations, and experimental or
secondary data.

4.2 Respondents and sampling procedures

Respondents of the study: Primary respondents of the survey are those

who are directly related to the study, e.g., a researcher conducts a study
about the students’ attitude towards their university. In this case, the
interview of students will be taken as the primary respondents of the
aforementioned study. It is the researcher’s responsibility to identify the
sample population related to the subject of the study and the required
number of sample respondents participating in the study. Determining a
sample size is dependent on three techniques, including formula, table, and
reference, which have already been discussed in Part 2.

Sampling procedure: Generally, two types of procedures are being used,

probability and non-probability sampling. The types of probability
sampling are simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified
sampling, cluster sampling, and multistage area sampling. Convenience
sampling/accidental sampling, judgment sampling, quota sampling, and
snowball sampling are various types of non-probability sampling. Both
probability and non-probability sampling procedures have been discussed
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in Part 2 of this book.

4.3 Research instruments/questionnaires

There are a number of research instruments used for research purposes.
The researcher can design the survey questionnaire by using different
scales, i.e., simple attitude scale, category scale, Likert scale, semantic
scale, numerical scale, constant sum scale, Stapel scale, graphical rating
scale, graphics rating scale stressing visual communication etc.
Amongst all the research instruments, as detailed in Part 2, the Likert
scale is the most commonly used due to its acceptability and convenience
with the respondents.

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4.4 Pre-tests
A pre-test is the preliminary test done to check the authenticity of the
preliminary questionnaire. During the pre-test, the internal consistency of
the measurement scales within the questionnaire should be assessed using
SPSS to calculate Cronbach’s alpha for each dimension and scale within
the instrument. Cronbach’s alpha is the most commonly used estimate of
internal consistency of items in a scale. Usually, the value of Į • 0.6 is
acceptable for checking the reliability of the pre-test.
Researchers also seek responses from expert respondents, i.e.,
academics and practitioners, as their response denotes the validity of the
test. However, content validity is also executed through factor analysis
which is very common for PhD-level students.

4.5 Data gathering procedures

Data collection procedures vary according to the type of data required
and the information obtained through primary and secondary sources.
Primary data (raw data) is conducted through personal, telephone, and
self-administered interviews. Secondary data is obtained from conference
papers, journal papers, books, online databases etc.
Determining the appropriate type of data gathering procedure can be
decided through the Five W’s and One H rule (who, what, when, where,
why and how): who gathers the data (self or field workers), what is the
idea, when is it needed, where does it happen, why is it conducted, and
how is it carried out?

4.6 Statistical treatment of data

If the data is gathered through secondary sources, statistical treatment
is not applicable, whereas it is significant in cases of primary data sources.
Statistical treatment is carried out through two methods, descriptive and
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inferential analysis.
Descriptive analysis is used for collecting the demographic information
of respondents and estimates their proportion in terms of frequency and
percentage, and mean and standard deviation. Inferential analysis is used
for testing the research hypothesis, i.e., null hypothesis and alternative
hypothesis.
Different statistical tools can be used for descriptive and inferential
analysis. The most commonly used tools are Excel, SPSS (Statistical
Package for Social Sciences), AMOS (Analysis of Moment Structures),
and LISREL (Linear Structural Relations).

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Chapter 5: Presentation of Data and Critical Discussion of Results

5.1 Descriptive analysis of variables

Descriptive analysis of demographic factors (gender, age, education
level, income per month) by using frequency or percentage, mean,
standard deviation, variance, etc. can be presented in tabular form or
graphical presentations such as pie charts, bar graphs, histograms, and
other visual aids for easier understanding.

5.2 Hypothesis testing

After developing the conceptual model, a scholar needs to test the
hypothesis, null or alternative, by using the statistical tools.
Null hypothesis (Ho) refers to the status quo. It means that the initial
hypothesis stands true. Alternative hypothesis (Ha) indicates the opposite
of the null hypothesis. It means that the initial hypothesis in carrying out a
test of Ho versus Ha. The hypothesis Ho will be rejected in favor of Ha only
if sample evidence strongly suggests that Ha will not be rejected.

Table 3.2 Decision for hypothesis acceptance/rejection

Statement Decision
Accepts Ho Rejects Ho
Ho is true Correct Decision Error
(Rejecting null-
hypothesis when it is
actually true)
Ho is false Error Correct Decision
(Accepting null-
hypothesis when it is
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actually false)

According to the direction of the variables used in the framework, two

types of tests, namely one-tailed (direction of the variables is known) or
two-tailed (direction of the variables is unknown), can be chosen.

Table 3.3 One-tailed test

Hypothesis Relation Example

Null Hypothesis, H0 Greater than, less than, larger A higher than B
Alternative Hypothesis, Ha Less than, greater than, smaller A less than B

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Table 3.4 Two-tailed test

Hypothesis Relation Example

Null No difference, There is no relationship between work
Hypothesis, H0 equal, no relation values and job satisfaction
Alternative Difference, unequal, There is a relationship between work
Hypothesis, Ha relation values and job satisfaction

Work Values
H1

Demographic H3
Factors

Job
H2
Satisfaction

Fig. 3.3 Conceptual framework (sample version)

If null hypothesis rejects, it means: “There is a relationship between

work values and job satisfaction,” i.e., accept alternative hypothesis.
On the other hand, if null hypothesis fails to reject, it means: “There is
no relationship between work values and job satisfaction,” i.e., accept null
hypothesis.
Hypothesis testing will occur with inferential analysis, like analysis of
variance (ANOVA), independent t-test, Pearson correlation, regression, etc.

Table 3.5 Examples of hypothesis testing

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Hypothesis Analysis
H1o: There is no significant difference in employees’ work values Analysis of
when divided into age levels. variance
H1a: There is a significant difference in employees’ work values (ANOVA)
when divided into age levels.
H2o: There is no significant difference in employees’ job Independent
satisfaction when divided by gender. t-test
H2a: There is a significant difference in employees’ job
satisfaction when divided by gender.
H3o: There is no significant relationship between employees’ work Pearson
values and job satisfaction. correlation
H3a: There is a significant relationship between employees’ work coefficient
values and job satisfaction.

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5.2.1 Structural equation modeling (SEM) technique

Structural equation modeling (SEM) includes a general linear model
and a common factor analysis. Contrary to the first-generation statistical
tools, such as regression, SEM enables the researcher to answer a set of
interrelated research questions in single, systematic, and comprehensive
analysis by modeling the relationships among multiple independent and
dependent variables simultaneously. This ability for simultaneous analysis
differs greatly from most first-generation regression models, such as linear
regression, LOGIT (logical inference tester), ANOVA, and MANOVA
(multivariate analysis of variance), which can analyze only one layer of
linkages between independent and dependent variables at a time. SEM
tools are increasingly being used in behavioral science research for the
casual modeling of complex, multivariate data sets in which the researcher
gathers multiple measures of proposed constructs. Several studies have
recommended that SEM become a tool in validating instruments and
testing linkages between constructs [6].
From the hypotheses, SEM has been utilized in order to answer the
research questions. There has been increasing interest in SEM techniques,
and recognition of their importance in empirical research. Techniques such
as AMOS, LISREL, EQS (structural equation modeling), and partial least
squares (PLS) are second-generation data analysis tools that can be used to
test the extent to which the research meets recognized standards for high-
quality statistical analysis [6].

Chapter 6: Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

6.1 Summary
This includes a brief description of all previous chapters and outlines
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concisely the findings, demographic information of the respondents,

hypothesis testing, recommendations, and further study.

6.2 Conclusion
In this section, an explanation given in academic language would be
included from findings and statistical analysis. Statistical language must
be converted into academic language. Statistical analysis, which consists
of significant/not significant, null/alternative hypothesis, one-tailed/two-
tailed test), should not be included here.
For example, statistical language could include: “Employees’ job
satisfaction demonstrates significant difference when divided by gender at
.001 significant level (two-tailed test).” Academic language, on the other

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hand, could be phrased as: “Employees’ job satisfaction demonstrates

significant difference when divided by gender.”

6.3 Recommendations
Recommendations reveal specific solutions to problems, implications
for practice, and suggestions based on drawbacks. Researchers also
recommend substantial research based on the limitations of the existing
research, statistical tools, etc. For example, research has been carried out
on educational supply chain management as a case-study approach. The
possible recommendations could be:
“This case study deserves further research as a general approach of
educational supply chain management for other universities in the
country. The findings of the study would be guidelines for real-life
application. Implementation of educational supply chain management
ensures the university delivers quality.”

6.4 Further study

Further study will evolve from existing research limitations, and
current findings may point to a new topic or hypothesis, more advanced
statistical tools, variation of sample size, etc. This may be the variation
based on the original theory, the number of variables used that has been
refined and modified to obtain a more accurate reflection of reality.

Bibliography

References refer to the sources of information in the report and follow

the final section of the report body. This section is popularly known as
Documenting Sources. This refers to the practice of citing original sources
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of information used in formal reports, journal articles, books, or any

document that includes evidence from published works. Information
sources are cited for the following reasons: readers can locate the original
sources if they wish to read further; the author of a study is not personally
responsible for every fact contained in the research paper; and the author
will avoid charges of plagiarism. Plagiarism is the unacknowledged use of
information discovered and reported by others, or the use of their exact
words, copied verbatim.
If any research point of information relies on another source, it should
use a direct quote or paraphrasing from the other source. The
documentation systems frequently used are the American Psychological
Association (APA) system and the numbered reference (NR) system.

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Although all documentation systems are designed to help readers find

original sources, the systems do vary slightly. The APA system includes
the author and the date of publication, while in the NR system the
reference list is numbered; items are listed alphabetically by surname of
author and in the order they are cited in the text.

An example of citation in the APA style:

SCM is a concept, “whose primary objective is to integrate and manage the

sourcing, flow, and control of materials using a total systems perspective
across multiple functions and multiple tiers of suppliers” (Monczka, Trent
and Handfield, 1994). Stevens (1989) stated the objective of SCM was to
synchronize the customers’ requirements with materials flow to strike a
balance among conflicting goals of maximum customer service, minimum
inventory management, and low unit costs.

The citations in the previous paragraph will be written in the

bibliography in the following style:

Monczka, Robert, Robert Trent, and Robert Handfield, Purchasing and

Supply Chain Management, Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College
Publishing, Chapter 8, 1994.
Stevens, Graham C., “Integrating the Supply Chains,” International Journal
of Physical Distribution and Materials Management, Vol. 8, No. 8, 1989, pp.
3–8.

An example of citation in the NR system:

Supply Chain Management (SCM) is needed for various reasons: improving

operations, better outsourcing, increasing profits, enhancing customer
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

satisfaction, generating quality outcomes, tackling competitive pressures,

increasing globalization, increasing importance of E-commerce, and growing
complexity of supply chains [17].

In the bibliography, citation [17] will be mentioned as:

[17] W. J. Stevenson, Operations Management, ed., McGraw Hill/Irwin, NY,

2002.

For readers, the APA system is easier to use because it provides dates
for information and the names of authors that readers may recognize as
experts on the subject. The NR system requires readers to flip back and

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forth to the reference list to find dates and authors. The details of different
reference styles have been pointed out in Appendix E.

APPENDICES

Appendices are final elements in the formal report. They contain

supplemental information, information that is too detailed and technical to
fit well into the body of the report, or information that some readers need
and others do not. They include documents, interviews, statistical results,
case histories, lists of pertinent items, specifications, or lists of legal
references. Here are some tips for appendices.

ƒ Label the appendix with letters, such as Appendix A, Appendix B, etc.

ƒ If there is more than one appendix, the title for each one should be
provided, such as, Appendix A: Survey Questionnaire.
ƒ If an appendix provides supplemental information on a particular topic,
it should be included in the body of the report, such as, see Appendix C
for cost figures.

Below are some of the different types of appendices which can be used
by researchers.

Appendix A: Survey questionnaire

A survey questionnaire, consisting of different parts, that was used in
the study as the main research instrument, will be incorporated here.

Appendix B: Demography of pre-test respondents

The demographic information of the participants, which is relevant to
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

the topic of research, should be included. The information can comprise

their experiences, skills, qualifications, organizations they serve, and
designations. This is included here to enhance the validity of the survey
research.

Appendix C: Acronyms
This section will be used to provide the full form of all the acronyms
used in the whole study, such as:
x ITESCM: Integrated Tertiary Educational Supply Chain
Management.
x SMART: Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic, Time bound.

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Appendix D: Statistical tools

This section offers detailed information about the different parameters
and equations being used in the research. The background for creating the
equations and their explanations will also be a part of this section.

GLOSSARY

Also called a subject index, the glossary is an alphabetical list of

technical terms defining the meaning of uncommon, difficult words used
throughout the text. It is not mandatory; rather, it is up to the discretion of
the author/researcher to include a glossary at the end of his/her work.
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

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PART 4:

RESEARCH FOR PUBLICATIONS

This section discusses the methodological approach to writing papers

specifically for conferences, journals, and such like. Sometimes
publications are not accepted by conferences or journals, even if they are
dealing with important research problems. This is mainly due to their lack
of academic language. New researchers need to understand the difference
between standard written English and the formal academic English used
specifically for writing projects, presentations, theses, and dissertations.
Additionally, there are many differences between writing a conference
paper as opposed to writing an article for a journal. Writing style can also
vary with respect to the methodology being used for the research question.
This part outlines the differences between writing a journal article, a
conference paper, an editorial book/book chapter, and a book. It also
includes the necessary guidelines on writing books, adding pointers for
presentation.
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

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permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

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PART 4:

RESEARCH FOR PUBLICATIONS

This section includes guidelines on constructing the layout of a research

publication, and some basic tips on writing conference papers, journal
papers, editorial books/book chapters, and books.

4.1 Special features of a conference

x Conference web site: Researchers can find detailed information about
the Call for Papers (CFP), organizing committee, sponsor(s),
conference venue or location, submission guidelines, registration
process, program schedule, names of keynote speakers, and other
relevant information regarding travel and accommodation on the
conference website. For better understanding, a sample CFP is
included in Appendix A.

x Conference proceedings: These can take two formats, i.e., book

format and CD format. The conference book consists of the title of the
paper with the authors’ names and affiliations, abstract of the paper,
abstract of the keynote speech, biography of the keynote speakers,
names of the organizing committee members, and information about
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

different session and session chairs, etc. Some of the conference

proceedings carry the ISBN number (IEEE, INFORMS, CAAL, ACM,
etc.) which signifies an outstanding conference. The CD format
contains all of the above, as well as the full paper format. Generally,
conference proceedings are published on the eve of the conference.

x Abstract/initial paper submission: Abstracts have to be prepared

according to the word limit outlined on the conference website.
Generally, there is a page limit in addition to the word limit for the full
conference paper. However, some conferences also have a word limit
for the paper itself.

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x Review process: Organizing committee members form the technical

committee as well as the track chairs, who usually have international
expertise in their respective areas. All technical committee members
are reviewers, but reviewers may also be selected from outside the
technical committee. Usually reviewers are assigned by the organizing
committee members based on criteria such as the number of articles
published, expertise in the international arena, and publications in
recognized international journals.
After submission of the initial paper, the reviewers will examine
the full paper/abstract and will grade it accordingly. They notify the
authors of its acceptance if the paper/abstract matches the overall
criteria, such as quality of research, structure, contents, and its practical
implication. There are four or five grades of acceptance:

Grade A: signifies that the quality of the study is excellent and it can
be accepted as it stands. Some minor modifications may be required if
deemed necessary. This level indicates the highest standard in terms of
quality and it is given only if the referee is very sure about the standard
of the paper.

Grade B: denotes that the paper is acceptable. Minor improvements

need to be carried out in terms of organization, language, literature
review etc.

Grade C: indicates that the paper may be accepted after careful

revision and improvements in several different aspects, as deemed
necessary by the reviewer.

Grade D: means that the paper needs a major revision before

permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

acceptance can be considered. The reasons may include invalid

research instruments, not enough substantial papers reviewed,
insufficient explanation of the originality of the concept, or validity of
findings, incomplete literature review, or low number of respondents
with respect to the topic.

Grade F: signifies that the paper should not be accepted. Some of the
reasons may include:
x The paper is published elsewhere; this is a very serious offence.
x Plagiarism: most of the contents are copied from different
sources.

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x Insignificant findings: there are no new findings, implying no

contribution to the title.
x A researcher’s lack of experience may lead to inappropriate
presentation, e.g., improper structure of the paper.

x Author notification: Authors are notified based on an acceptance

grade. According to their grade, the author should modify the
manuscript.

x Final manuscript: The edited/final manuscript (camera-ready

version) has to be submitted via mail or e-mail within the due date.

x ISBN: Although the ISBN (International Standard Book Number) is

not mandatory for conference books, any conference proceeding with
an ISBN signifies a higher quality of paper.

x Registration fee: Usually this takes the form of the early-bird

registration and late registration fees, with or without paper for the
attendants. Different conferences have different scales of registration
fees depending on membership, professional status (such as a
student), etc.

4.1.1 Call for paper (CFP)

According to the chosen topic of study, any researcher may find the CFP
from internet sources [8], [14].
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

Contents of a CFP
x Scope of the conference: There are usually many topics highlighted for
a researcher in this section. They are not binding, merely a suggestive
guideline for the researcher.

x Sponsors/organizers: It is important to vet the sponsors and organizers

of the conference to ensure its quality. For example, any conference
sponsored by IEEE, INFORMS, ACI, etc. is considered high quality.

x Format: Prescribed formats are required for the conference paper and
should be followed by the researcher. Columns, spacing, fonts, font
size, and style of references are mentioned in the format section. IEEE
conferences prefer the double-column format while some conferences
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prefer single-column format. Usually a template with the necessary

instructions is given on the conference website, which can then be
downloaded and used as a point of reference.

x Submission dates/deadline: One of the most important things to

consider in a CFP is the submission deadline. It needs to be strictly
observed. Usually, a timeline is provided including the dates for
abstract submission, review result, and final paper (camera-ready)
submission.

x Submission method: The submission method depends on the

conference; it may be an online submission on the conference website,
or an e-mail.

4.1.2 How to write a Conference Paper

The minimum required contents of a conference paper would include:

a. Abstract: This is a concise summary of the main article which serves

the purpose of providing a brief overview at a glance to its readers. It
starts with a description of the type of study on which the paper is
based, such as exploratory, descriptive, or causal. Whether the paper is
an original work or case study, the main purpose of the research, the
type of method followed during the research work, findings of the
research, and its overall implications in terms of research or practical
contributions, are included in the abstract.

b. Keywords: Five to seven keywords are mentioned by the author in a

permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

research article. Keywords help in searching for a particular type of

article from different databases.

c. Introduction: Background, objectives, significance, and scope of the

study could be included in the introduction. The basic idea or
information, which plays a key role in initiating a particular research
effort, forms the basis of the introduction. The objectives are the
specific outputs which lead the researcher(s) to achieve the main
purpose of the study. The significance of the study represents the
originality and importance of the main concept/idea, which explains
the author’s effort in terms of research contribution. The scope of the
study clarifies the focus of the research topic within an area of study.
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Limitations – imposed by time, budget constraints, and research design

– should also be included in the scope. Finally, this section defines the
sequence of the rest of the sections in the paper, or the hierarchy of the
paper.

d. Literature review: This is important because it shows what previous

researchers have discovered. It is usually quite long and primarily
depends upon how much research has previously been done in the area
under investigation. If an author is planning to explore a relatively new
area, the literature review should cite similar areas of study or studies
that lead up to the current research.

e. Methodology: This is the most important part of a conference paper;

however, the methodology of an article determines the anatomy of the
research. This section encompasses the type of data used, i.e., primary
or secondary, and outlines the research instrument, e.g., survey
questionnaire, laboratory experiment and in-depth interview etc.
Different types of tools, such as statistical packages like Statistical
Package for Social Science (SPSS), Analysis of Moment Structure
(AMOS), Linear Structural Relation (LISREL), simulations through
software, graphic designing software, and others such as MS Project,
MS Visio, are used depending on the requirement and type of data to
be interpreted and presented.
In this section, the type of variable, either dependent or independent,
also has to be mentioned in case a conceptual model already exists or if
the researcher is attempting to propose a new model for the desired
topic.

f. Discussion/data analysis: The type of data analysis is dependent on

permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

the type of methodology used by the author. If the research is based on

secondary data, the emphasis is on the discussion around the findings
and output of the research. On the other hand, if a research uses
primary data, its manipulation is done through different tools as
already described above. Research analysis is done through descriptive
analysis and/or inferential analysis.
x Descriptive analysis: is based on the percentages, frequencies,
mean, standard deviations, and variance.
x Inferential analysis: occurs for hypothesis testing. This analysis
includes Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique through
AMOS/LISREL, etc. SEM consists of a general linear model and
common factor analysis (CFA).
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g. Research findings: Findings will be developed in terms of statistical

analysis (for demographic and hypothesis testing), simulation
(optimization), modeling (Structural Equation Modeling, MATLAB),
or reviewing the previous researches.

h. Conclusions: The conclusion consists of the summary of the whole

paper and therefore constitutes findings, recommendations, further
study, and significance of the research work for practical implications
in the future.

i. References: An author has to use the APA style, number reference

style, or prescribed reference style mentioned in the conference
template.

4.2 Special features of a journal

x Editorial-board members: The editor-in-chief, appointed by the
publisher, selects the editorial-board members – the reviewers chosen
for their international expertise in the relevant areas. Traditionally, any
researcher may be nominated as a reviewer, based on their number of
international publications (at least five). To become an editorial-board
member or editor-in-chief of a journal, a researcher should have at
least ten, for the former, or twenty, for the latter, international research
publications.

x ISSN (International Serial Standard Number): To be considered a

reputed journal, an ISSN is mandatory. Two types of ISSN are
designated for a journal; one is for a book version and the other is for
an online version.
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

x Index of the Journal: Indexing a journal enhances its quality. Indexed

journals are considered to be of higher scientific value compared to
non-indexed journals. There are some popular indexes, particularly
SCI (Science Citation Index), SSCI (Social Sciences Citation Index),
A&HCI (Arts & Humanities Citation Index), Ei (Engineering Index),
Compendex, Thomson ISI/ISTP (Index to Scientific and Technical
Proceedings), Scopus, etc..

x Impact factor: Journal Impact Factor comes from the Journal Citation
Report (JCR), a product of Thomson ISI (Institute for Scientific
Information). JCR provides quantitative tools for evaluating journals.
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The impact factor is a measure of the frequency with which the

“average article” in a journal has been cited in a given period of time.
The impact factor for a journal is calculated based on a three-year
period, and can be considered to be the average number of times that a
published paper is cited up to two years after publication. For example,
the impact factor 2012 for a journal would be calculated as follows:
A = the number of times articles published in 2010–11 were cited
in indexed journals during 2012; B = the number of articles, reviews,
proceedings, or notes published in 2010–11. Impact factor 2012 = A/B.
(Note that the impact factor 2011 will be actually published in 2012,
because it could not be calculated until all of the 2011 publications had
been received. Impact factor 2012 will be published in 2013.)

4.2.1 Contents of a journal

CFP
The contents of a journal are very similar to the CFP of a conference. In
addition, a mission statement, the index of the journal, ISSN, editor-in-
chief, editorial board members, and impact factor etc. are mentioned.

4.2.2 How to write a Journal Paper

A journal paper, at the very least, consists of an abstract, introduction,
literature review, methodology, data analysis/discussion, research
findings, conclusions, and references. These points are more or less the
same as the conference paper; however, a journal paper deserves more
explanatory analysis, findings evolved from detailed investigation, and
more references should be included.
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

x Journals are published periodically; different issues are published on a

periodic basis such as twice or thrice a year. For example, volume 3,
number 1, means the first issue of the third year. Similarly, volume 3,
number 2, indicates the second issue of the third year of publication.

x A new concept in journal publication is becoming more popular in

recent years: the open access journal. Articles in the open access
journal are accessed by all. These are a very effective research tool for
new researchers, especially for those from developing countries.

x The idea behind the paper can be submitted either in abstract form or
as the initial paper, depending on the instructions of the publishers
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according to the prescribed submission procedure, which can be either

through e-mail or the journal website. Authors submit the final
manuscript once it has been edited, based on the comments of the
reviewers.

x Due to the specializations of the editorial-board members, as well as of

the editor-in-chief, in their respective areas, decisions taken by them
are deemed to be final, in terms of accepting or rejecting a paper
according to the comments of the reviewers.

4.3 Differences between a conference paper

and a journal paper
x Page limitation: Most journals do not have any page limitation, unlike
conference papers, implying that journals are more detailed. Hence,
journals are more elaborate and conference papers are more concise in
nature.

x Presentation: It is mandatory for authors to present their conference

papers, whereas submission of the written paper is the only
requirement of a journal.

x Follow-up discussion: A conference is a platform for the participants

to interact and share knowledge and ideas with other international
academic researchers and practitioners of different areas. This
opportunity is not possible in the case of a journal. Such follow-up
discussions create further development opportunities for the
researchers in terms of collaborative research, multidisciplinary
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

research, and research based on international perspectives.

x Submission procedure: Both conference and journal paper submission

is similar.

x International Standard Number: It is not necessary for conference

books/proceedings to have an International Standard Number, for
example, an ISBN. On the other hand, it is compulsory to have such a
number for journals, like an ISSN.

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4.4 How to write an Editorial Book

An editorial book, consisting of various chapters written by different
authors under a specific title, is compiled as a book. The editor may be
selected initially by the publisher, according to his/her specialization on
the subject. Sometimes editors are selected from among the chapters’
authors (generally, an editor has to be the author of more than twenty
international research papers).
Based on the researcher’s profile, the publisher or editor invites the
authors to write the respective chapters. The ISBN ensures the
international standard of the book. As many authors are involved in
publishing this kind of book, it generally takes one year or more to
accomplish an editorial book. In fact, each chapter of an editorial book is
similar to a journal paper. In addition, a preface that consists of an
overview of the different chapters of the book, acknowledgments, table of
contents, and cover (front/back) design are also accompanied with the
book.
Nowadays, editorial books are very common due to accessibility and
convenience for the authors as well as publishers. Open access publishers,
particularly InTech (Croatia), and Exceling Tech (UK), promote these
types of books.

4.5 How to write a Book

A book is one in which all the contents, i.e., all chapters and parts of
the book, are written by one or more authors. The concept of such a book
is different from that of an editorial book, where many authors contribute
different chapters.
International publishers invite internationally renowned researchers,
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

who are specialized in their own individual areas, to contribute to an

editorial book based on a specific topic. If an author has had previous
experience with editorial books, or the publication of book chapters,
he/she may receive an invitation from a publisher to write a sole-author
book. The ISBN is also mandatory for such books.
The first chapter is usually introductory and the last chapter presents
the conclusion, whereas other chapters contain the in-depth analysis on the
chosen subject of the book. The preface outlines the overview of the book,
and is followed by acknowledgments, and the table of contents. The cover
(both front and back) designs also accompany the contents of a book.
Various publishers, namely Lambert Academic Publishing (Germany),
Cambridge Scholars Publishing (UK), Excel (India), Sage Publications
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(UK/USA), McGraw-Hill (USA), and Wiley (USA) are producing books

authored by experts.
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

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PART 5:

CHALLENGES OF SCHOLARLY RESEARCH

This part of the book discusses the challenges presented by scholarly

research. These challenges differ from each other, during the different
stages of a research project.
The first section demonstrates the challenges which arise in the
identification of the research problem, thus leading to the formation of the
research question. These challenges then change, affecting other aspects of
the study. Consequently, this section endeavors to identify these problems
and formulate some solutions.
Some common challenges encountered during the publishing of
research papers, their impact and resolution, are also discussed in the
following section.
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PART 5:

CHALLENGES OF SCHOLARLY RESEARCH

Over the following pages, the various challenges encountered by

academics while carrying out research, as well as those which arise from
preparing a manuscript based on scholarly research, are identified.

5.1 Challenges to carrying out a research paper

There are some constraints involved on conducting a piece of scientific
research. Some of the challenges and their corresponding impacts and
solutions are mentioned below:

x The first challenge for a scientific researcher is identification of the

research problem, which then leads to the formulation of the research
question. This question forms the basis for the whole research and
dictates its desirability, the methodology to be employed, the
appropriateness of the method, and its significance to the field of the
study. Formulating the question involves defining an objective,
justifying its relevance, identifying any existing work on the subject,
its contemporary or future significance, and availability of and access
to required data.
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x The next challenge for the researcher is to develop the hypothesis

(whether null or alternate hypothesis) by identifying the most
appropriate method to explore the research question and to justify the
method’s applicability to the particular research problem.

x The hypothesis has to be outlined, and this poses a critical set of

challenges for the researcher. Appropriate setting of the hypothesis
provides a foundation to the whole research endeavor and hence it is
pivotal.

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x Furthermore, the researcher needs to collect and investigate the data

for the research. This includes decisions regarding what type of data
should be used (either primary or secondary data), identification of
possible data sources, access to those sources, and their applicability to
the particular research question.

x The time required for the proper execution of the research is also
another challenge for a researcher. Time dictates funding, applicability,
data availability, pertinence, and the expertise of the researcher which
inherently influences the research itself.

x Statistical analysis is vital and data collected through survey, which

represents primary data, would be analyzed by various types of
statistical tools. Nevertheless, knowledge of statistical tools, as well as
tool selection, is a challenge for the researcher.

x Access to previous research and pertinent resources is also a major

issue for the researcher. The quality of research and its results are
deeply affected by the number and quality of resources that a
researcher utilizes.

x The findings of a research paper may not always turn out to be

congruent with the original hypothesis, thereby creating a challenge for
the researcher, especially in the case of funded research.

x The findings of a research project sometimes include limitations and

suggestions for further research; therefore, it is also challenging for the
researcher to identify those that would be beneficial for prospective
researchers.
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x Securing funding for research is also very important for any researcher
as it makes it easier to pursue knowledge for its own sake.

x The reference work required to carry out an excellent piece of research

is massive in nature. In such cases, organization of the resources used,
and their proper attribution, can become a significant problem for the
researcher.

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5.2 Challenges to publishing a research paper

The challenges encountered when publishing research papers encompass
those involved in conducting research, as well as including the following:

x A very important challenge, especially for a new researcher, is to find

the topic of research. As the topic should be fairly original and have
ample research scope, this can often cause the researcher to
procrastinate over the research preparation.

x An abstract is the most important part of a research paper. An abstract

gives a bird’s eye view of the whole paper. Hence, it is of great
importance that it should be prepared with utmost care so that it
properly encapsulates the whole research effort. However, it must be
written after the whole paper is completed.

x Research papers are formal in nature. Therefore, the use of proper

academic language is of extreme importance, especially in the case of
stating the limitations of the research. Using indirect speech and
maintaining formal writing is essential.

x Research papers have a very structured pattern. This is done in order to

keep them uniform in nature and also to give them an organized
appearance. This might pose a challenge, especially if the researcher
intends to organize findings in a pre-determined format.

x Interpreting data using alternative tools and/or statistical language, etc.

can be quite multifaceted. The researcher should have the knowledge
and expertise to process the statistical analysis into descriptive
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implications to formulate the findings in terms of academic language.

x Identifying the findings and their congruency with the hypothesis

would be another challenge. However, the hypothesis would have
evolved from the research problem. The findings determine the
contribution of the research effort to the field of study. Hence, it is
important to mention the significance of the research problem through
the findings.

x References vary and belong to different categories and they can be

very difficult to record. As there are a number of reference styles being
used all over the world, it is essential for the researcher to carefully
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write the references, as well as in-text citations, according to the

prescribed format.

x The timeframe for submitting the paper is another factor which might
pose some difficulty for many academic researchers. Usually, for
conference and journal papers, it is important to follow a deadline in
order to be able to get the research paper published in the desired
journal or in the conference proceedings. Submitting the full paper, and
consequently the final manuscript (camera-ready paper), according to
the deadlines, can be a common constraint.

Scholarly research is a unique and innovative work by a researcher;

therefore, challenges are a normal part of pursuing a research work.
However, it is possible to overcome the above-mentioned challenges
through self-motivation, dedication, ethical knowledge in the field of
research, discussions with experts around problem identification, and
exercising patience during the gathering of research. Authors also face the
further challenge of publishing quality research papers with high-impact
findings. Such a challenge, however, would come up at a later stage.
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PART 6:

CONCLUSIONS

This final part of the book includes a synopsis of all the relevant
information, contained in previous chapters, to scholarly research. After
reviewing this section, an academic researcher should be able to
understand research methodology, its necessity in formulating a strong
framework for research, the differences between various types of research,
the methods used to present different types of research, and the relevance
of good research techniques for any chosen field. This section should
encourage the academic researcher to briefly review the various parts of
the book.
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PART 6:

CONCLUSIONS

This book has been written to help new academic researchers to

publish quality research works, such as conference papers, journal papers,
editorial books, and books. This work will also help to clarify the
systematic process of overall research, as well as the techniques and tools
used to write different types of research articles for those conducting
research-related activities.
The subject matter is covered in five chapters, namely, An Introduction
to Research, Research Steps, Academic Project Writing, Research for
Publication, and Challenges to Scholarly Research. A synopsis of each
part is outlined below.

Part 1: An Introduction to Research

In this chapter, the reader is introduced to the concept of research, its
different types, and the intention behind the research. It not only defines
research, but also discusses it in detail. This section of the book is very
important in that it differentiates proper academic research, free from
plagiarism, from unprofessional research. It includes descriptions,
applicability, and relevance, also covering its types, methodology, and
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importance.
For a researcher it is crucial to understand the various kinds of research
currently in use. Hence, the types, their use, and their application have
been brought to the attention of prospective researchers.
Another important perspective for the novice researcher is to
differentiate, not only the types of research, but also the different types of
research publications, particularly conference papers, journal papers, book
chapters and books. All of these publications vary in nature and, hence, all
of them need to be treated in a way which is relevant to their domain.
In our ever-changing global world, it is very important for researchers
to come up with relevant and significant research areas. For this to happen,
a researcher first needs to understand the importance of research practices.

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Part 2: Research Steps

This section describes the research process and its various steps. These
include formulating the problem, designing the research, data collection,
data processing, analysis of the collected data, and a statement of the
findings, and using these steps to compile conclusive results.
While carrying out research, there are five identifiable steps which
should be taken into consideration by the researcher. The importance and
relevance of each step is explained, making it easily understandable for the
researcher to put them into effect.
Research instruments play a vital role in a research endeavor. Hence,
those instruments which are most widely used all over the world have
been described, accompanied by examples. This will help the researchers
decide upon the type of instruments necessary for their own publications.
Designing questionnaires can also be a dilemma for novice researchers.
Hence, guidelines for making easy and relevant questionnaires have also
been provided. Several important points have to be considered when
drawing up questionnaires, such as question relevance and accuracy,
avoiding bias, phrasing questions, question-asking techniques, etc. All of
these have been covered in this section. Moreover, some do’s and don’ts
have also been added, and data-collection techniques are discussed. Data
processing, the use of statistical tools, and statistical terms and definitions
are also explained in the later pages of this section.

Part 3: Academic Project Writing

This chapter focuses on the writing of academic research projects. In
academic writing, the formulation of the research proposal is of utmost
importance. A research proposal has a specific format which should be
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maintained and followed accordingly. The structure of a research proposal

is an important feature of this chapter. Along with the proposal, the format
used for carrying out an academic research report is also provided.
The later part of this section discusses the different components of a
research report and provides guidelines on writing each one of them,
namely, generalities of the report; literature review; research framework;
research methodology; presentation of data and critical discussion of
results; summary, conclusion, and recommendations; and, at the end, the
bibliography and the appendices. This is the main part of the book and all
the above topics are written in an easily comprehensive way. Therefore,
those new to the field of research will not only understand them, but by
following them, will be able to write their own academic projects.
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Part 4: Research for Publications

This section starts with the categorization of exploratory research, and
then guides the novice researcher on how to write a conference paper. It
discusses the topics which a research paper should cover and also how to
write each one of them.
A Call for Paper (CFP) is an opportunity which allows the researcher
to initiate or continue their research efforts in a particular direction. Also,
this part helps the new researcher understand the participation guidelines
for a conference. How to write a CFP, how best to negotiate the intricacies
of a conference, and what to expect regarding the different levels of
acceptance of a research paper, are some of the key features of this
section.
This leads to a discussion on guidelines concerning writing a journal
paper. Similar to conference papers, journal papers are explained in depth.
It is important to understand that the CFP of a conference paper and a
journal paper differ in content and a standard format for both is provided
in this section.
Apart from the CFP, the basic nature and content of a conference paper
and journal paper also differ. Consequently, a comparison of both is
provided to give the readers a broad understanding, as well as allowing
them to choose the format which is most relevant for their chosen subject
area. This section finishes with some guidelines and explanations on
writing various chapters of editorial books and sole-authored books.

Part 5: Challenges to Research

In this final part of the book, some of the challenges that a scholarly
researcher may face in the pursuit of knowledge are identified and briefly
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explained. These challenges can be encountered at any stage of the

research project. They can include deciding on a research topic, choosing
the proper statistical tool, interpreting data, writing the report in formal
(academic) language, and using references accurately. This section also
demonstrates the challenges academic researchers encounter when writing
research papers.
The rule of thumb is not to become overwhelmed by these challenges.
They will, over time, become less significant and their intensity will also
decrease once researchers become more experienced.
This book has been written with academic researchers in mind,
especially new prospective researchers, who have a keen interest in
carrying out research and preparing their papers based on their scholarly
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work. Undoubtedly, from this perspective, the book would be helpful to

academic researchers, PhD scholars, and faculty members, among others.
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APPENDIX A

SAMPLE OF CALL FOR PAPERS (CFP)

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A.1 Call for Papers of IEEE International Conference

on Industrial Engineering and Engineering Management
(IEEM 2013)
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A.2 Call for Papers of International Journal of Supply

Chain Management (IJSCM)
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A.2 Call for Papers of International Journal of Supply

Chain Management (IJSCM) [Continued]
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APPENDIX B

SAMPLE OF A CONFERENCE PAPER

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2012 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Engineering and

Engineering Management (IEEM) [16]

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APPENDIX C

SAMPLE OF A JOURNAL PAPER

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International Journal of Engineering Business Management (IJEBM) [17]

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AN: 871029 ; Habib, Mamun, Maryam, Hafsa, Pathik, Bishwajit Banik.; Research Methodology -- Contemporary
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 108 Appendix C
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EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/24/2020 10:01 PM via UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD
AN: 871029 ; Habib, Mamun, Maryam, Hafsa, Pathik, Bishwajit Banik.; Research Methodology -- Contemporary
Practices : Guidelines for Academic Researchers
Account: ns145102
 Research Methodology - Contemporary Practices 109
Copyright © 2014. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/24/2020 10:01 PM via UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD
AN: 871029 ; Habib, Mamun, Maryam, Hafsa, Pathik, Bishwajit Banik.; Research Methodology -- Contemporary
Practices : Guidelines for Academic Researchers
Account: ns145102
 110 Appendix C
Copyright © 2014. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/24/2020 10:01 PM via UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD
AN: 871029 ; Habib, Mamun, Maryam, Hafsa, Pathik, Bishwajit Banik.; Research Methodology -- Contemporary
Practices : Guidelines for Academic Researchers
Account: ns145102
 Research Methodology - Contemporary Practices 111
Copyright © 2014. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. All rights reserved. May not be reproduced in any form without permission from the publisher, except fair uses
permitted under U.S. or applicable copyright law.

EBSCO Publishing : eBook Academic Collection (EBSCOhost) - printed on 7/24/2020 10:01 PM via UNIVERSIDAD
NACIONAL ABIERTA Y A DISTANCIA - UNAD
AN: 871029 ; Habib, Mamun, Maryam, Hafsa, Pathik, Bishwajit Banik.; Research Methodology -- Contemporary
Practices : Guidelines for Academic Researchers
Account: ns145102