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    Pediatric Pharmacotherapy8

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    DrNoor MD Mohsen
    This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including: 1) ASDs are a subset of pervasive developmental disorders that involve impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. The most common ASD is autistic disorder. 2) Autism was first described in 1943 and involves withdrawal, lack of social awareness, avoidance of eye contact, limited language skills, and preference for sameness. The causes are believed to be neurobiological. 3) The prevalence of ASDs is estimated to be 1-2% but has increased due to greater awareness and changes to diagnostic criteria.

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    Pediatric Pharmacotherapy8

    Uploaded by

    DrNoor MD Mohsen
    33 views1 page
    This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including: 1) ASDs are a subset of pervasive developmental disorders that involve impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. The most common ASD is autistic disorder. 2) Autism was first described in 1943 and involves withdrawal, lack of social awareness, avoidance of eye contact, limited language skills, and preference for sameness. The causes are believed to be neurobiological. 3) The prevalence of ASDs is estimated to be 1-2% but has increased due to greater awareness and changes to diagnostic criteria.

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    PEDIATRIC PHARMACOTHERAPY8

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    This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including: 1) ASDs are a subset of pervasive developmental disorders that involve impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. The most common ASD is autistic disorder. 2) Autism was first described in 1943 and involves withdrawal, lack of social awareness, avoidance of eye contact, limited language skills, and preference for sameness. The causes are believed to be neurobiological. 3) The prevalence of ASDs is estimated to be 1-2% but has increased due to greater awareness and changes to diagnostic criteria.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as pdf or txt
    33 views1 page

    Pediatric Pharmacotherapy8

    Uploaded by

    DrNoor MD Mohsen
    This document provides an overview of autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), including: 1) ASDs are a subset of pervasive developmental disorders that involve impairments in social interaction, communication, and repetitive behaviors. The most common ASD is autistic disorder. 2) Autism was first described in 1943 and involves withdrawal, lack of social awareness, avoidance of eye contact, limited language skills, and preference for sameness. The causes are believed to be neurobiological. 3) The prevalence of ASDs is estimated to be 1-2% but has increased due to greater awareness and changes to diagnostic criteria.

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    CHAPTER 28

    AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDERS Jose A. Rey, Pharm.D., M.S., BCPP

    otherwise specified (PDD-NOS) (Reference 1). Autism


    LEARNING OBJECTIVES spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a subset of PDDs that
    1. Explain the clinical presentation and diagnostic include autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, and PDD-
    criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD). NOS (see Figure 1). This chapter will focus on autistic
    2. Discuss the application and efficacy of disorder as the predominant ASD.
    pharmacotherapeutic interventions for symptom- In 1943, Dr. Kanner described children who with-
    specific treatment and the limitations of drew, disregarded people, avoided eye contact, lacked
    pharmacotherapy in ASD. social awareness, had limited language, displayed ste-
    3. Recommend and monitor pharmacotherapy for reotyped motor movements, and showed a preservation
    ASD for therapeutic outcomes and adverse drug of sameness as having a disorder called early infantile
    effects, together with considerations of possible autism (References 2, 3). At the time, Dr. Kanner pro-
    comorbid conditions. posed that autism resulted from an inborn inability to
    form loving relationships with other people and de-
    ABBREVIATIONS IN THIS CHAPTER scribed the parents of these children as cold and de-
    tached. Today, although the general behavioral descrip-
    ABC-I Aberrant Behavior Checklist— tion of the disorder has not changed significantly, the
    Irritability subscale proposed causes of autism are now believed to be more
    ADHD Attention-deficit/hyperactivity neurobiologic in etiology, though they are still not de-
    disorder finitively known (Reference 3).
    ASD Autism spectrum disorder The most significant clinical features of a child with
    CARS Childhood Autism Rating Scale
    an ASD often include qualitative impairments in the
    CGI Clinical Global Impression Scale
    major domains of (1) social interaction or reciprocity,
    DSM Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
    (2) communication and language, and (3) repetitive,
    for Mental Disorders
    restricted, or stereotypic behaviors. Other problematic
    EPS Extrapyramidal symptoms
    IDEA Individuals with Disabilities and maladaptive behaviors that may prompt the use
    Education Act of pharmacotherapy include irritability, tantrums, ag-
    OCD Obsessive-compulsive disorder gression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity symptoms
    PANDAS Pediatric autoimmune neuro- (Reference 1).
    psychiatric disorders associated
    with streptococcal infection EPIDEMIOLOGY
    PDD Pervasive developmental disorder
    PDD-NOS Pervasive developmental disorder– The prevalence of ASDs has been a matter of debate in
    not otherwise specified recent years. Some estimate the numbers to be 1 or 2
    SSRI Selective serotonin reuptake per 1000, whereas other reports estimate the prevalence
    inhibitor to be as high as 1 or 2 per 100 (References 4–12). The
    average is reported to be 6 or 7 per 1000 children for
    the three ASDs combined (Reference 8). It is thought
    that the increased prevalence of ASDs is because of the
    INTRODUCTION increase in awareness through media coverage and the
    Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) often present application of diagnostic criteria (Reference 8). Crite-
    considerable problems and challenges for patients, fami- ria for infantile autism were provided in the DSM-III,
    lies, caregivers, and health care providers. The five PDDs but the criteria have changed through the years, which
    recognized in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for may have affected how the disorder is identified. An-
    Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR) are Asperger’s disorder, other event that may have affected the diagnosis rate of
    autistic disorder, childhood disintegrative disorder, Rett’s ASDs is the passage of the Individuals with Disabilities
    disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder-not Education Act (IDEA) in 1990 (Reference 8). With

    Autism Spectrum Disorders ƒ Rey ƒ 409

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