ASSIGNMENT IV

SHALLOW FOUNDATION DESIGN

1. A soil investigation is being planned for concrete building 25m x 61m in plan and five
stories high. Determine the dimensions of the exploration area and depth of
exploration. Assume the floor loads are given as 8.4kN/m 2 for each floor and 7.2kN/m2
for the roof and the unit weight of soil is 16kN/m3.
Given
Structure dimensions =26m x 61m
Five stores high
Floor load each =8.4kN/m2
Roof load =7.2kN/m2
Unit weight of soil (soil) = 16kN/m3
Required
Depth of exploration
Area of exploration
Solution
q tota =5× 8. 4 kN /m 2 + 7. 2 kN /m 2 =49 . 20 kN / m 2
l
Step 1:-Calculate depth of D1 at which
1 1
Δσ ' D 1 = q= ×49 . 2=4 . 92 kN /m2
10 10
The following figure showing the distribution of stress under the structure at depth
(D1)
Load ( P )=σ× A=49 . 2×26×61=78,000 kN

78,000kN

61m 26m D1

26 +D1
61+D1

The increment of vertical stress (’) at depth D1 calculated as follow

 4
P 7 . 8×10
Δσ ' D 1 = = kPa
A ( 61+ D1 )( 26+D 1 )
1
Δσ '= q
At D1  10
1 7 . 8×10 4
⇒ q= =4 . 92
10 ( 61+ D1 )( 26+ D1 )
D1 =83 .62 m
Step 2 Calculate depth of D2 at which

Δσ '
=0. 05
σ 'o
The effective stress (’o) at depth D2 is
σ ' o, D =( γ sat −γ w ) ¿ D 2 =( 16−10 )×D 2 =6 D 2
2

The increment of vertical stress (’) at depth D2 calculated as follow

P 7 . 8×10 4
Δσ ' D = = kPa
2 A ( 61+ D2 )( 26+ D2)
Δσ '
=0. 05
At D2 
σ ' o
4
7 .8×10
=0. 05×6 D2
( 61+ D2 )( 26 + D2 )
D2 =39. 50m
Assume the lower face of the foundation to bedrock to the depth ( D3) is large

Choose the smaller of the three depths, (D 1, D2, and D3), just determined is the approximate
required minimum depth of boring.

The value of D is D2

∴ Depth of exploration ( D )=39. 50m

Area of exploration can be calculated as
2
A=( 61+ D 2 )( 26 + D 2 ) =( 61+39 .5 )( 26+39 . 5 )=6,582 .75 m

2. A 3.5m x 3.5m square footing supporting 800kN column is to be constructed in an

urban setting in a soil mass with cohesion C=40kN/m2 and internal angle of friction
ϕ=23o , unit weightγ =16 kN /m 3.A nearby building has a shallow foundation with same
proportions at a depth of 1.5m supporting similar 800kN column loads. What should be
the maximum depth that can be excavated below the existing footing without causing
lateral earth flow? Use factor of safety 1.5.

2
Given

New footing
Zf

Existing footing

New footing Existing footing

Dimension 3.5mx3.5m depth = 1.50m

P=800kN P=800kN

C=40kN/m2

=230

=16kN/m3

F.S=1.50

Required

Maximum depth that can be excavated below the existing footing without causing lateral earth flow
(Zf)

Solution
2C qo
Zf= −
F . S×γ ×√ K F . S×γ
0
Φ 0 23
( ) (
K=tan 45+ =tan 45 +
2 2
=1. 51 )
P 800 kN
q o= = =65 .30 kN /m2
A 3 .5×3 .5 m 2

2C qo 2×40 65. 3
Zf= − = − =8 . 2 m
F . S×γ×√ K F . S×γ 1 .5×16×√ 1 . 51 1 .5×16
3. For different columns of a building, it is proposed to provide isolated square footings
for each column transferring vertical loads to the foundation. It is assumed that the
foundation is relatively rigid and elastic half space solutions are to be used for

3
 immediate settlement computations. Find the dimension of footing for the following
two cases where foundation depth is fixed .Consider both immediate and long term
loading Conditions. Check for serviceability limit state. N.B. Use Janbu’s method to
calculate immediate settlement in saturated clay and Terzaghi’s bearing capacity
equation for qult. Factor of safety 3.0.

a) Using the bearing capacity formula

Cohesionless soils are always tested in a consolidated-drained condition so that effective
stress(’) values are obtained

We use an effective stress analysis because the underlying soils were sands, so

drained conditions could be expected immediately after construction. However, if

the underlying soils are clays, undrained conditions will prevail. The excess pare

water pressures will be positive because the weight of the levee increases the

normal stresses. Therefore, we need to evaluate this problem using the pre-

construction shear strength, which is the undrained shear Strength, Su·

Shear Strength under Undrained Conditions with Positive Excess Pore Water

Pressures

The rate of construction for most projects is faster than the rate of drainage in

saturated clays and silts, so undrained conditions prevail during and immediately

after construction. If the new construction causes an increase in the normal stress,

then the excess pore water pressures will be positive. This is the most common of

the three cases. Examples include the construction and loading of structural

foundations and the construction of embankments.

4
 If the soíl is truly saturated and truly undrained, then  r= O (even though ' > 0)

because newly applied loads are carried entirely by the pore water and do not

change '.
i) Initial loading condition(Undrained condition, =0), Vesic, Hansen, IS code

These soils are clayey, so negative excess pore water pressures will be

present at point A immediately after construction. Therefore, the short-

term stability should be assessed using an undrained total stress analysis.

Undrained condition occurs in cohesive soils (clays and plastic silts)

• In the Initial loading condition, This situation corresponds to

the quick or un-drained test condition of the triaxial test.

• The soil parameters are designated by Фu and Cu –in most cases Фu=0

The bearing capacity coefficient would have the values

The bearing capacity coefficient would have the values

5
 For saturated clays with φ = 0 and a vertical loading condition
N c=π +2=5. 14; N q =1; Nγ =0
σ ult =N c Cu S c d c i c +qN q S q d q i q= 5.14Cu Sc d c i c + γD f Sq d q i q
Cohesion factor, Nc
Overburden factor, Nq
Body weight factor, Nγ

Shape factors

B Nq 1 B
S c =1+ =1+ =1 . 2 , Sq = 1+ tan Φ=1
L Nc 5. 14 L

Depth factors

Df 0 .8 D
(
d c = 1+0 . 4×
B )
=1+
B
, dq = 1+2 tanφ ( 1−sin φ )2 f =1
B

Load inclination factors

2
α
( ) =1
i c = 1-
90
, iq = 1

Hence

σ ult = 5 . 14×50×1 .2×( 1+0 . 8/ B )×1+ 20×3×1×1×1 = ( 308. 4+ 246 . 72/B +60 )

A ult = P F.S

P×F . S 1500×3
A= = =B2
σ ult 368 . 4 +246 .72/ B

368.4 B2 +246.72B – 4,500 = 0

The dimension of the footing would be 3.20m x 3.20m

Recommend qa=200-220kPa

Pore pressures are unknown but, in saturated soil, there is no change of volume. Since pore
pressures are unknown only total stresses can be determined.

6
These analyses are known as total stress analyses and the parameters are known as total stress
parameters.

ii) Final or long term loading condition

Eventually, the excess pore water pressures will dissipate, and the soils will attain
their drained strength under the new stress conditions. The long-term stability
analysis should be based on an effective stress analysis using the drained strengths.
 In the final loading or long term loading condition, Here the situation
corresponds to the slow or drained test condition of the triaxial test.
 the load is assumed to act gradually as construction progresses, The soil parameters in
this case are designated by Ф’ and C’.

ult = CNc Scdcic+ ½ B’  N Sd i + q Nq Sqdqiq (Foundation Supported by a

Soil with a Rigid Base)

Bearing capacity factors

Nc= 17.45, N = 6.82, Nq = 8.23

Shape factors

B Nq B B
S c == 1+
( )
L Nc
=1. 47, Sq = 1+ tan φ = 1. 42,S γ =1-0 . 4
L L
≤ 0 . 6=0. 6

Depth factors

dc = 1+ 0.4 (2 / B)=1+0.8/B

d = 1

dq = 1+2 tan 23(1-sin23)2(Df / B) =1+0.63/B

Load inclination factors

ic = 1, i= 1 , iq = 1

Hence

7
 0.8 1 0 .63
σ ult = 25×17 . 45×1. 47×(1+ )×1+ B ×20× 6 . 82× 0 . 6×1×1 + 20×2×8 .23× 1. 42×(1+ )×1
B 2 B
= 641. 29+513. 03/B +40 . 92B +467. 46+ 294 . 50/B
A ult = P F.S

PF. S 1500*3
B 2= =
σ ult 807 .53
1,108. 75+ ( B ) + 40. 92B
1,108.75B3 + 40.92B2 + 807.53B = 4,500

From the above the dimension of the footing would be 1.45m X1.45m

For =230 take Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity factors

NC = 22.36 Nq= 11.4 N=8.58

q ult =1 .3CN c +qNq +0 . 4B γN γ for Terzagi's square footing

(cohesion factor+ surcharge or depth factor + width factor )

Where qu is the bearing capacity in force per unit area,  is the soil unit weight,

B is the foundation width, C is soil cohesion, D is depth of the foundation, and the

q ult
q allowable=
FS

P
q max = ≤q allowable
A

Immediate (distortion) settlement

Using Janbu’s method, elastic settlement can be calculated as

The average settlement of flexible foundations on saturated clay soils (Poisson’s ratio =0.5)

qB
S e=μ 1 μ 2
Es

8
 Where

μ1 =f ( D f /B )

μ2 =f ( H / B , L/ B )

L
=1 ( square foundation )
B
Df 3
= =5 .66
B 0 .53
H 14
= =26 . 4
Given B 0. 53

Using these values µ1 and µ2 can be determined

μ1 =0 .877
μ2 =0 .65

qB 5359×103
S e=μ 1 μ 2 =0 . 877×0 . 65× =152 .74 mm
Es 20×106

Consolidation settlement

For normally consolidated clay OCR =1

Hc σ'
S e 2= C c log f
1+e o σ 'i

Cc- compression index

Initial effective overburden stress,’0=3*(20-9.81)+1/2(20-9.81)*11=80kPa

Stress increment due to foundation loading =P/(B+5.5)(L+5.5)

Final stress=’0 +

For serviceability limit state EBCs 7 art 6.6.4

Allowable total settlement 50mm for sand soil and 75mm for clay soils

9
 S e ( allowed ) > St ( total )

The secondary consolidation (creep) is not significant for inorganic clays and silty soils.

For isolated footing on normally consolidated soil, the maximum settlement is 65mm. But

St=152.7mm Se (allowable) =65mm

 It is not safe. So, increase dimension of footing to make foundation safe

Elastic Settlement under a rigid foundation:

From the figure above (page 93) it is noted that the elastic settlement under a rigid
foundation is constant and less than Se for flexible foundation (at center).

So, the value of Se under a rigid foundation can be estimated as following:

Se(rigid)= 0.93Se(flexible,center)

gradual failure (creep failure)

Elastic settlement is immediate and much higher in sandy soils as compared to clay soils.

4. A proposed building will have column loads ranging from 180kN to 1350kN.All these
columns will be supported on a square footing. When computing the allowable bearing
pressure, which load should be used to perform the bearing capacity analyses? Which
should be used to perform settlement analysis? Explain your answer.
Given
Load range 180kN to 1350kN
Required
i. Load for bearing capacity analysis
ii. Load for settlement analysis
Solution
Ultimate bearing capacity analysis uses light loaded footing to get the smallest B.

Hence, 180kN for bearing capacity

 Settlement analysis uses the most heavily loaded footing ( i.e the one with largest B), because it
is the one that requires the lowest value of q to satisfy settlement criteria.

 Load for settlement criteria is 1,350kN

10
 The mean effective stress (')at the midpoint of each layer is calculated according
to:
5. A proposed building will have column loads ranging from 200kN to 1,112kN. These
columns are to be supported on spread footings which will be founded in a silty sand
with the following engineering properties.

γ =19.1 kN /m3 above the groundwater table∧γ =19.54 kN /m3 below . ϕ' =32o , N 60=30.

The groundwater table is 4.6 m below the ground surface. The required factor of
safety against bearing capacity failure must be at least 2.5 and the allowable
settlement is 20mm.Compute the allowable bearing pressure for a square footing
founded 0.6m below at this site. Comment on the feasibility of using spread footings
at this site.
Given
0.6m Depth of footing Df from NGL or water table??
Loads ranging from 200kN to 1112kN
=19.10kN/m3
sat=19.54kN/m3
’=320
N60=30
D = 4.60m
F.S=2.5
Sallowable=20mm
C'=0 (silty sand)
Required
qall @4.6m depth

Solution
Bearing capacity analysis
Perform the bearing capacity analysis on the 200kN column load, because it
will produce the smallest value of qu
Step 1 Estimate bed of embedment (D=1m)

Step 2 depth of ground water Du=4.0m

Step 3 Factor of safety is 2.50m

Step 4 Bearing capacity analysis with smallest load P=200kN

P+W f
q max = −U D
A
2 2
W f =24 B D=14 . 4 B

11
 U D=γ w Z w =10×0 . 6=6 kN /m2
P+W f P+γ c DB 2 200+24×4 .6 B2 200
q max = −U D= 2
−40= 2
=14 . 40+ 2
A B B B
For =320 take Terzaghi’s Bearing Capacity factors

NC = 44.04 Nq= 28.52 N=26.87

2
q=γD−U =γD+ ( γ sat −γ w ) hw =19 .10×4+ ( 19 .52−10 )×0 . 60=11 . 460 kN /m

q ult =1 .3CN c +qN q +0 . 4B γN γ for Terzagi's square footing

=1 .3×0×44 . 04 + ( 19. 10×4+9 .52×0. 6 )×28 .52+0 . 4×B× (19 . 52-10 ) ×26 .87
=544 . 732+205 .287B
q ult
q all = =217 . 893+82 .115 B
F.S
Setting qall= qmax and solving produces
200+14 . 4 B2
=217 . 893+82 .115 B=
B2
B=0.87m
qall = 288.24 kN/m2
The ultimate bearing capacity, based on the assumption that the water table is located
well below the foundation
Case I:If the water table is located so that 0  D1  Df the factor q in the bearing
capacity equations takes the form
Effective surcharge ( q )=D 1 γ + D 2 ( γ sat −γ w )

Where
γ sat=saturated unit weight of soil
γ w =unit weight of water
q ult =1 .3CN c +σ ' D N q +0 . 4B γN γ for Terzagi's square footing

12
 Also, the value of  in the last term of the equations has to be replaced by ’= sat-

w
Case II:For a water table located so that 0  d  B,
Effective surcharge ( q )=Df γ
In this case, the factor  in the last term of the bearing capacity equations must be
replaced by the factor
d
γ̄ =γ ' + ( γ d −γ ' )
B
The preceding modifications are based on the assumption that there is no seepage force in
the soil.
Case III:When the water table is located so that d  B, the water will have no effect on
the ultimate bearing capacity.

Settlement analysis

13
 Perform the settlement analysis will be performed on the 1,112kN column

using the modified Meyerhof’s method.

If standard penetration test (SPT) data is available from the field, we can

predict the settlement of spread footings using direct empirical

correlations.

For purposes of computing df assume B = 0.87m

d f =1+0.33 D/B=1.17

For B1.2 m
( q−σ' D )
S all =1 .3
N 60 d f
P+W f P+γ c DB 2 1 ,112 +24×4 . 6 B2 1 , 112
q= −U D = 2
−0= 2
=110 . 40+
A B B B2
σ ' D=γD−U=19 . 10×4+ ( 19 .52−10 )×0. 6=82. 112 kN /m2
( 1112/B 2 +110. 40−82. 112 )
20=1 . 3
30×1 .17
The computed B of0.73m is close to the assumed value of 1.00 m. It is not necessary to
run the computations again with a new assumed B, because doing so would produce only
a small change in df and no change in N60

This equation solves to B = 1m, which corresponds to q = 222 kN/m2. There

is no need to go back and recomputed df

Synthesis and Conclusion

The settlement analysis produced a lower q, so it governs the analysis. Round

off to a multiple of 500kN/m2

Design all footings using qA = 250 kN/m2 ……….Answer

For B1.2 m
( q−σ ' D ) B 2
S all =2
N 60 d f ( B+0. 3 )
Sall = settlement (mm)

q = bearing pressure (kPa)

14
 ’D= vertical effective stress at depth D below the ground surface (kPa)

N60 =average SPT N60 value between the bottom of the footing and a

depth 2B below the bottom

B = footing width ( m)

df = depth factor= 1 +0.33 D/B  1.33

Over consolidated clay has been subjected at some time in the past to
pressure greater than that currently existing.
Comparison with Field Settlement Observation
Meyerhof (1965) compiled the observed maximum settlement (Se) for
several mat foundations constructed on sand and gravel. These are shown in
Table 16.5 (Column 5) along with the values of B, qnet, and N60
.

B+ 0 .3 2
1 D f maximum settlement ( mm )
q all,net ( kPa )=12 .5N60 ( B )( 1+ )(
3 B 25 )
6. A proposed office building will have column loads between 200kN and 100kN.these
columns are to be supported on spread footings which will be founded in a silty clay
with the following engineering properties;

γ =15.1 kN /m3 above t h e groundwater table∧γ=16.5 kN /m3 below . su =200 kPa , eo =0.3 , c r=0.026∧t h e
=400kPa.

15
 The groundwater table is 5 m below the groundwater surface. The required factor of
safety against baring capacity factor is at least 3 and the allowable settlement is
20mm.Compute the allowable bearing pressure for a square footing below the
ground surface at this site. Comment on the feasibility of using spread footing at this
site.
Over consolidated Fine-Grained Soils settlement
Cc- compression index; Cr-recompression index
Case 1 Pre Consolidated Soils
The maximum pressure to which an over consolidated soil had been
subjected in the past is known as pre consolidation pressure or over
consolidation pressure ( σc)
’’z = ’o+ ' is less than ’zc
Pre Consolidated Soils
Ho σ 'z
S e= C r log
1+e o σ 'o
Normal Consolidated Soils
The compression index of a normally considered soil is constant.
H σ'
S e= o C c log z
1+e o σ 'o

Case 2
’’z = ’o+ ' is greater than ’zc

16
 Ho σ' σ'
s e=
1+e o(C r log z +C c log fin
σ 'o σ'z )
’zc = OCR x ’zo
The major principal stress 1
σ 1 =q ult =2 πC +q
(Gross pressure – uplift pressure) = final effective stress at foundation level,
’f
gross pressure =130 kPa (given

uplift pressure = 0 kPa (Since GWT is at foundation level (1), it has no effect
on structure load)

17
7. A square footing with 1m width and depth 0.5m supports the following column
design loads: P=150kNm,M=22kN-m.The underlying soil has allowable bearing
capacity of 200kPa.is this design acceptable? If not, compute the minimum
required footing width and express it as a multiple of 0.1m.

Given
Df= 0.5m
B=1m
P=150kNm,
M=22kN-m
qall=200kPa
Required
Check if the design is satisfactory?
Solution
Step 1: Calculating eccentricity (e)
Overall moment
e=
Vertical load
Weight of footing (Wf)
3
W f =1 m×1 m×0. 5 m×24 kN/m =12 kN
Moment 22
eccentricity= = =0 . 14m
Weight of footing +Applied force 12+150
Step 2: Effective dimensions foundation.
Considering one-way eccentricity
B '=B−2 e=1−2×0 . 14=0 .72 m
L’=B
B'used =min ( B',L' ) =0 .72 m
L'used =max ( B',L' )=1 m
2
A'=B'×L'=0. 72m
Step 3: Check adequacy of provided width
1. Check maximum stress is less than allowable bearing capacity (𝑞all ≥ 𝑞max)
qall = 200kN/m2
To calculate qmax we check for condition of eccentricity
B 1
= =0 . 17 m
6 6
B
e≤ Ok ! ,No tension for economic loading
6
Therefore,

18
 P 6 e 162 6×0. 14
q max =
B×L
1+
B(=
1×1 )1+
1 ( )
=298 . 08 kN / m 2 ≤q all =200 kN / m 2

The condition is not satisfied as qmax is greater than qall. Therefore; set qmax =qall
and solve for new dimensions of the foundation
P 6 e 162 6×0 .14
200= 2 1+
B ( B )
= 2 1+
B B( )
3
200 B −162 B−136 . 08=0
New B=1.18m
Take B=1.20m for construction purpose
2. Check applied load less than allowable load (Papplied  Pall)
Pall =q all ×B ' used ×L 'used =200×( 1 .20−2×0. 14 )×1. 20=220 .80 kN
Papplied=150kN
150 kN  220.80kN, therefore Okay.
3. Check minimum stress greater than zero (𝑞min ≥ 0)
Q 6 e 162 6×0. 14
q min=
B×L (
1−
B
= )
1. 20×1 . 20
1− (
1. 20 )
=33 .75 kN /m 2
2
33 .75 kN /m >0 Okay !
Therefore, a square footing of 1.20mx1.20m should be provided

8. Design a square footing supporting a square column data provided below. Determine
depth (thickness) of footing while checking for punching shear and wide beam shear,
maximum shear force at the column face, amount of steel reinforcement. Also provide a
working drawing showing details of bar arrangement. Check minimum steel ration,
development length and maximum spacing and bar size for crack control.
Footing Data
Permanent, kN Variable ,kN fyk,MPa fck,MPa qall,kPa
620 600 500 30 120
Given

Permanent load=620kN

Variable load =600kN

fyk,= 500MPa

fck,= 30MPa

qall =120kPa

Required

19
Design a square footing

Step 1: Proportion the footing for serviceability

P=1 . 0G k +1 .0 Qk =1×620+1×600=1 ,220 kN

Area required

P 1220 kN
A= = =10 . 17 m2
q all 120 kPa

B=√ A= √10 . 17 m2 =3 . 18 m
Step 2: For the ultimate limit state

Pult = 1.35Gk + 1 .5Q k= 1 .35×620+ 1 .5×600=1 , 737 kN

Pult 1 ,737
qult = = =170. 79 kN /m2
A 3 . 182

Step 3: Thickness of footing pad (h)

Assume h= 600 mm with the footing constructed on a blinding layer of concrete the
minimum cover is taken as 50 mm. Therefore take mean effective depth d = 520 mm.

Maximum shear resistance, VRd; max

f ck f ck
[ ( )]
V Rd ,max =0 .5 ud 0 . 6 1−
250 γ c [ (
=0 .5×( 4×400 )×520 0. 6 1−
30 30
)]
250 1. 5
×10−3 = 4,343 kN

¿( Pult = 170 .79 kN )

Step 4: Punching shear (Two way shear)

The basic control perimeter for checking punching shear is at a distance 2d

Basic control perimeter = column perimeter +4d

= 4×400 +4π×520=8,134mm

Area within perimeter =( 400 + 4d )2 −( 4−π )( 2 d )2

= ( 400 +4×520 )2 −( 4−π ) ( 2×520 )2 =5 . 22m2

Punching shear force VEd

20
 Punching shear force ( V Ed ) =q ult ( A− A req )=170 . 79 ( 10 . 17−5 . 22 )=845 . 41 kN

V Ed 845 . 41×103
Punching shear stress ( σ Ed )= = =0 . 20 MPa
Perimeter×d 8 , 134×520
This ultimate shear stress is not excessive, max=0.4MPa therefore; h = 600 mm will be a
suitable estimate.

Step 5: Bending reinforcement

The column face which is the critical section

B−c ( 3. 18−0. 4 )
l= = =1 .39 m
2 2

l 1. 39
M Ed=q ult ×B×l× =170 .79×3. 18×1. 39× =5 24 . 67 kNm
2 2
For the concrete

M bal=0 . 167 f ck bd 2 =0 .167×30×2800×5202 =3 , 793 kNm>527 . 67 kNm

M Ed 5 27 .67×106
A st = = =2,441. 60 mm2
0 . 87f yk z 0 . 87×500×( 0 . 95×520 )

Check minimum steel ratios in both directions

As,min 2,441 .60

ρ= = =0. 147%≤0 .15 % not Ok !
bd 3,180×520
bd
Minimum A s=0. 15×
100

21
Use As, min=0.0015x3180x520=2,480.40mm2

If use 16mm as=201mm2

As 2 , 480 . 4
Number of bar= = ≈13
as 201

Spacing between bars

b w −n×clear cov er−Φ 3180−13×50−16

S= = =209. 5 cm
n−1 12

Provide 1316mm bars @ c/c 205mm centers, As =2,613 mm2

Step 6: Check wide beam (One way punching shear)

B−c ( 3 .18−0 . 4 )
l= −d= −0 .52=0. 87 m
2 2

Design shear force (VEd)

At the critical section for shear, l.0d from the column face

V Ed=σ Ed ×B×l=170 .69×3 .180×0 . 87=472. 50 kN

Allowable Shear force

V Rd , c =0 . 40 kN /m2

V Rd , c =v Rd, c ×B×d=170.69×3. 180×0. 52=661. 44 kN >472 .50 kN

 No shear reinforcement is required

22
(6) Final Check of Punching Shear

From table 5.1, for fck = 30, Rd = 0.34N/mm2

. Therefore
1
V Rdc =0 .12 k ( 100 ρf ck ) 2

9. Design a spread footing using Hansen’s bearing capacity equations for the following
data and soil conditions given below. Show all the necessary steps and verify code
requirements are met at each design step up to detailing. Factor of safety for ultimate
bearing capacity of soils is 3. Depth of foundation, Df=1m and ground water table
located at great depth.
Column dimensions Concrete Steel Soil
wx= 500mm wy=500mm fck’=30MPa fyk=500MPa Su= 200kPa φ =0 =17.5kN/m
3

Loads Vertical Load , kN Moments, kNm

Permanent Variable Mx My
Load Load
Permanent Variable Permanen Variable
load Load t Load
load
700 900 350 450 250 400

Step 1: Service limit load

Qd =1 . 0G k +1 .0Q k=1. 0×700+ 1. 0×900=1,600 kN
M x =1. 0G k +1. 0Qk =1 .0×350+1 . 0×450=800 kNm
M y =1. 0Gk + 1. 0Qk =1. 0×250+1 .0×400=650 kNm

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 Total force on footing
Area required =
Soil bearing capacity
Eccentricity
M y 650
ex= = =0 . 406m
Q d 1,600
M x 800
e y= = =0 .50m
Qd 1,600
A=BL
The approximate contact pressure under a given symmetrical foundation can be obtained
from the flexural formula, provided that the considered load lies within the kern of
the footing
[i. e . e y <B /6 and e x <L/6 ].
Qd 6e 6e
q max =
B×L L[
1+ x + y
B ]
Q 6 e 6e
B×L L[
q min= d 1− x − y
B ]

To prevent tension crack in footing

L
e≤
6
L≥6 e L=6×0 .50=3 . 0m
B
e≤
6
B≥6 e=6×0 . 406=2. 44m

Take B=2.5m, L=3.0m for construction purpose

Step 2: Effective dimensions foundation.
Considering two-way eccentricity
B '=B−2 e=2 .50−2×0. 406=1 .69 m
L'=L−2e B =3 . 0−2×0 .50=2. 0 m

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 L’=B
B'used =min ( B',L' ) =1. 69 m
L'used =max ( B',L' )=2 m
2
A'=B'×L'=3 . 38m
Step 3: Allowable bearing Capacity
Hansen’s bearing capacity for =0
N c =5. 1, N q =1, Nγ =0
Shape factors

B Nq B B
S c == 1+
( )
L Nc
=1. 20, Sq = 1+ tan φ = 1 . 0,S γ =1-0 . 4
L L
≤ 0. 6=0 .6

Depth factors

dc = 1+ 0.4 (D / B)=1+0.4/B=1.14

d = 1

dq = 1+2 tan (1-sin)2(Df / B) =1

Load inclination factors

ic = 1, i= 1 , iq = 1

Hansen general bearing capacity equation

1
qult =CN C Sc d c ic +γD f N q S q d q iq + γ BN γ S γ d γ iγ
2
qult =5 .10 C u S c d c i c +γD f S q d q i q =5. 10×200×1 .20×1 .14×1 .0+17 .50×1. 0×1. 0×1. 0=1 , 412 . 86 kN /m2
Allowable Bearing Capacity
q 1 , 412 . 86
q all = ult = =470 . 95 kN /m2
SF 3
Step 4: Check adequacy of provided width
1. Check maximum stress is less than allowable bearing capacity (𝑞all ≥ 𝑞max)
qall = 470.95kN/m2
To calculate qmax we check for condition of eccentricity

Q 6e 6e 1 , 600 6×0 . 406 6×0. 50

q max =
B×L (
1+ B + L =
B L )
2 . 5×3 . 0
1+
2 . 50
+ (
3. 0 )
=634 .54 kN /m 2

¿ q all =470 . 95 kN /m 2
The condition is satisfied as qmax is less than qall.

25
 2. Check applied load less than allowable load (Papplied  Pall)
Pall =q all ×B ' used×L ' used =470 . 95×( 2 . 85−2×0 . 467 )×2 . 85=2 , 571. 67 kN
Papplied=1,600kN
1,600 kN  2,571.67kN, therefore Okay.
3. Check minimum stress greater than zero (𝑞min ≥ 0)
Q 6e 1 , 600 6×0 . 467
q min =
B×L (
1−
B
= )
2. 85×2. 85
1− (
2 . 85 )
=3 .32 kN /m2
2
3 .32 kN/m >0 Okay !
Therefore, a square footing of 2.85mx2.85m should be provided. If the
dimension is not adequate, increase dimension by using ultimate limit state load.
Step 4: Ultimate limit load
P=1 .35G k +1. 5Qk =1 .35×700+1. 5×900=2,295 kN
M =1 .35Gk + 1. 5Qk =1. 35×300+1. 5×450=1,080 kN
Eccentricity
M 750
e= = =0 . 469m
P 1,600

The bearing pressures for continuous footings

P
q= +γ C Df −U D
A
Q M y x Mx y
q= ± ±
A Iy Ix

Where

A=LxB
3
Ix=(1/12) B L

Iy=(1/12) L B3

M x =moment of the column loadsabout the x axis=Q e y

M y =moment of the columnloads about the y axis=Q e x

Flexure (bending) moment @face of column

The critical section is at the face of the column
M u = f cd×(0 . 8X × b )× z = 0 .12 bd 2 f ck

26
 f ctm=0 . 3f 2
3
ck
f ctm
A s, min = 0 . 26
( )
f yk
b t d = 0 . 0013 bt d

Maximum spacing is normally restricted to

3 h ≤ 400 mm for principal reinforcement
3.5 h ≤ 450 for secondary reinforcement
One way shear (wide beam) @ distance‘d’ from face of column
Two way shear @ 0.5d from face of column
It is normal practice to make the base sufficiently deep so that shear
reinforcement is not required.
10.Design a rectangular footing with B/L= 0.6 for the loading condition shown below.
fck=30MPa fyk=500MPA. Column: Square with width 500mm .Provide all the necessary
details
Permanent, kN/kNm Variable.kN/kNm qall(kPa)
Load 800 950 200

Moment 350 450 F.S=2.5

27
28
Consolidation settlement occurs over time, and it occurs in saturated clayey soils when they are
subjected to increased load caused by foundation construction. In order to estimate the
consolidation settlement the following equation (valid for normally consolidated clays) is used

29
Examples

(isolated footing)

1. Determine the dimensions of a square footing necessary to sustain an axial column load of
850kN as shown in Fig. below, if

a) An allowable presumptive bearing pressure of 150kN/m 2 is used.

b) Cu = 40 kN/m2 ; C’ = 7.5 kN/m2 ; ϕ’ =22.50 ; η=2

30
31
32
400b3 +160b2- 840b- 1700= 0

by trial and error b= 1.89 m

Take b= 2m

33
34
35
36
37
 qu
q all=min ¿ {
FS
( to control shear failure ¿ ¿¿

a) Immediate or elastic settlement (𝐒𝐞):

Elastic or immediate settlement occurs during or immediately after the application
of the load (construction of structure) without change in the moisture content of
the soil.
b) Consolidation Settlement (𝐒𝐜):
Consolidation settlement occurs over time, such that pore water is extruded from
the void spaces of saturated clayey soil submerged in water.
Consolidation settlement comprises two phases: Primary and secondary

Secondary Consolidation Settlement

38
At the end of primary consolidation (after complete dissipation of pore water
pressure), some settlement is observed that is due to the plastic adjustment of
soil fabrics.

##

For drained condition calculations interims of effective stress Nq=1.0; N=0

1
σ ult =CN c +qN q + γ BN γ
2 Terzaghi bearing capacity

Skempton’s equation is widely used for undrained clay soils (saturated clay)

σ ult =Cu N c + qN q
u

Ncu is Skempton’s bearing capacity

N cu =N c S c d c

dc is depth factor, Sc is shape factor

q=γDf ( density ×depth of footing )

Nq=1.0; N=0; Nc=5.14

B
S c =1+0 .2 for B≤L
L

D
(
d c =1+ ⃗0 0 .053
B ) for D /B≤4

if =0 , the logspiral becomes a circle and Nc is equal to ,also Nq becomes 1. Hence the
bearing capacity of such footings becomes

σ ult =( π + 2 ) C c + qN q
u

if q=0,we get

σ ult =5. 14 C c =2 .57 q u

u

where qu is the unconfined compressive strength.

Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory

Assumptions in Terzaghi's Bearing Capacity Theory

39
  Depth of foundation is less than or equal to its width.
 Base of the footing is rough.
 Soil above bottom of foundation has no shear strength; is only a surcharge
load against the overturning load
 Surcharge upto the base of footing is considered.
 Load applied is vertical and non-eccentric.
 The soil is homogenous and isotropic.
 L/B ratio is infinite.

Bearing capacity Presence of the Water Table & different modes of failure

Presence of the Water Table

In granular soils, the presence of water in the soil can substantially reduce the bearing
capacity.

40
41
42
43
44
A proposed building is to be built on the soil profile shown in Figure 17.13. The column loads
will range from 250 to 1500kN, and each will be supported on a 0.8 m deep square footing.

The allowable total settlement is 25 mm, and the factor of safety against a bearing
capacity failure must be at least 2.0. Using hand computations, compute a single allowable
bearing pressure, qA, that would be suitable for the design of all footings at this site, then
confirm your answer using program FOOTING.

45
0910151958

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