1

THYRISTORS AND
COMMUTATION
TECHNIQUES
Thyristor, also called SCR (silicon controlled rectifier) is four
layer, 3 junction PNPN device. There are three terminals in a
thyristor, that is, anode, cathode and gate as shown below.

Fig. 1.1
The junctions are generally known as J1, J2 and J3 as shown. The
gate is used to turn on a thyristor. Anode must be at a high voltage
than cathode in order to function. The following are the methods to
turn on a thyristor.
dv
1. Forward voltage triggering 2. Gate triggering 3. triggering
dt
4. Temperature triggering and 5. Light triggering. Among these,
gate triggering is commonly used as it gives accurate firing of SCR
at the desired instant. Sometimes high frequency carrier gating is
used. This leads to lower power requirement, reduced dimensions
2 POWER ELECTRONICS

and, therefore, an overall economical design of pulse transformer

required for isolating the low power circuit from the main power
circuit.
A current v/s voltage characteristic of a thyristor is as shown
below.

Fig. 1.2

The characteristics can be divided in two parts, that is, forward

characteristics and reverse characteristics.

FORWARD CHARACTERISTICS
In forward characteristics, anode is +ve with respect to cathode.
As we go on increasing this voltage current goes on increasing. The
current passing through the SCR is small. During this mode, outer
junctions J1 and J3 are forward biased and middle junction J2 is
reverse biased. The whole of the applied voltage drop takes place
across J2 during this forward blocking mode. At a certain voltage,
known as forward break over voltage, breakdown of J2 occurs and
the device starts conducting. A low voltage drop across SCR takes
place during conduction. If a positive pulse is applied to gate, the
conduction of SCR takes place at a lower voltage.
It takes some time for SCR to come to conduction state from
forward blocking state. Anode current increases slowly and this
current should become more than latching current to turn on SCR.
An SCR will go to blocking state if gate pulse is removed before anode
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 3

current goes more than latching current. Thus, latching current is

the minimum anode current which it must attain during turn on
process to maintain conduction after gate signal is removed. Turn
on time of a SCR is given by
TON = delay time + rise time + spread time ...(1.1)
During delay time, anode current reaches 10% of its final value
after gate current reaches 0.9Ig and the anode current reaches from
10% to 90% during rise time. Anode current from 90% to 100%
reaches during spread time.
To turn off an SCR, the anode current should come below holding
current. Holding current is the minimum anode current below which
it must fall for turning off the thyristor. Holding current is less than
latching current. Gate loses control after an SCR has turned on. An
SCR keeps on conduction even if gate signal is removed. The only
way to turn off an SCR is to reduce anode current below holding
current. When a thyristor conducts, it acts like a conducting diode.
There is a transition state between conduction state and forward
blocking state. The time taken in switching over from forward
blocking state to conduction state is very small. During transition
state, a thyristor exhibits negative resistance.
When cathode is positive with respect to anode, reverse blocking
state takes place. During this state, outer junctions are reverse
biased and middle junction is forward biased. The device acts as a
reverse diode. If we go on increasing cathode to anode voltage,
reverse break down occurs leading to anode current shooting up.
The following losses take place in a thyristor during working
conditions.
1. Forward conduction losses
2. Losses due to leakage current during forward and reverse
blocking
3. Switching losses at turn on and turn off
4. Gate triggering losses
Gate signal should be present till the anode current goes beyond
latching current. Therefore, there is a minimum pulse width of gate
signal below which a thyristor will not be turned on. Gate cathode
junction acts as a forward biased pn junction. A gate characteristic
is as shown below.
The gate signal has no function after turning on of thyristor.
Hence, gate signal should be removed. If gate signal remains con-
tinuously present, it generates unnecessary gate losses and it may
damage the thyristor.
4 POWER ELECTRONICS

Fig. 1.3
Gate signal is applied in pulses. If we increase the amplitude of
pulse, delay time of thyristor reduces. As a result turn on time of
thyristor reduces. Hence, higher pulse magnitude is desirable from
this point of view but we can not go on increasing the pulse mag-
nitude as it will result in more than permissible gate losses. Hence,
there is maximum limit to gate pulse loss. If Pgm is the maximum
gate pulse loss and Pgav is average permissible loss, we have
Pgm × T′ = Pgav × T ...(1.2)
Where T′ is pulse duration and T is the period. If f is switching
1
frequency, f = .
T
Pgav
From (2), we get Pgm =
T′/T ...(1.3)
T′
is called duty ratio. The above equation gives maximum
T
permissible gate power drive. To keep Pgav within acceptable limits,
a resistance is added in the gate cathode circuit as shown below.

Fig. 1.4
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 5

If Vg and Ig are gate voltage and current respectively, we have

power dissipated in gate circuit as
P = Vg × Ig ...(1.4)
A gate cathode characteristic is linear of the form given below.
Vg = c + pIg ...(1.5)
Where c and p are constants and decide the characteristics. We
can get Vg and Ig from (1.4) and (1.5). Once we know Vg and Ig, we get
the following equation from the figure given above.
 Vg 
V = Vg + Ig + R
 Rgk  ...(1.6)
We can get R from this equation.

SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

When the voltage and current to be handled are more than the
voltage and current ratings of a single thyristor can handle, we
connect many single thyristor to handle the required voltage and
connect many single thyristors in parallel to handle the required
current. If VD is the voltage rating of a single thyristor unit and ns is
the number of thyristors connected in series, the voltage rating of
the string will be equal to ns VD. There will be some derating in the
voltage and % voltage derating is given by
 Vs 
% voltage derating = 1 − × 100
 n s VD  ...(1.7)
Where Vs is the string voltage rating.
Similarly there is current derating handled by the string and %
current derating is given by
 Im 
% current derating = 1 − × 100
 n ps IT  ...(1.8)
Where Im is the current of thyristors connected in parallel, np is the
number of thyristors connected parallel and IT is the current rating
of individual thyristor.
If the characteristics of all the connected thyristors are exactly
identical, the voltage applied across the string will be distributed
uniformly and, hence, the voltage across each thyristor will be same.
But the characteristics are never same for all the thyristors. Hence,
voltage distribution across all the thyristors can never be same. To
achieve uniform voltage distribution across all the thyristors under
static condition, a resistance is connected across each thyristor as
shown below.
6 POWER ELECTRONICS

Fig. 1.5

Value of R is given by
ns VD − Vs
R=
(ns − 1) I1 ...(1.9)
Where I1 is the maximum leakage current under forward blocking
state. Connecting resistance of same value across each thyristor does
not result in exact voltage across each thyristor. Strictly speaking,
a resistance of different value, decided by the characteristics, operat-
ing temperature etc., should be connected across each thyristor to
get the uniform voltage distribution but it will be quite difficult to
decide the resistance value for each thyristor under all operating
conditions. Hence, a resistance of same values is connected across
each thyristor. It results in more or less uniform voltage distribution
across the string thyristors.
Similarly, voltage distribution should be uniform across all the
thyristors connected in series during on condition. This is achieved
by connecting a capacitance across each thyristor. The value of
capacitance is given by
(n − 1) ∆ Q
C=
ns VD − Vs ...(1.10)
Where ∆Q is maximum reverse recovery charge on any thyristor in
the string.

PROTECTION AGAINST dv/dt AND di/dt:

dv
As mentioned above, high can result in conduction of thyris-
dt
dv
tor. Hence, should not be allowed to go beyond the permissible
dt
value. A series connected R and C is connected across the thyristor
dv
to control appearing across the thyristor. Series connected R and
dt
di
C is called snubber circuit. Similarly, high can damage a thyristor.
dt
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 7

di
An inductance is connected in the anode circuit to keep the within
dt
permissible limits. The following circuit shows snubber circuit and
di
inductor connection.
dt

Fig. 1.6

di
Insertion of inductor in anode circuit increases the gate pulse
dt
duration required to turn on thyristor. As a result, turn on time of
thyristor increases as it will take more time for anode current to go
di
beyond latching current. Maximum value of occurs at the instant
dt
of switching on the supply to the circuit and it is given by
 di  V
 dt  = L
 max ...(1.11)
From this equation, we can get L.
dv
Similarly, maximum value of occurs at t = 0 and it is given
dt
by
 dv   di 
 dt  =  dt  R
 max  max ...(1.12)
We can get R from this equation.
When supply (DC) is switched on, the circuit becomes series
connected RLC circuit and the current will be oscillatory if resistance
is less than the critical value. This should not become oscillatory. If,
at all, it becomes oscillatory, the frequency period should be low. We
don t know load parameters. Hence, we can not determine exact
value of critical resistance. Critical value of resistance is given by

R=2 √ CL ...(1.13)
8 POWER ELECTRONICS

without considering the load parameters. As we don t know load

parameters, we take half of this value so that circuit will remain
near criticality anyhow. Hence,

R= √CL ...(1.14)
If we know that discharging current, R can be calculated and the
higher one should be selected.
The above equations give exact values of R, L and C. Practically,
C is selected somewhat lower and resistance is selected somewhat
more than the calculated values to make thyristor safe. Lower value
of capacitance and higher value of resistance inject lower current
through thyristor at the instant of its turning on.

THYRISTOR COOLING
The junction temperature of a thyristor depends on the power
loss in the thyristor and heat dissipation rate, environment and
ambient temperature. Thermal resistance between the junction and
case, case and sink and sink and ambient is different. The relation-
ship between thermal resistance θ, temperature difference ∆T and
power loss P is given by
∆T = P × θ ...(1.15)
Thermal equivalent for thyristor is represented as given below.

Fig. 1.7
From this figure, we get the following equations.
TJ − TC = P × θJC ...(1.16)
TC − TS = P × θCS ...(1.17)
TS − TA = P × θSA ...(1.18)
TS − TA = P × θSA ...(1.19)
Thermal resistance depends on cooling method adopted.

FIRING CIRCUITS
Resistance and resistance-capacitance triggering is used where
accurate firing of thyristors is not that important. Resistance trig-
gering can not give firing angle more than 90°. RC triggering can
control the firing angle beyond 90° also. The gate power loss is more
with R and RC firing circuits and accurate firing angles can not be
achieved.
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 9

The function of isolation transformer is to isolate the low voltage

gate cathode circuit from the high voltage anode circuit.
Uni Junction Transistor (UJT) often used for designing relaxa-
tion oscillators whose output triggers thyristors. The circuit for a
relaxation oscillator using UJT is as shown below.

Fig. 1.8

The firing frequency of the oscillator is given by

1
f=
1
RC ln
1−η ...(1.20)
Where η is intrinsic ratio of UJT. If frequency f is known, we can
find out R.
From the above equation, it is clear that we can vary frequency
by varying R or C.

COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES
The process of turning off a conducting thyristor is commutation.
Basically there are two methods of turning off a conducting thyristor.
1. Voltage commutation
2. Current commutation
In voltage commutation, anode is made ve with respect to
cathode for a period at least equal or more than turn off time of
thyristor. This makes the anode current less than holding current of
thyristor leading to its turn off. If reverse voltage is maintained for
a time less than turn off time, reapplication of positive voltage will
trigger the thyristor even without gate signal.
In current commutation, no reverse voltage is applied but cur-
rent reduces below holding current because of circuit configuration
and remains below holding current for a time more than turn off time
of the thyristor. Here also, if anode current goes more than holding
10 POWER ELECTRONICS

current before turn off time of thyristor, it will again start conducting
even without gate signal.
Thyristors can be forcibly commutated or naturally commutated.
Force commutation has to be used when input voltage to thyristor is
DC and, hence, anode current does not go to zero naturally. Hence,
this requires special commutation circuit to turn off thyristor. When
input voltage is AC, the voltage across anode and cathode becomes
negative naturally and thyristor commutates. This does not require
any special circuit for commutation to turn off thyristor.
As mentioned above, special circuits are designed for force com-
mutation. Variously commonly used commutation circuits are given
below.

SELF COMMUTATION
This is also called load commutation or class A commutation.
The circuit for class A commutation is given below.

Fig. 1.9
In this circuit, R is selected to make the circuit under damped.
Under this condition, the current oscillates and the oscillation fre-
quency is given by

√
2
1 R
ω= − rad/sec
LC 4L 2
...(1.21)
The value R is given by

R <2 √ CL ...(1.22)
The current in the circuit is given by
−R
V − Vc (0) 2L t
i (t) = e sin ωt
ωL ...(1.23)
Where Vc (0) is initial capacitance voltage.
Peak value of current occurs at
1 2ωL
t = tan − 1
ω R ...(1.24)
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 11

By putting value of t from the above equation in (1.23), we can

find out peak current.
Capacitor voltage is given by
−R
V − Vc (0) 2L t  R 
Vc (t) = V − e  2L sin ωt + ω cos ωt ...(1.25)
ω  
Thyristor switches off at ω t0 = π. Hence
V − Vc (0)
Vc (t0) = V − [ω cos π]
ω
= V + V − Vc(0) ...(1.26)
Vc (t0) will be equal to 2V if Vc (0) = 0.
π
Thyristor conduction time =
ω
If R = 0 and I (0) = I0, the current and capacitor voltage are given
by

i (t) = [V − Vc (0)] √CL − sin ωt + I cos ω t

0
...(1.27)

√CL sin ω t − [V − V (0)] cos ω t

Vc (t) = I0 c
...(1.28)

ω=√
LC1 ...(1.29)

RESONANT PULSE COMMUTATION

This is also known as type B commutation. In this type of
commutation circuit, a series LC circuit is connected across the
conducting thyristor as shown below.

Fig. 1.10

Initially capacitor is charged to supply voltage with the polarity

as shown. Let T1 be conducting and feeding load current I. To turn
12 POWER ELECTRONICS

off T1 , T2 is fired at t = 0. As a result, resonant current ic starts

flowing and it is given by

ic (t) = Vc (0) √CL sin ω t ...(1.30)

ω= √LC1 ...(1.31)
Voltage across capacitor is given by
Vc (t) = − Vc (0) cos ω t ...(1.32)
When ic (t) becomes equal to I, the current through T1 becomes
zero leading to its turning off. If this happens at t0, we have

√CL sin ω t
I = Vc (0) 0
...(1.33)
 
 V (0) √
 C 
 1 L
Or, t =√
0  sin 
LC −1

 c ...(1.34)
Vc (t0) = − Vc (0) cos ω t0 ...(1.35)
Circuit turn off time is given by
CVc (t1)
t0 =
I ...(1.36)
Normally Vc (t1) ≈ V ...(1.37)
For reliable commutation, t0 should be greater than thyristor
turn off time. Circuit turn off time depends on load current. The
higher the loads current, the lower will be the circuit turn off time.
Many times, a diode across thyristor T1 is connected to reduce
circuit turn off time as shown below. It provides a separate path for
discharging of capacitor after T1 has turned off.

Fig. 1.11
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 13

In this case, circuit turn off time is given by

 1
t0 = √
 π − 2sin − 1 
LC
 x ...(1.38)
Ip Vc (0)
x=
I
−
I
L
C
√ ...(1.39)
If we know x and t0, we can find out circuit commutating com-
ponents L and C.

COMPLEMENTARY COMMUTATION
This type of commutation is also known as class C commutation.
The circuit for this type of commutation is as shown below.

Fig. 1.12

Each thyristor is used for turning off the other thyristor. For
example, T1 is fired to turn off T2 and vice versa. That s why; we call
it as complementary commutation.
Capacitor voltage is given by
−t

Vc (t) = Vf + (Vi − Vf) e τ ...(1.40)

Where Vr is initial voltage, Vi is the initial voltage and τ is the time
constant.
If t01 is turn off time of thyristor T1, we have Vi = − V, = R1 C,
Vf = V , Vc (t01) = 0, we have
− t01

0 = V + ( − V − V) e R C 1
...(1.41)
This gives t01 = R1 C ln 2 ...(1.42)
Similarly, when T2 is commutated,
t02 = R2C ln 2 ...(1.43)
Generally, R1 = R2 = R. Hence,
t02 = t01 = RC ln 2 ...(1.44)
14 POWER ELECTRONICS

IMPULSE COMMUTATION
This type of commutation is also known as type D commutation.
In this type of commutation technique, a voltage is applied across
the conducting thyristor. The circuit for this type of commutation is
as shown below.

Fig. 1.13

Initially capacitor is charged to supply voltage with the polarity

as shown. T1 is conducting and feeding load current I. T2 is fired at
t = 0 to turn off T1. The capacitor voltage is applied across T1 reverse
biasing T1 and turning it off. After this, the capacitor discharges
through T2 and load. Once the capacitor is charged to V with upper
plate positive, the current through the capacitor becomes zero turn-
ing off T2. Voltage on capacitor is reversed by firing T3 to make it
ready for next turning of T1.
Circuit turn off time is given by
CVc
t0 =
I ...(1.45)
When T2 is fired, the voltage across load becomes (V + Vc), almost
double of supply voltage, hence, the load current shoots up and then
decreases as the capacitor starts discharging. If load is resistive R,
circuit turn of time = RC ln 2.
As in case of resonant pulse commutation, a diode is connected
across T1 to facilitate capacitor discharging after T1 has turned off
as shown below.
The resonant current and capacitor is given by

i (t) = V√CL sin ω t + I cos ω t ...(1.46)

V (t) = I √
c  CL sin ω t − V cos ω t ...(1.47)
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 15

Fig. 1.14
At turn of Vc (t) = 0. Hence,
 
t0 = √

LC
V
 tan − 1 
I


√ C

L

...(1.48)

SOLVED PROBLEMS
Problem 1. A thyristor sheet gives 1.5V and 100mA as the
minimum values of gate trigger voltage and gate trigger current
respectively. The value of resistance between gate and cathode is
20 Ω. If the trigger circuit supply is 10V, compute the value of the
resistance to be connected in series with the gate to turn the thyristor
on.
Solution: The following figure gives the diagram for resistance
insertion in gate circuit of a thyristor.

Fig. 1.15
Vg = 1.5V, Ig = 100 mA
We can write the following equation for the gate cathode circuit.
 Vg 
10 = Ig +  Rs + Vs
 20 
16 POWER ELECTRONICS

Putting values of Vg and Ig, we get

 1.5 
10 = 100 × 10 − 3 + Rs + 1.5
 20 
10 = (0.1 + 0.075) Rs + 1.5
10 − 1.5
Hence, Rs =
0.175
= 48.571 Ω Ans.

Problem 2. In the circuit shown below, the load and stray

inductances are negligible and thyristor is operated at 2 kHz. If the
dv
required is 100V/µ sec and the discharge current is to be limited
dt
to 100A, determine the (a) value of Rs and Cs and (b) snubber losses.

Fig. 1.16

Solution: (a) Rs = ? , Cs = ?
When the supply is switched on, the governing equation is given
by
1
C∫
200 = (10 + Rs) i + idt

If we assume capacitance voltage to be zero at t = 0, we have

−t
200
i= e (10 + R ) C
s s

10 + Rs ...(1.49)
The circuit becomes a RC circuit excited by a DC voltage. The
solution can easily be written as given above.
Thyristor discharge current = 100A. Hence,
200
Rs =
100
or Rs = 2 Ω
Putting this value in (1.49), we get
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 17
−t −t
200 12 C
i= e = 16.67 e 12 C
s s

12
Thyristor voltage Vt (t) = 200 − 10 i
−t

= 200 − 10 × 16.67 e 12 C s

−t
12 Cs
= 200 − 166.7 e
Hence, Vt (0) = 200 − 166.7 = 33.3V
−1
Vt (τ) = 200 − 166.7 e = 138.674 V
dv Vt (τ) − Vt (0)
Hence, =
dt τ
100 138.674 − 33.3
or, =
10 − 6 12Cs
105.374
or, Cs = = 0.0878 µ F Ans.
12 × 100 × 106
(b) Snubber losses = ?
Energy stored in snubber capacitance in each cycle
1 1
= CsV2 = × 0.0878 × 10 − 6 × 2002
2 2
= 1.756 × 10 − 3 J
Thyrsitor operating frequency = 2kHz
Hence, snubber losses = 1.756 × 10 − 3 × 2 × 103
= 3.512 W Ans.

Problem 3. The gate-cathode characteristics of a thyristor is

Vg = 0.5 + 8Ig. For a triggering frequency of 200Hz and duty cycle of
10%, determine the value of resistance to be connected in series with
the gate circuit. The amplitude of the rectangular pulse applied is
15V and average gate power loss is 05.W
Solution: Vg = 0.5 + 8Ig ...(1.50)
Average gate power loss = 0.5W
As gate pulse width is less than period, the DC data does not
apply.
Hence, Vg Ig = 0.5 ...(1.51)
0.5
From (1.51), we get Ig =
Vg
4
Putting this value in (1.50), we get Vg = 0.5 +
Vg
18 POWER ELECTRONICS

or, V2g − 0.5Vg − 4 = 0

0.5 ± √

0.25 + 16
Solving this, we get Vg =
2
= 2.265V taking +ve sign
0.5
So Ig = = 0.22 amps.
2.265
As trigger voltage is 15, we have 15 = 2.265 + 0.22R, where R is
the resistance inserted in the gate cathode circuit.
15 − 2.265
So R= = 57.886 say 58Ω Ans.
0.22

Problem 4. A train of pulses of frequency 5kHz having a duty

ratio of 20% triggers a thyristor. Determine the pulse width. If the
average gate power dissipation is 0.5W, determine the maximum
allowable gate power drive.
Solution: Frequency f = 5 kHz
1
Hence, period = = 0.2 × 10−3 secs
5 × 103
Pulse width =? Duty ratio = 20% = 0.2
Pulse width
Duty ratio =
Period
Hence, pulse width = 0.2 × 0.2 × 10−3 = 40 µ secs Ans.
Pgav × period = Pgm × pulse width
pulse width
or Pgav = Pgm × = Pgm × duty ratio
period
0.5
Hence, Pgm = = 2.5 W Ans.
0.2

Problem 5. Consider the following circuit.

Determine whether the thyristor will turn on successfully or not
if the latching current of the thyristor is 50mA and gate trigger pulse
duration is 50 µ secs. What you can propose to turn the thyristor on
successfully if the gate triggering pulse remains the same.
Solution: V = 100 volts , R = 10Ω , L = 0.6 H
After the thyristor switches on, the governing differential equa-
tion is given by
di
100 = 10i + 0.6
dt
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 19

Fig. 1.17
The solution of this equation gives
− 10 − 10
100 
1 − e 0.6  = 10 1 − e 0.6 
t t
i(t) =
10 
−6
− 10 × 50 × 10
 
At t = 50x10 secs , i = 10 1 − e
−6 0.6
 = 8.3298 mA
 
Latching current is 50mA. Hence, for the thyristor to turn on
successfully anode current should at least be 50mA; but anode
current is only 8.3298mA. Hence, the thyristor will not turn on.
For successfully turning on the thyristor, a resistance can be
connected in parallel to the load as shown below.
For the thyristor to turn on, the minimum current passing
through R at the end of pulse

Fig. 1.18

= 50 − 8.33 = 41.67 mA
100
Hence, Rmax =
41.67 × 10 − 3
= 2.399 say 2.4Ω Ans
20 POWER ELECTRONICS

Problem 6. In the figure shown below, determine the minimum

pulse width to turn the thyristor successfully on if latching current of
thyristor is 40 mA.

Fig. 1.19

Solution: After turning on of the thyristor, the current passing

through the thyristor is given by
−5
100  0.5 
t − 10t
i(t) =  1 − e  = 20(1 − e )
5
We have to find out t at which i = 40 mA. Hence,
40 × 10 − 3 = 20 (1 − e − 10t)
or, (1 − e − 10t) = 2 × 10 − 3
or, e − 10t = 0.998
So t = 200 µ secs
Hence, pulse width should at least be 200 µ secs duration.
Ans.

Problem 7. The gate-cathode characteristics of a thyristor is a

straight line having slope of 150V/amp. Calculate the gate source
resistance for this thyristor if the trigger source voltage is 12 volts and
allowable gate power dissipation is 0.5W.

Fig. 1.20
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 21

Solution: Consider the figure 1.20 for solving this problem.

After thyristor turns on, we can write
Vg = Ig Rg + Vgk
Vgk = 0.7 volts, hence,
12 = Ig Rg + 0.7
or, IgRg = 11.3 ...(1.52)
Gate power dissipation = 0.5 W. Hence,
Vgk Ig = 0.5
0.5
or, Ig =
0.7
Putting this value of Ig in (1.52), we get
11.3 × 0.7
Rg =
0.5
= 15.82Ω Ans.
dv di
Problem 8. The protection circuit for and is as shown
dt dt
dv di
below. Determine the permissible maximum and for this
dt dt
circuit.

Fig. 1.21

Solution: Input voltage = 230Vrms

Or instantaneous value of input voltage = 230√ 2 sin ωt
Rs = 20Ω , Cs = 0.15 µF , Ls = 100 µH
Load R = 10 Ω
dv 0.632Vp 0.632 × 230√ 2
We know that = =
dt Rs Cs 20 × 0.15 × 10 − 6
= 68.523V / µ secs
22 POWER ELECTRONICS

di Vp 230√2
= =
dt Ls 100 × 10 − 6
= 3.252 A/ µ secs Ans.

Problem 9. A thyristor with a latching current of 50mA is used

in the circuit shown. If a firing pulse of 50 µ secs duration is applied
at the instant of maximum source voltage, show whether the thyristor
would stay on or not. What value of R connected as shown will ensure
the thyristor s turn on?

Fig. 1.22

Solution: After thyristor turns on, we have

−R
Vm t
i= sin (ωt − θ) + Ae L
Z
where A is constant.
Z = R + j ω L = 10 + j 2 π 50 × 0.4
= 126.063∠85.45°
− 10
230√2 t
Hence, i= sin (2 π 50 t − 85.45°) + Ae 0.4
126.063
= 2.58 sin (2π 50 t − 85.45°) + Ae − 25t ...(1.53)
Firing pulse is applied when voltage is maximum, that is,
π
2π 50t = or t = 5 m secs.
2
Hence, putting i = 0 at t = 5 m secs in (1.53), we get
−3

0 = 2.58 sin (90° − 85.45°) + Ae − 25 × 5 × 10

or, 0 = 0.2046 + 0.8824A
0.2046
Hence, A= −
0.8824
= − 0.2318
Hence, i = 2.58 sin (2 π 50 cos t − 85.45°) − 0.2318 Ae − 25t
Differentiating this, we get
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 23

di
= 2.58 × 2 π 50 cos (2 π 50 t − 85.45°) + 0.2318 × 25e − 25 t
dt
di
Hence, = 2.58 × 2π 50 cos (90° − 85.45°)
dt t = 5m secs
−3

+ 0.2318 × 25e − 25 × 5 × 10
= 2.58 × 2π 50 × 0.99684 + 0.20456
= 808.174 A / sec
Hence, anode current at the pulse end = 808.174 × 50 µ secs
= 40.408 mA Ans.
This is less than latching current of 50mA. Hence, thyristor will
not turn on.
di 50 × 10 − 3
For thyristor to turn on, t = 5msec =
dt 50 × 10 − 6
= 1000 A/ sec
−R
Vm t
We have i= sin (ωt − θ) + Ae L
Z
di Vm ω AR − R t
= cos (ωt − θ) − eL
dt Z L
Vm ω
≈ cos (ω t − θ), as second term is almost zero.
Z
Hence,
di Vmω
t = 5 m secs ≈ cos (90° − θ)
dt Z
Vm ω
≈ sin θ
Z
Vmω2 L ωL
≈ as sinθ =
Z 2
Z
230√2 (100 π)2 × 0.4
Hence, 1000 ≈
Z2
or Z ≈ 113.318 Ω
As Z is less than ω L itself, hence, it will not be possible to turn
on thyristor by reducing R.

Problem 10. A thyristor has gate cathode characteristics as

Vg = 1 + 81g. A pulse of 15 µ secs and amplitude of 12V is to be applied
to the gate. If the average gate power loss is 0.25W and peak gate drive
power is 4W, compute (a) the resistance to be connected in series with
24 POWER ELECTRONICS

the gate (b) the triggering frequency and (c) the duty cycle of the
triggering pulse.
Solution: (a) Peak power is delivered to the gate when pulse is
applied.
Hence, Vg Ig = 4 ...(1.54)
Gate cathode characteristics is given by
Vg = 1 + 8Ig ...(1.55)
Eliminating Vg from (1.54) and (1.55), we get
Ig (1 + 8Ig) = 4
or, 8I2g + 8Ig − 4 = 0
−1±√ 
1 + 128
Hence, Ig = = 0.647 amps.
16
If Rs is the resistance to be connected in series, we have
12 = Ig Rs + Vg
or, 12 = 0.647Rs + 1 + 8 × 0.647
5.824
or, Rs = = 9Ω Ans.
0.647
(b) Pgav = 0.25W , Pgm = 4W , duty ratio δ = ?
Pgav = Pgm × δ
Pgav 0.25
Hence, δ= = = 0.0625 Ans.
Pgm 4
(c) Triggering frequency f = ?
1
f=
T
T′
δ= , Where T′ is pulse duration and T is period.
T
T′
Hence, T=
δ
δ 0.0625
Hence, f= = = 4166.67 Hz Ans.
T′ 15 × 10 − 6

Problem 11. Consider the following circuit in which a thyristor

controls the power fed to a resistive load.
dv di
The value of and for safe working of the thyristor are
dt dt
200V/µ secs and 60A/µ sec respectively. Determine the values of
Rs , Cs and L to meet these requirements.
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 25

Fig. 1.23
Solution: After switch S is closed, the capacitance gets short
circuited and thyristor is in forward blocking state. The governing
equation is given by
di
220 = (Rs + R) i + L
dt
Its solution is
− (R + R )
s
220  t

i= 1−e L
Rs + R  
(−R+R)
Rs + R
s
di 220 t
Hence, = . e L
dt Rs + R L
220 − (R + R ) t
s
= e L t
L
di  di  220
will be maximum at t = 0. Hence,   =
dt dt
 max L
 di  220
But   = 60 A / µ secs, hence, L = × 10 − 6
dt
 max 60
= 3.667 µH
At the instant of closing the switch, thryistor voltage
Vt = Rsi
dVt di
or, = Rs
dt dt
di dVt
is maximum at t = 0, hence, will also be maximum.
dt dt
Therefore,
 dVt 
 dt  = Rs × 60 A / µ secs
 max
or, 200 V / µ secs = Rs × 60 A / µ secs
26 POWER ELECTRONICS

200
Hence, Rs = = 3.33Ω
60
CLs
Rs = √
L 3.667 × 10 − 6
So Cs = 2 =
Rs 3.332
= 0.33 µ F
What we have found are the exact values of Cs , Rs and L and
there is no safety margin available for thyristor operation. General-
ly, snubber circuit parameters are elected to be on safer side. We can
have Rs slightly higher than the calculated value. Let us have
Rs = 5Ω
 dVt  220
 dt  = Rs × L
 max
5 × 220 × 10 − 6
Hence, L= = 5.5 µH
200
Cs is also selected somewhat less than the exact value as it will
force lower current at the time of conduction of thyristor. Let us
choose Cs = 0.25 µ F Ans.

Problem 12. Latching current of a thyristor delivering a load

from 200 V source is 75mA. Determine the minimum gate pulse
current width required to turn the thyristor if the load consists of (a)
L = 0.15 H (b) R = 15 Ω in series with L = 0.15H and (c) R = 15 Ω in
series with L = 0.75 H.
Solution: (a) L = 0.15H
di
The governing equation is V = L
dt
di
or, 200 = 0.15
dt
0.15
or, t= i as i = 0 at t = 0 .
200
0.15
i = 75 mA, hence, t = × 75 × 10 − 3
200
= 56.25 µ secs Ans.
(b) R = 15Ω , L = 0.15 H
The governing equation is given by
di
V = Ri + L
dt
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 27
−R
V
1 − e L 
t
Its solution is i = 
R
− 15
200 1 − e 0.15 t
or, 75 × 10 − 3 =
15  
or, e − 100t = 0.994375
or t = 56.408 × 10−6
Hence, required pulse width = 56.408 µ secs Ans.
(c) R = 15Ω , L = 0.75H
The governing equation is given by
di
V = Ri + L
dt
V
1 − e L t
−R
Its solution is i = 
R
200 1 − e 0.75
− 15
t
or, 75 × 10 − 3 =  
15
or, e − 20t = 0.994375
or t = 282.043 × 10−6
Hence, required pulse width = 282.043 µ secs Ans.

Problem 13. The maximum allowable junction temperature of

a thyristor is 125°C. The thermal resistance for the thyristor-sink
combination are θjc = 0.16 and θcs = 0.08° C/W. For a heat sink
temperature of 50°C, determine the total power loss in the thyristor-
sink combination. In case, we bring the heat sink temperature to
40°C by forced cooling, find the %age change in the device rating.
Solution: We know that
Tj = Ts + Pav (θjc + θcs)
125 − 50
Hence, Pav = = 312.5 W
0.16 + 0.08
When cooling is improved, we have
85
= = 354.167 W
0.24
Thyristor rating is proportional to the square root of average
power loss. Hence,

√  −√
354.167 

312.5
%age increase in thyristor rating =

√ 
312.5
18.819 − 17.677
= = 6.46% Ans.
17.67
28 POWER ELECTRONICS

Problem 14. A thyristor has a thermal capacity of 0.25J/°C and

thermal resistnace of 0.7°C/W. Determine the maximum power dis-
sipation which the thyristor can withstand for 0.1 sec for a tempera-
ture not exceeding 50°C .
Solution: Thermal capacity = 0.25 J/°C
Thermal resistance = 0.7 °C/ W
Hence, power dissipated for 1° C temperature rise
1
= W /°C = 1.4285 W/°C
0.7
Thermal capacity
Thermal time constant τ =
Power dissipation for 1°C rise
0.25
= = 0.175
1.4285
−t

We know that Tj = Tjmax 1 − e τ 

If the temperature has to increase 50°C after 0.1 sec, we have
− 0.8

50 = Tjmax 1 − e 0.175

or, Tjmax = 114.868°C
Hence, the maximum junction temperature = 114.868°C
So Power = Tjmax × power dissipated per° C temperature rise
= 114.868 × 1.4285 = 164.088 W Ans.

Problem 15. Consider the following circuit showing details of

heat transfer from the junction of a transistor to the ambient.

Fig. 1.24

Power loss in the transistor is 100W and the ambient temperature

is 45°C and maximum junction temperature is 150°C. Calculate θCA
if θJC is 0.5°C/W.
Solution: From the given figure, we have
θCA = θJA − θJC ...(1.56)
∆ T between junction and the ambient temperature
= 150° − 45° = 105°C
Power = 100 W
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 29

0.25 105
Hence, heat resistance θJA = = = 1.05°C/ W
1.4285 100
Putting this value in (1),
we get θCA = 1.05 − 0.5 = 0.55°C/ W Ans.

Problem 16. The power dissipation in a thyristor is 150W. The

ambient temperature is 40°C and the sink temperature is not to exceed
70°C. Determine the thermal resistance of the heat sink including
that of the case.
Solution: Power = 150W
Tcmax = 70°C
TA = 40°C

Fig. 1.25

Temperature rise from ambient to case = 70° − 40° = 30°C

30
Hence, θCA = = 0.2°C/ W Ans.
150
Problem 17. A transistor is mounted on a heat sink. The thermal
resistances are:
θJC = 0.5°C/W ; θ = 0.2°C/W ; θ = 1.6°C/W
If maximum junction temperature is 180° C and ambient
temperature is 40°C, determine the maximum permissible power flow
through the transistor.

Fig. 1.26
Solution:
∆ T = P (θJC + θCS + θSA)
Putting various values in this equation, we get
180 − 40 = P (0.5 + 0.2 + 1.6)
140
Hence, P= = 60.869 W Ans.
2.3

Problem 18. A power transistor has θJC = 0.5°C/W and

θCS = 0.2°C/W. If the junction temperature is 125°C when the ambient
30 POWER ELECTRONICS

temperature is 30°C, calculate the (a) maximum power dissipation

and (b) case temperature.
Solution: (a) TJ − TA = P (θJC + θCS + θSA) ...(1.57)
Putting the given data in this equation, we get
125 − 30 = P (0.5 + 0.2 + 0.6)
95
Hence, P= = 73.076 W Ans.
1.3
(b) We have TC − TA = P (θCS + θSA)
95
Hence, TC − 30 = × (0.2 + 0.6)
1.3
So Tc = 88.46°C Ans.

Problem 19. The junction temperature of a thyristor is 200°C

and various thermal resistances are θJC = 0.5°C/W ;
θCS = 0.2°C /W . If power dissipated in the thyristor is 150 W and the
ambient temperature is 40°C, determine the temperature of case and
sink and thermal resistance θSA.
Solution: We know that
TJ − TC = P × θJC
TC − TS = P × θCS
TS − TA = P × θSA
P = 150W , θJC = 0.5°C/W , θCS = 0.2°C/W
Putting these values in the above equations, we get
200 − TC = 150 × 0.5
Hence, TC = 200 − 75 = 125°C
125 − Ts = 150 × 0.2
or, TS = 125 − 30 = 95°C
Also 95 − 40 = 150 × θSA
55
Hence, θSA = = 0.367°C/ W Ans.
150

Problem 20. Consider the following relaxation oscillator circuit

using UJT for triggering a thyristor.
The UJT has the following data: η = 0.8 , Ip = 0.65mA, Vp =
20V, Vv = 1V , Iv = 3 , RBB = 5kΩ , normal leakage current when
emitter is opened = 4.5mA . The firing frequency is 2 Khz. For
C = 0.5 µF , computer R , R1 and R2 .
Solution: The value of charging resistance is given by
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 31

Fig. 1.27
T 1
R= ; T= .
I f
C In
1−η
1
Hence, R=
1
2 × 10 × 0.5 × 10 − 6 ln
3
1 − 0.8
= 6.213kΩ
As VD is not given, we can neglect it. Hence,
Vp = ηVBB
20
VBB = = 25 volts
0.8
0.7RBB 0.7 × 5000
R2 = = = 175Ω
Vp 20
When emitter is opened, we have
VBB = I1 (R1 + R2 + RBB) Where I1 is leakage current.
25
Hence, R1 = × 103 − 175 − 5000 = 380.55Ω Ans.
4.5

Problem 21. A unijunction transistor circuit shown below is to

be used as relaxation oscillator. The data for UJT are as given below:
Vv = 1.5V , Vp = 8V , R = 1kΩ , C = 1 µ F.
Determine the frequency of the oscillator.
Solution: We know that
Assuming VD = 0.7 volts, we have
8 = η × 12 + 0.7
8 − 0.7
Hence, η= = 0.6083
12
32 POWER ELECTRONICS

Fig. 1.28
1 1
T = RC ln ; T= .
1−η f
1
Hence, f=
1
RC ln
1−η
Putting numerical values, we get
1
f=
1
1 × 103 × 1 × 106 ln
1 − 0.6083
= 1066.94 Hz Ans.
Problem 22. A thyristor is to be triggered by using a relaxation
oscillator which utilizes unijunction transistor. The characteristics
of UJT are η = 0.7, Vp = 15V, Ip = 0.6µA , normal leakage current
with emitter opened = 3mA , Vv = 1V , Iv = 6mA , RB1B2 = 5kΩ. The
firing frequency is 200Hz. If C = 0.1µF, calculate the values of
charging resistance and external resistances. Also calculate maxi-
mum and minimum values of charging resistance. Hence, find out
maximum and minimum values of frequency of operation.

Fig. 1.29
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 33

1 1
Solution: We know that T = RC ln ; T= .
1−η f
1 1
Hence, = R × 0.1 × 106 ln
200 1 − 0.7
1
Hence, R= = 41.529kΩ
−6 1
200 × 0.1 × 10 In
1 − 0.7
VP = η VBB + VD
15 = 0.7VBB + 0.7
5 − 0.7
Hence, VBB = = 20.428 volts.
0.7
0.7RBB
R2 =
η VBB
0.7 × 5000
= = 244.762Ω Ans.
0.7 × 20.428
VBB = I1 (R1 + R2 + RBB) where I1 is leakage current.
20.428
Hence, R1 = × 103 − 244.762 − 5000
3
= 1564.571Ω Ans.
VBB − VP 20.428 − 15
Rmax = =
IP 0.6 × 10 − 6
= 9.046M Ω Ans.
VBB − Vv 20.428 − 1
Rmin = = = 3.238kΩ Ans.
IV 6 × 10 − 3
1
fmin =
1
Rmax C ln
1−η
1
=
1
9.046 × 106 × 0.1 × 10 − 6 ln
1 − 0.7
= 0.918 Hz Ans.
1
fmax =
1
Rmin C In
1−η
1
=
1
3.238 × 103 × 0.1 × 10 − 6 ln
1 − 0.7
= 2565.112 Hz Ans.
34 POWER ELECTRONICS

Problem 23. Determine

the conduction time of thyris-
tor and the peak current that
will flow in the following cir-
cuit employing series resonant
commutation. Assume zero in-
itial conditions.
Fig. 1.30
Solution: Critical value
of resistance


√
−3
5 × 10
= 2√

L/C = 2 − 6 = 200Ω
0.5 × 10
In the given circuit, R = 50 Ω <critical resistance. Hence, the
circuit is critically damped.

√
2
1 R
Therefore, ω= −
LC 4L2

=√
2
1 50
−3 −6 − −3 2
5 × 10 × 0.5 × 10 4 × (5 × 10 )
=√ 4 × 108 − 25 × 106

= 19364.916 rad / sec Ans.
As initial conditions are zero, current through the circuit given
−R
V 2L t R
i= e sin ωt , where α =
ωL 2L
1 2π 2π
Period T= = = = 324.462 µ sec
f ω 19364.916
Thyristor conducts for half period. Hence, conduction period
324.462
= = 162.231 µ secs Ans.
2
1 ω
Peak value of current occurs at t = tan − 1
ω α
1 19364.916 × 2 × 5 × 10 − 3
= tan − 1
19364.916 50
1
= × 75.522° = 6.806 × 10−5 sec
19364.916 −5
− 50 × 6 . 806 × 10
200 −3
Hence, ipeak = e 2 × 5 × 10 sin 19364.916
19364.916
× 6.806 × 10 − 5
= 2.0655 × 0.7115 × 0.9682 = 1.422 amps. Ans.
THYRISTORS AND COMMUTATION TECHNIQUES 35

Problem 24. For the input commutated circuit shown below,

determine the available turn off time if V = 250 volts, R = 20Ω and
C = 15 µF and initial value of voltage on capacitance is V with the
polarity as marked up.

Fig. 1.31
Solution: After T2 is fired, the voltage across capacitance is
given by
q
Vc =
C ...(1.58)
where q is charge on the capacitance charge.
V = vc + iR ...(1.59)
Differentiating (1.58), we get
dq dvc
=C
dt dt
dvc
or, i=C
dt
dvc
Putting this value in (1.59), we get V − vc = RC
dt
Taking Laplace transform, we get
V
− vc (s) = RC [svc (s) − vc (0)]
s
V
or, − vc (s) = RC [svc (s) − V] As vc (0) = V
s
Simplifying this, we get
V 2V
Vc (s) = −
s 1
s+
RC
Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get
−t

vc (t) = V 1 − 2e RC

36 POWER ELECTRONICS

At available turn off time, vc = 0. If t0 is available turn off time,

we get
−t
1
e RC =
2
t

or e RC = 2
So t0 = RC ln 2 = 20 × 15 × 10−6 ln 2
= 207.944 µ secs Ans.

Problem 25. Following figure shows a self commutating circuit.

The initial current in the circuit is 50A and the capacitance carries
an initial voltage of V, the supply voltage with polarity as marked.
Determine the conduction time of the thyristor and the capacitance
voltage at turn off.

Fig. 1.32

Solution: When thyristor is ON the governing equation is

given by
di 1
V = L + ∫ idt + vc (0)
dt C
Taking Laplace transform, we get
V i (s) vc (0)
= L [si (s) − i (0)] + +
s Cs s
Simplifying this, we get
V − vc (0) si (0)
i (s) = +
L (s2 + ω2) s2 + ω2
1
if ω2 =
LC

Taking inverse Laplace transform, we get

i (t) = [V − vc (0)] √ CL sin ωt + i (0) cos ωt

THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 37

Here, vc (0) = V and i (0) = 50. Hence, i (t) = 50 cos ωt

t t
1 1
vc (t) =
C ∫ i (τ) dτ + vc (0) =
C ∫ 50 cos ω τ dτ + V
0 0

=
50
ωC sin ω
+ V = 50
L
C 
√
sin ωt + V

Turn off occurs when i = 0, that is, 50 cos ωt0 = 0

π π
Or, t0 = = √ 

LC
2ω 2
π
= √ 20 × 10 − 6 × 50 × 10 − 6 = 49.673 µ secs

2

At turn off, vc(t0) = 50 

√
20 × 10 − 6
50 × 10 − 6
π
sin + 200
2
= 231.622 volts Ans.

Problem 26. In the circuit shown below, V = 400 volts and initial
capacitance voltage is zero. The thyristor is switched on at t = 0.
Determine the conduction time of thyristor, the peak capacitor voltage
and the peak current. The circuit parameters are
L = 25 µH, C = 100 µF. Assume the current through the inductance
at the time of triggering the thyristor is 200A.

Fig. 1.33
Solution:
V = 400 volts, L = 25 µ H, C = 100 µ F, i (0) = 200A
As derived in the last problem, we have

i (t) = [V − vc (0)] √CL sin ωt + i (0) cos ωt

Here, vc (0) = 0 , i (0) = 200A.

√ 
−6
100 × 10
Hence, i (t) = 400 −6 sin ωt + 200 cos ωt
25 × 10
= 800 sin ωt + 200 cos ωt
38 POWER ELECTRONICS

 800 200 
=√ 8002 + 200
2  2 2 sin ωt + 2 2 cos ωt
 √
 
800 + 
200 
√
800 + 
200 
200
= 824.621 [sin ωt cos θ + cos ωt sin θ] if tan θ =
800
= 824.621 sin (ωt + θ) Ans.
Hence, peak current = 824.621 amps.
t
1
vc (t) =
C ∫ i (τ) dτ + vc (0)
0
t
824.621
=
C ∫ sin (ω τ + θ) d τ as v c (0) = 0
0

= 824.621 √ CL [cos θ − cos(ω t + θ)]

Vc (t) will be maximum when ωt = π − θ. Hence,

vcmax = 824.621 

√ 25 × 10 − 6
100 × 10 − 6
[cos (tan − 1 0.25) + 1]

824.621
= × 1.970 = 812.292 volts Ans.
2
π−θ
Thyristor conduction time =
ω
π − tan − 1 0.25
=
1
25 × 10 − 6 × 100 × 10 − 6

√
2.8966
= = 144.83 µ secs Ans.
20000
Problem 27. The circuit below shows a resonant pulse impulse
circuit. The initial capacitor voltage is 250V, C = 50 µF and L = 5 µH.
Determine the circuit turn off time tc if the load current is (a) 100A
and (b) 150A.

Fig. 1.34
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 39

Solution: (a) Load current = 100 amps.

After T2 is fired, the current through capacitor is given by

ic (t) = V √CL sin ω t

T1 is turned off when ic (t) becomes equal to load current. Let this
time be t1. Hence,

√
−6
50 × 10
100 = 250 −6 sin ω t1
5 × 10
100 = 790.569 sin ω t1
or, ωt1 = 7.2668° = 0.1261 radians
At t = t1 , the magnitude of capacitor voltage is vc = 250cosωt1
= 250 cos 0.1261 (rad) = 248 volts
CVc
Circuit turn off time is given by tc =
I
50 × 10 − 6 × 248
= = 124 µ secs Ans.
100
(b) I = 150 A

√
−6
50 × 10
150 = 250 −6 sin ωt1
5 × 10
150 = 790.569 sin ωt1
or, ω t1 = 10.9374°
At t = t1 , the magnitude of capacitor voltage is vc = 250 cos ω t1
= 250 cos 10.9374° = 245.458 volts
CVc
Circuit turn off time is given by tc =
I
50 × 10 − 6 × 248
= = 81.819 µ secs Ans.
150

Problem 28. In the circuit shown below, find out the value of L
for proper commutation of thyristor. Also determine the conduction
time of thyristor.
Solution: When thyristor is conducting, load current
50
I= = 2A
25
If thyristor has to commutate properly, Ip , the peak value of the
resonant current should be greater than the load current I. Let
Ip = 2I = 2 × 2 = 4A
40 POWER ELECTRONICS

Fig. 1.35

1
ip = Ip sin ω t where ω =

√LC
=V√ 
C/L sin ω t
Ip = V √

C/L

Hence, 4 = 50 
√ 5 × 10 − 6
L
2
50
or L= × 5 × 10 − 6 = 781.25 µ H Ans.
42
1
Hence, ω=

√ 
LC
1
= = 16000 rad/ sec
781.25 × 10 − 6 × 5 × 10 − 6

√
π + sin − 1 (I/Ip)
Thyristor conduction time =
ω
π + sin − 1 (1/2)
=
16000
7π
= = 0.229 m secs Ans.
6 × 16000

Problem 29. In the circuit shown below, the load current of 20A
is to be commutated and turn off time required is 50µ secs. Determine
the optimum values of C and L.

Fig. 1.36
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 41

Solution: Peak value of resonant current i is given by

Ip = V √
C/L
Ip should be greater than load current I.
Ip
Let = 1.8 or Ip = 1.8 × 20
I
Hence, 20 × 1.8 = 100 √

C/L ...(1.60)
Assuming that at the time of turning off of the thyristor, the
capacitor voltage is equal to the supply voltage and capacitor charges
linearly.
CV
tc =
I
tc = .50 × 10 − 6
C × 100
Hence, 50 × 10 6 =
20
50 × 10 − 6 × 20
or, C= = 10 µ F Ans.
100
Putting this value of C in (1.60), we get

20 × 1.8 = 100 

√ 10 × 10 − 6
L
10 × 10 − 6
or, L= = 77.160 µH Ans.
0.36 × 0.36

Problem 30. In a resonant commutation circuit, the supply

voltage is 250V. Load current is 25A and the device turn off time is
20 µ secs. The ratio of peak resonant current to the load current is
1.75. Find out the value of L and C of the commutation circuit.
Peak resonant current Ip
Solution: = 1.75
Load current I
Hence, Ip = 1.75 × 25 = 43.75 A
We know that Ip = V √ 
C /L
Hence, 43.75 = 250 √ 
C /L ...(1.61)
Device turn off time is 20 µ secs. Circuit turn off time should be
more than device turn off time. To be on safer side, we take circuit
turn off time as 1.5 times the devices turn off time. Hence, circuit
turn off time
tc = 20 × 1.5 = 30 µ secs
CV
But tc =
I
42 POWER ELECTRONICS

C × 250
Hence, 30 × 10 − 6 =
25
So C=3µF Ans.
Putting this value of C in (1.61), we get

43.75 = 250 

√ 3 × 10 − 6
L
250 × 250 × 3 × 10 − 6
or, L=
43.75 × 43.75
= 97.959 × 10 − 6≈ 97.6 µ H Ans.

Problem 31. The following circuit shows a complementary com-

mutation circuit.

Fig. 1.37

For this circuit, calculate the turn off time.

Solution: For complementary commutation, circuit turn off
time
tc = 0.693 RC secs
Here R = 5Ω , C = 10 µ F .Hence,
tc = 0.693 × 5 × 10 − 6 secs = 34.65 µ secs Ans.

Problem 32. The following figure shows a complementary

commutation circuit. Calculate the values of R and C to be used for
commutating the main thyristor when full load current of 50A flows.
The thyristor needs to be reverse biased at least for 40 µ secs for proper
commutation. Also find R, given that the auxiliary thyristor will
undergo natural commutation when forward current falls below the
holding current value of 2mA.
Solution: Main thyristor carries the load current and auxiliary
thyristor is used to turn off the main thyristor. After the main
thyristor has turned off, the sum of charging current of capacitor and
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 43

Fig. 1.38

current passing through R passes through the auxiliary thyristor;

capacitor current reduces to zero after time tc. Auxiliary thyristor
turns off automatically if the current passing through R is less than
holding current of auxiliary thyristor.
Auxiliary thyristor holding current = 2mA
250
Hence, R ≥
2 × 10 − 3
≥ 125 kΩ Ans.
IL = 50A, supply voltage = 250 V.
200
Hence, R= = 4Ω
50
tc = 0.693RC secs
Here R = 4 , C = ? , tc = 40 µ secs. Hence,
40 × 10 − 6 = 0.693 × 4C
40 × 10 − 6
So C= = 14.43 µF Ans.
0.693 × 4

Problem 33. An impulse commutated thyristor is shown below.

Fig. 1.39

Determine the available turn off time of the circuit if

V = 200 volts, R = 10 Ω and C = 15 µ F . Voltage on capacitor is V
with the polarity as shown before T2 is fired.
44 POWER ELECTRONICS

Solution: After T2 is fired, voltage V, as initial voltage of

capacitor is V, appears at the cathode of T1 leading to its commuta-
tion. The governing equations are given by
V = iR + Vc (t) ...(1.62)
dVc (t)
i=C
dt ...(1.63)
These two equations have been solved in problem no. 24. From
there, we get
−t

Vc (t) = V 1 − 2e RC 
At available turn off time t0 , Vc (t0) = 0 . Hence,
−t0 t0
RC 1 RC
e = or, re = 22
2
or, t0 = RC ln 2
Here R = 10 Ω , C=15 µ F .
Hence, t0 = 10 × 15 × 10 − 6 ln2 = 17.328 µ secs Ans.

Problem 34. In the commutation circuit shown below,

C = 10 µ F and the input voltage varies between 240V to 260V and
the load current varies 25 A to 100A. Find out the maximum and
minimum values of available turn off times.

Fig. 1.40

Solution: Input voltage varies between 240V and 260V and the
load current I varies from 25A to 100A. Available turn off time is
given by
CV
t0 =
1
t0 will be maximum when V is maximum and I is minimum.
Hence,
10 × 10 − 6 × 260
t0max = = 104 µ secs
25
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 45

CVmin 10 × 10 − 6 × 240
t0min = =
Imax 100
= 24 µ secs Ans.
Problem 35. The following figure gives the circuit of accelerated
resonant pulse commutation.

Fig. 1.41
Determine the circuit turn off time for the load current of 100A.
Solution: Load current I = 100 A
After T2 is triggered at t = 0 , current through T2 starts flowing
and it increases with time. Let it reach equal to load current at t1
and at this instant, T1 turns off. The following gives t1.
 
t1 = √

LC
 I
 sin − 1  
√
 Vc (0)

L
C


Putting numerical values, we get
 
t1 = √ 
√
 100
50 × 10 − 6 × 10 × 10 − 6 sin − 1 
 250

10 × 10 − 6 

50 × 10 −− 6 
= 22.360 × 10 − 6 × 0.17985 = 4.021 µ secs
1
ω=

√ 
LC
1
= = 44721.359 rad/ sec
10 × 10 − 6 × 50 × 10 − 6

√
ic (t) flows through D after T1 turns off and ic (t) falls back t load
current at t2.
t2 = π √
 − t1
LC
=π√ 10 × 10 − 6 × 50 × 10 − 6 − 4.021 × 10 − 6

= 66.227 µ secs
46 POWER ELECTRONICS

Hence, circuit turn off time tc = 66.227 − 4.021

= 62.4 µ secs Ans.

Problem 36. The commutation circuit shown below has

capacitance C = 25 µ F and recharging inductance L = 40 µH. The
initial voltage on the capacitance is equal to the supply voltage with
the polarity as shown. Determine the circuit turn off time if load
current is 100A.

Fig. 1.42
Solution: Let T2 be fired at t = 0. Capacitor voltage will appear
across T1 and it will be turned off. Diode D will be forward biased.
If an LC circuit is energized by a DC voltage Vs, current capacitor
voltage are given by
i (t) = [Vs − Vc (0)] √ 
C/ L sin ω t + I (0) cos ω t ...(1.64)
Vc (t) = I (0) √
L/ C sin ω t − [Vs − Vc (0)] cos ω t ...(1.65)
Where Vc (0) = initial voltage on the capacitor, I (0) = initial cur-
1
rent in the circuit and ω = .

√ 
LC
Here Vc (0) = − V , Vs = 0, I (0) = I . Putting these initial condi-
tions in (1.64) and (1.65), we get
i (t) = V √
C / L sin ω t + I cos ω t
Vc (t) = I √
L/ C sin ω t − V cos ω t
If circuit turn off time is t0, we have Vc (t0) = 0. Hence,
0=I√ 
LC sin ω t − V cos ω t0
 
Simplifying this, we get t0 = √

LC
V
 tan − 1 
I


√ C

L

Putting numerical values, we get
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 47

 
t0 = √
 
√
 250
40 × 10 − 6 × 25 × 10 − 6 tan − 1 
 100

25 × 10 − 6 

40 × 10 − 6 
= 31.622 × 10 − 6 × 1.1023 = 34.856 µ secs Ans.

Problem 37. Consider the resonant pulse commutation circuit

shown below.

Fig. 1.43

Determine the values of L and C if load current I = 200A , V =

250 volts, circuit turn off time tq = 20 µsecs , ratio peak resonant
current to load current = 1.5.
Solution: For resonant pulse commutation circuit. Circuit turn
off time tq is given by
 1
t0 = √
 π − 2sin − 1 
LC
 x
Resonant peak current
where x=
Load current
Here, x = 1.5 and tq = 205 µ secs.
 1 
Hence, 20 × 10 − 6 = √
 π − 2sin − 1
LC
 1.5 
or, LC = 6.8762 × 10 − 11 ...(1.66)
Ip = V √

C/L
I = 200A , x = 1.5 . Hence Ip = 200 × 1.5 = 300A. Putting this in
above equation, we get
300 = 250 √ 
C/L
48 POWER ELECTRONICS

C ...(1.67)
or, = 1.44
L
Solving (1.66) and (1.67), we get
C = 9.95 µ F and L = 6.91 µ H Ans.
Problem 38. Two thyristors having 300A and 500A current
ratings are to be operated in parallel. The on state voltage drops of
these thyristors are 1.2 V and 1V respectively. Find out the value of
the resistance to be inserted in series with each SCR so that they will
share the total load of 600A in proportion to their current ratings.
Solution: Dynamic resistance of 300A thyristor, say,
1.2
T1 = Ω
300
1
Dynamic resistance of 500A thyristor, say, T2 = Ω
500
Let R be the resistance to be inserted in series with each
thyristor as shown below.

Fig. 1.44

Current passing through 1

R+
500
T1 = 600 α 300
2R + (1/500) + (1.2/300) ...(1.68)
1.2
R+
300
Current passing through T2 = 600 α 500
1 1.2
2R + +
500 300 ...(1.69)
Dividing (1.68) by (1.69), we get
1
R+
500 300 300 (500R + 1) 300
= or =
1.2 500 500 (300R + 1) 500
R+
300
0.2
or, R= Ω=1mΩ Ans
200
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 49

Problem 39. Find out the number of thyristors, each with a

rating of 1000V and 200A, need to be connected in each branch of
series-parallel combination for a circuit with a total voltage of 10kV
and 1000A current. Assume a derating factor of 15%.
Also determine the values of static equalizing resistance and
dynamic equalizing capacitance for the string if maximum off state
blocking current is 10mA and the maximum difference in their
reverse recovery charge ∆ Q = 20 micro-coulombs.
Solution: We know that derating factor for series connected
thyristors is given by
 Vs 
% series derating = 1 −
 ns VD 
where Vs = string voltage, VD = voltage rating of one thyristor and
ns = no. of series connected thyristors.
Here Vs = 10kV , VD = 1000 volts .
 10 × 103 
Hence, 0.15 = 1 − 
 ns × 1000 
Solving this, we get ns = 11.764 , say 12
 Im 
Similarly, % parallel derating = 1 − 
 npIT 

where Im = total current, IT = current rating of one thyristor and

nm = no. of parallel strings. Here Im = 1000A , IT = 200a. Hence,
 1000 
0.15 = 1 −
 ns × 200 
Solving this, we get np = 5.8823, say 6
ns VD − Vs
Equalizing resistance R =
(ns − 1) I1
Here, ns = 12, VD = 1000 , Vs = 10kV, Il = 10 mA
12 × 1000 − 10000
Hence, R=
11 × 10 × 10 − 3
= 18.181 kΩ
(ns − 1) ∆ Q
Equalizing capacitance C =
ns VD − Vs
Here, ns = 12 , VD = 1000 , Vs = 10kV , ∆Q = 20µC
11 × 20 × 10 − 6
Hence, C= = 0.11 µ F Ans.
12 × 1000 − 10 × 10 − 3
50 POWER ELECTRONICS

Problem 40. The maximum on state RMS current of a thyristor

is 80A. If we use this thyristor in a resistive circuit, determine the
average on state current rating for half sine wave for a conduction
angle of 60°.
Solution: The heating effect in thyristor depends on average
current also passing through it. Here, we have to find out equivalent
average current. This we can do by finding form factor.
Im
For half sine wave, Iav = (1 + cosθ)
2π
where Im is peak value and θ is the firing angle.

√ √
I2m
 2 
I2m
π π
cos 2 θ
Irms =
2π ∫
0
sin2 θ d θ = dθ
2π ∫
0

=√
2
I  π − θ sin 2 θ 
m
+
2π  2 4 
Im
Here, θ = 60°, hence, Iav = (1 + cos60°) = 0.2387Im
2π

Irms = 
√ I2m  π − (π/3) sin 120° 
2π  2
+
4 


=
2π
√
I2m
× 1.2636 = 0.4484 Im

0.4484 Im
Hence, from factor = = 1.8785
0.23871 Im
80
So, equivalent average current = = 42.587 A Ans.
1.8785

UNSOLVED PROBLEMS

Problem 1. It is specified that a voltage of 2V and current of

100mA be applied to turn on a thyristor. A resistor of 20Ω is connected
across the gate cathode terminals of thyristor. If the trigger supply
voltage is 10V, determine the value of the resistance to be connected
in series with the gate circuit to turn on the thyristor. [Ans. 40Ω]

Problem 2. A train of pulses of frequency 2 kHz and 25% duty

cycle triggers a thyristor. Determine the pulse width. If the average
gate power dissipation is not to exceed 1.5W, find out the maximum
allowable gate power drive. [Ans. 0.125 m secs, 6W]
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 51

Problem 3. A 220V DC source supplies a resistive load R through

di dv
a thyristor. The and limits for thyristor are 75A/ µsec and
dt dt
250V/µ sec respectively. Determine the value of inductance to be
connected in the anode circuit and snubber circuit parameters to
achieve these specified limits.
[Ans. L = 2.933 µ H , Rs = 3.33Ω , Cs = 0.2644 µF ;
these are exact values.]
Problem 4. A thyristor carries full current when the allowable
case temperature is 100° C and maximum allowable junction
temperature is 140°C. The thermal resistance between case and
ambient is 0.5°C/W and between sink and ambient is 0.4°C/W. Find
the sink temperature and resistance between junction and case if
ambient temperature is 30°C.
[Ans. Ts = 86° C , θJC = 0.2857°C/W]
Problem 5. The reverse biased junction capacitance of a thyris-
dv
tor is 50pF. Determine the maximum permissible value of appear-
dt
ing across thyristor if the charging current flowing through the
junction capacitance is 4mA. [Ans. 80V/ µ secs]
Problem 6. A thyristor string has a voltage and current rating
of 11kV and 3kA respectively. The thyristor available has a voltage
and current rating of 2kV and 1500A respectively. Determine the
number of series and parallel connected thyristors if string efficiency
has to be 90%. Also find out the value of static equalizing resistnace
and capacitance to be used in the static and dynamic equalizing
circuits if the maximum forward leakage current is 12mA and
maximum difference in their reverse recovery charge is 25µC.
[Ans. ns = 7, np = 3, R = 41.67kΩ, C = 0.0 µ F]
Problem 7. Consider the following circuit in which a
dv
capacitance is connected across the thyristor to limit appearing
dt
across it.

Fig. 1.45
52 POWER ELECTRONICS

Calculate the minimum value of C so that thyristor will not turn

dv
on due to reapplied . Junction capacitance of thyristor is 25pF and
dt
minimum charging current is 4mA. [Ans. 0.0375 µ F]
Problem 8. In the following circuit, the switch is closed at t = 0.
Find out expression of current if initial voltage on capacitor is V
with polarity as shown.

Fig. 1.46

[Ans. i (t) = V √CL sinωt]

Problem 9. The gate cathode characteristic of an SCR is straight
line having slope of 20A/amp and passes through origin; the maxi-
mum turn on time is 4 µsec and the minimum gate current required
to turn o is 400mA. Calculate the resistance to be connected in series
with the SCR gate source voltage is 12V. [Ans. 10Ω]
Problem 10. Find the current through the following circuit and
the voltage on the capacitor as function of time after the switch is
closed if initial voltage on capacitor is 100V and current passing
through inductance is 10A.

Fig. 1.47

[Ans. i (t) = 10.488 sin (ω t + 72.452°),

vc (t) = 200 + 331.661 sin (ωt − 17.548°) , ω = 31622 rad/sec]
Problem 11. The thermal capacity of a thyristor is 0.4J/°C and
thermal resistance is 0.8°C/W. Find out the maximum power dissipa-
tion the thyristor can withstand for 0.1 seconds for a temperature not
exceeding 50°C. [Ans. 232.873 W]
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 53

Problem 12. The SCR in the figure given below controls power
in a resistance R. The supply voltage is 220V, and the maximum
dV di
permissible values of and for the SCR are 150 V/ µ sec and
dt dt
di
50A/ µ sec respectively. Determine the value of inductance and
dt
snubber circuit parameters.

Fig. 1.48
[Ans. L = 4.4 µ H, Rs = 3Ω, Cs = 0.488 µ F ;
these are exact values.]
Problem 13. A relaxation oscillator uses UJT for triggering a
thyristor. The circuit is as shown below.

Fig. 1.49
The UJT parameters are as given below.
η = 0.7 , Ip = 0.5mA , Vp = 15 volts
Vv = 0.8V , Iv = mA , RBB = 6KΩ
Normal leakage current with emitter open is 3mA. The firing
frequency is 2 kHz. If C = 0.2 µF , compute the values of R , R1 and
R2 . [Ans. R = 2078Ω, R1 = 280Ω, R2 = 862.67Ω]
Problem 14. A relaxation oscillator using UJT triggers an SCR.
The UJT has the following parameters.
54 POWER ELECTRONICS

η = 0.7, Ip = 0.7mA , Vp = 16.5 volts

Vv = IV , Iv = 6mA , RBB = 5500Ω and VD = 0.7V
Normal leakage current with emitter open is 3.5mA. The firing
frequency is 1.5 kHz. If C = 0.1 µ F , compute the values of R, R1 and
R2 .

Fig. 1.50
[Ans. R = 5537.558Ω, R1 = 705.187Ω, R2 = 243.67Ω]
Problem 15. In the problem no. 14, the firing frequency is varied
by varying R. Determine the maximum and minimum values of R
and corresponding frequencies.
[Ans. Rmax = 8672.857Ω, Rmin = 3595.166Ω,
fmax = 2259.738 Hz, fmin = 936.73 Hz]
Problem 16. Consider the following complementary commuta-
tion circuit shown below.

Fig. 1.51

Determine the values of R and C to be used for commutating the

main thyristor T1 when it is conducting a full load current of 44A.
Circuit turn off time is 40 µ sec and T2 will undergo natural com-
mutation when its forward current falls below the holding current of
2mA. [Ans. R = 110kΩ, C = 11.541 µ F]
Problem 17. Find pout the conduction time of SCR and peak
SCR current in the following circuit assuming zero initial conditions.
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 55

Fig. 1.52

[Ans. 0.14m secs, 1.337A]

Problem 18. In the following self commutating circuit, the
inductance carries an initial current of 100A and the initial voltage
across the capacitor is equal to the supply voltage with the polarity
as marked.

Fig. 1.53

Find out the conduction time of SCR and the capacitor voltage at
turn off. [Ans. 49.672 µ secs , 251.622V]
Problem 19. In the circuit shown below, the applied voltage V
is 500volts. Initial capacitor voltage is zero, L = 20 µ H and
C = 50 µ and the current passing through the inductance at the time
of SCR triggering is I0 = 250A .

Fig. 1.54

Determine (a) the peak values of capacitor voltage and current

(b) the conduction time of SCR.
[Ans. (a) Icmax = 829.155A Vcmax = 1024.28V (b) 89.66 µ secs]
56 POWER ELECTRONICS

Problem 20. Following is the circuit of resonant pulse commuta-

tion.

Fig. 1.55
The initial voltage on the capacitor is Vc (0) = 220 volts with the
polarity as marked, C = 25 µ F and L = 5 µH. Find out the circuit
turn off time if the load current is 300A. [Ans. 14.529 µ secs]
Problem 21. Repeat the above problem if an anti-parallel diode
D is connected across thyristor T1 as shown below.

Fig. 1.56
[Ans. 20.46 µ secs]
Problem 22. Find out the
value of L for proper commuta-
tion of SCR in the following
circuit. Also find out the com-
mutation time of SCR.
[Ans. L = 125 µ H assuming
ratio of resonant
peak current to load
current as 2,91.629µ secs]
Fig. 1.57
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 57

Problem 23. In the circuit shown below, the load current to be

commutated is 20A, turn off time required is 40 µ sec and the supply
voltage is 200V. Find out the proper values of these commutating
elements.

Fig. 1.58

[Ans. L = 100 µH, C = 4F assuming ratio of resonant peak

current to load current as 2]
Problem 24. In a resonant commutation circuit, the supply
voltage is 220V DC. Load current is 25A and the circuit turn off time
is 40µsec. The ratio of peak resonant current to load current is 1.5.
Determine the value of L and C of the commutating circuit.
[Ans. C = 4.545 µ F, L = 156.428 µ H]
Problem 25. In the complementary commutation circuit shown
below, determine the circuit turn off time tq.

Fig. 1.59
[Ans. 51.986 µsecs]
Problem 26. Calculate
the values of RL and C re-
quired for commutation of
the main thyristor in the fol-
lowing circuit when the load
current is 20A.
The main SCR has to
reverse biased at least for
40 µsec for proper com-
Fig. 1.60
58 POWER ELECTRONICS

mutation. Also find out R1 if auxiliary thyristor T1 will go natural

commutation when its forward current falls below the holding cur-
rent of 3mA. [Ans. RL = 10Ω, C = 5.77 µ F, R1 = 66.67kΩ]
Problem 27. Consider the impulse commutation circuit shown
below.

Fig. 1.61

Determine the available turn off time of the circuit if V = 200

volts, R = 20Ω and C = 40 µ F. Voltage across C is V with the polarity
as shown before auxiliary thyristor T2 is fired.
[Ans. 0.5545m secs]
Problem 28. In the commuta-
tion circuit shown in right side,
C = 40µF and the input voltage
varies between 150V and 200V
and, as a result, the load current
varies between 100A and 200A.
Determine the maximum and
minimum values of available turn
off time tq. Fig. 1.62
[Ans. 80 µ secs, 30 µ secs]
Problem 29. Con-
sider the circuit shown
below and find out the
values of L and C for
proper commutation of
thyristor.
The load current is
50A and the resonant
peak current is 2 times
Fig. 1.63
the load current. The cir-
cuit turn off time should at least be 40 µ sec. Determine the value of
L and C.
[Ans. C = 10 µ F, L = 40 µ H]
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 59

Problem 30. The maximum rms on state current of a thyristor

is 100A. If we use this SCR in a resistive circuit, determine average
on state current rating for half sine wave current for conduction angle
of 45°. [Ans. 52.565A]
Problem 31. In the resistive trigger shown below, calculate the
trigger angle a at which the SCR fires when variable resistor is set
at 5kΩ. Assume ideal diode. [Ans. 2.837°]

Fig. 1.64
Problem 32. An SCR has Vg − Ig characteristics given by
Vg = 1.8 + 8Ig. If gate pulses of 10 V amplitude with 20% duty are
applied, determine the value of series resistor to be inserted in the
gate circuit to limit the peak power dissipation to 5W.
[Ans. 3.953Ω]
Problem 33. In the following cir-
cuit, L = 20µH, C = 40 µ F and initial
value of current is 200A.
Find out (a) the peak capacitor
voltage and (b) the conduction time of
thyristor.
[Ans. (a) 1019.46V (b) 81.061 µ secs] Fig. 1.65
Problem 34. Consider the following circuit in which the junction
capacitance of thyristor is 20 pF.
The thyristor turns on when anode current is 5mA and the critical
dv
value of is 200 V/ µ sec. Deter-
dt
mine the value of capacitance C so
that the thyristor will not be turned
dv
on due to .
dt
[Ans. 0.04 µ F]

Fig. 1.66
60 POWER ELECTRONICS

Problem 35. A 300A SCR having voltage drop of 0.75 V at rated

current is to be connected in parallel with 200A SCR having voltage
drop of 1V at rated current. Determine the resistance to be connected
in series with each SCR so that they will share the load of 500 A in
proportions to their ratings. [Ans. 2.5mΩ]

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

Q.1 The gate lead in a thyristor is welded to

(a) p layer to which anode is connected.
(b) n layer nearest to the anode
(c) p layer nearest to the cathode terminal
(d) outside n layer that is nearest to the anode
[Ans. (c)]
Q.2 When we reverse bias an SCR
(a) Two junctions are reverse biased and one junction is
forward biased.
(b) All the junctions are reverse biased.
(c) One junction is reverse biased and two junctions are
forward biased.
(d) Any of the above depending on the magnitude of reverse
bias. [Ans. (c)]

Fig. 1.67
Q.3 The latching current in the following circuit is 4mA.
The minimum width of the gate pulse required to properly turn
on the thyristor is
(a) 6 µsecs (b) 4 µsecs
(c) 2 µsecs (d) 1 µsec [Ans. (b)]
Q.4 The snubber circuit is used in the thyristor circuits for
dv
(a) triggering (b) protection
dt
di
(c) protection (d) pulse shifting [Ans. (b)]
dt
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 61

Q.5 It is preferable to use a train of pulses of high frequency for

gate triggering of SCR to reduce
dv di
(a) problem (b) problem
dt dt
(c) the size of the pulse transformer
(d) the complexity of the firing circuit. [Ans. (c)]
Q.6 The following figure shows a thyris-
tor with junctions J1, J2 and J3.
When the thyristor is turned on and con-
ducting
(a) J1 and J2 are forward biased
and J3 is reverse biased.
(b) J1 and J3 are forward biased
and J2 is reverse biased
(c) J1 is forward biased and J2 and
J3 are reverse biased
(d) J1, J2 and J3 are reverse biased.
[Ans. (b)]
Q.7 During the turn off process of a Fig. 1.68
thyristor, the current flow does not stop at the
instant when the current reaches zero but continues to flow to a peak
value in the direction. This is due to
(a) commutation failure
(b) hole storage effect
(c) presence of reverse voltage across the thyristor
(d) protection provided to the inductance in series with the
thyristor. [Ans. (b)]
Q.8 A thyristor converter of 415V, 100A rating is operating at
rated load. Details of thyristor used are as follows:
ON state power loss = 150W.
Thermal resistance: θJC = 0.01°C/W ; θCS = 0.08°C/W ; θSA
= 0.09°C/W
Assume ambient temperature as 35°C. The junction tempera-
ture for 100% load is
(a) 48.5°C (b) 54.5°C
(c) 60°C (d) 62°C [Ans. (d)]
Q.9 Static voltage equalization in series connected SCRs is ob-
tained by the use of
62 POWER ELECTRONICS

(a) one resistor across the string

(b) resistors of different values across each SCR
(c) resistors of the same value across each SCR
(d) one resistor in series with the string
[Ans. (c)]
Q.10 A SCR has half cycle current rating of 3000A for 50Hz
supply. One cycle surge rating will be
(a) 1500A (b) 2121.32A
(c) 4242.64A (d) 6000A [Ans. (b)]
Q.11 If the amplitude of gate pulse to the thyristor is increased,
then
(a) Both delay time and rise time would increase.
(b) Delay time would increase but rise time would
decrease.
(c) Delay time would decrease but rise time would increase
(d) Delay time would decrease while the rise time remains
unchanged. [Ans. (d)]
Q.12 In a thyristor, latching current is
(a) equal to holding current
(b) less than holding current
(c) more than holding current
(d) very small [Ans. (c)]
Q.13 On insertion of an inductance in anode circuit of an SCR,
the turn on time
(a) decreases
(b) increases
(c) remains the same
(d) does not change much [Ans. (b)]
Q.14 In case of normal thyristors, turn off time is
(a) equal to turn on time
(b) less than turn on time
(c) more than turn on time
(d) 4 times turn on time [Ans. (c)]
Q.15 If we use UJT for triggering an SCR, the wave shape of the
voltage obtained from the output of UJT will be
(a) square wave
(b) sine wave
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 63

(c) wave shape can not be decided

(d) saw tooth wave [Ans. (d)]
Q.16 In case of an UJT, we require maximum value of charging
resistance at
(a) valley point
(b) peak point
(c) after the valley point
(d) anywhere between valley and peak point
[Ans. (b)]
Q.17 The forward voltage drop across thyristor
(a) increases slightly with the increase in the load current
(b) in independent of load current
(c) decreases slightly with the increase in the load current
(d) varies linearly with the load current
[Ans. (a)]
Q.18 The sharing of the voltages between thyristors operating in
series is influenced by their
di dv
(a) capabilities (b) capabilities
dt dt
(c) junction temperatures
(d) static v-i characteristics and leakage current
[Ans. (d)]
Q.19 When cathode of a thyristor is made more positive than its
anode
(a) all the junctions are reverse biased
(b) outer junctions are reverse biased and central one is
forward biased
(c) outer junctions are forward biased and central one is
reverse biased
(d) all the junctions are forward biased [Ans. (b)]
Q.20 When a thyristor is in forward blocking state, the thyristor
has
(a) low current, low voltage
(b) low current, high voltage
(c) high current, low voltage
(d) high current, high voltage [Ans. (b)]
64 POWER ELECTRONICS

Q.21 In UJT, if VBB is the voltage across two base terminals and
VD is voltage across pn junction, the emitter potential at peak is given
by
(a) η VD + VBB (b) η VBB
(c) η VD (d) η VBB + VD [Ans. (d)]
di
Q.22 Which of the following provides protection for a thyristor?
dt
(a) L in series with thyristor
(b) R in series with thyristor
(c) C in series with thyristor
(d) RL in series with thyristor [Ans. (a)]

TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS

Q.1 Average power distribution in a thyristor is function of the

average and RMS value of the forward current.
(True/False)
Q.2 Turn on time in case of a thyristor is more than its turn off
time.
(True/False)
Q.3 Thyristor has higher switching losses and gate power re-
quirements compared to IGBT.
(True/False)
dv
Q.4 Whatever may be the value of across the thyristor, it will
dt
not turn on.
(True/False)
Q.5 Latching current of a thyristor is more than holding current.
(True/False)
Q.6 Turn off time for converter grade thyristors is less than turn
off time of inverter grade thyristors.
(True/False)
Q.7 Circuit turn off time should be more than thyristor turn off
time.
(True/False)
Q.8 Hard firing of a thyristor does not affect its turn time.
(True/False)
THYRISTOR COMMUTATIVE AND THEIR TECHNIQUES 65

Q.9 Snubber circuit is connected in series with the thyristors.

(True/False)
Q.10 UJT relaxation oscillator is preferred for thyristor trigger-
ing as it maintains constant frequency with the variation in supply
voltage.
(True/False)
Q.11 The higher the load current, the higher will be the circuit
turn off time in case of resonant pulse commutation.
(True/False)

1. T 2. F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9 . F 10. T 11. F.