SQL query to learn from basics

create database my_db //create database

create table persons

(
p_id int,
lastname varchar(255),
firstname varchar(255),
city varchar(255),
Country varchar(255)
) //create table

select * from persons //view contents

drop table persons //delete table

create table persons (

pid int not null primary key,
firstname varchar(255),
lastname varchar(255),
city varchar(255),
country varchar(255)
) //create table with primary key

create table orders (

oid int not null primary key,
ordername varchar(255),
pid int foreign key references persons(pid)
) //create table with foreign key

select * from persons //view contents

select * from orders //view contents

alter table orders add odate varchar(255) //addc column

select * from orders //view contents

alter table persons drop column country //delete column

select * from persons //view contents

alter table persons add pcount int //add collumn

select * from persons //view contents

alter table persons drop column pcount //delete column

select * from persons //view contents

alter table persons add pcount int identity //add auto increment
field to table here it is pcount

select * from persons // view contents

insert into persons values(1,'xyz','abc','pun')

insert into persons values(2,'xyz2','abc2','pun2')
insert into persons values(3,'xyz3','abc3','pun3')
insert into persons values(4,'xyz4','abc4','pun4')
insert into persons values(5,'xyz5','abc5','pun5') //insert data

select * from persons //view contents

insert into orders values(1,'xyz11',1,getdate())

insert into orders values(2,'xyz22',2,getdate())
insert into orders values(3,'xyz33',3,getdate())
insert into orders values(4,'xyz44',4,getdate())
insert into orders values(5,'xyz55',5,getdate()) //inset data

select * from orders //view contents

insert into persons values(7,'xyz6','abc6','pun6') //insert data

select * from persons //view contents

update persons set pid=6 where pid=7 //update data in table

select * from persons //view contents

delete from persons where pid=6 //delete row from table

select * from persons //view contents

insert into orders values(6,'xyz66',1,getdate())

insert into orders values(7,'xyz77',1,getdate())
insert into orders values(8,'xyz88',2,getdate())
insert into orders values(9,'xyz99',5,getdate())
insert into orders values(10,'xyz1010',5,getdate()) //insert data

select * from orders //view contents

select * from orders order by pid asc //order by asc-ascending and

desc-descending

select distinct pid from orders //shows distinct value in column pid

select * from persons where pid=5 and city='pun5' //using and in

where select statement

select * from persons where pid=5 or city='pun4' //using or in

where select statement

select * from persons where city like 'pun%' //to see data for
specific type (here city starting with pun)

insert into persons values(7,'abc7','xyz7','pun7')

insert into persons values(8,'abc8','xyz8','pun8')
insert into persons values(6,'abc6','xyz6','pun6') //insert data

select * from persons //view contents

SQL Wildcards 

SQL wildcards can substitute for one or more characters when

searching for data in a database.

SQL wildcards must be used with the SQL LIKE operator.

With SQL, the following wildcards can be used:

Wildcard Description

% A substitute for zero or more characters

_ A substitute for exactly one character

[charlist] Any single character in charlist

[^charlist]or[!charlist] Any single character not in charlist

insert into persons values(10,'xyz10','abc10','pun10')

insert into persons values(20,'xyz20','abc20','pun20')
insert into persons values(21,'xyz21','abc21','pun21') //insert
values

select * from persons where pid like '2_' //to see pid with onle
starting 2

select * from persons where pid like '[12]%' //to see pid starting
with 1 0r 2 [] symbolizes it

select * from persons where pid like '[^12]%' //to see pid with
starting not equal to 1 or 2

select top 3 * from persons //to view top 3 roes of persons table(for
top n use n instead of 3)

select top 20 percent * from persons //to view to first top 20%
rows of the total rows in persons table

select * from persons where pid in (1,2,3) // to use or clause on a

column in a particular table

select * from persons where pid between 2 and 4 //to view data
between range for a particular column

select * from persons where pid not between 2 and 4 //to view data
from given table apart from the mentioned range

select p.pid from persons as p // to use short names when writing

complex queries(here p is used instead of persons)
select pid,pname,pssn from persons
union
select oid,oname,onumber from orders //unio is to view contents to
two tables at the same time (Note: the datatypes of cloumn mentioned in
both select queries should be same)

select * into new_persons from persons //into keyword is used to copy

contents of table person in to new table new_persons(Basically used to
take backup)

SQL JOIN
The JOIN keyword is used in an SQL statement to query data from two or
more tables, based on a relationship between certain columns in these
tables.

Different SQL JOINs

Before we continue with examples, we will list the types of JOIN you can
use, and the differences between them.
 JOIN: Return rows when there is at least one match in both tables
 LEFT JOIN: Return all rows from the left table, even if there are
no matches in the right table
 RIGHT JOIN: Return all rows from the right table, even if there
are no matches in the left table
 FULL JOIN: Return rows when there is a match in one of the tables

SQL INNER JOIN Keyword

The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there is at least one match in
both tables.

select * from persons inner join orders on persons.pid=orders.pid

//inner join

SQL LEFT JOIN Keyword

The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the left table
(table_name1), even if there are no matches in the right table
(table_name2).

select * from persons left join orders on persons.pid=orders.pid

SQL RIGHT JOIN Keyword

The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the right table
(table_name2), even if there are no matches in the left table
(table_name1).

select * from persons right join orders on persons.pid=orders.pid

SQL FULL JOIN Keyword

The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a match in one of the
tables.

select * from persons full join orders on persons.pid=orders.pid

create view peor as select pssn,pname from persons inner join orders on
persons.pid=orders.oid //create view using two tables and join query
drop view peor // delete view

SQL Aggregate Functions

SQL aggregate functions return a single value, calculated from values in
a column.
Useful aggregate functions:
 AVG() - Returns the average value
 COUNT() - Returns the number of rows
 FIRST() - Returns the first value
 LAST() - Returns the last value
 MAX() - Returns the largest value
 MIN() - Returns the smallest value
 SUM() - Returns the sum

SQL Scalar functions

SQL scalar functions return a single value, based on the input value.
Useful scalar functions:
 UCASE() - Converts a field to upper case
 LCASE() - Converts a field to lower case
 MID() - Extract characters from a text field
 LEN() - Returns the length of a text field
 ROUND() - Rounds a numeric field to the number of decimals
specified
 NOW() - Returns the current system date and time
 FORMAT() - Formats how a field is to be displayed

select avg(pid)from orders //to get average of a column (Can onle use
it on int type)

select count(pid)from orders // gives total number of rows in tables

select count(distinct pid) from orders //to count distinct elements

in table

select max(pname) from persons // to get maximum value from column

select min(onumber) from orders // to get minimum value from column

select sum(oid) from orders //to add contents of column

select len(pname) from persons //to see length of a particular data

in a particular row and particular column

The GROUP BY Statement

The GROUP BY statement is used in conjunction with the aggregate
functions to group the result-set by one or more columns.
SQL GROUP BY Syntax
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
SQL GROUP BY Example
We have the following "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice Customer
1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen
2 2008/10/23 1600 Nilsen
3 2008/09/02 700 Hansen
4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen
5 2008/08/30 2000 Jensen
6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen
Now we want to find the total sum (total order) of each customer.
We will have to use the GROUP BY statement to group the customers.

We use the following SQL statement:

SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
GROUP BY Customer
The result-set will look like this:
Customer SUM(OrderPrice)
Hansen 2000
Nilsen 1700
Jensen 2000

select pid,count(oname) from orders group by pid

The HAVING Clause

The HAVING clause was added to SQL because the WHERE keyword could not
be used with aggregate functions.
SQL HAVING Syntax
SELECT column_name, aggregate_function(column_name)
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name operator value
GROUP BY column_name
HAVING aggregate_function(column_name) operator value

SQL HAVING Example

We have the following "Orders" table:
O_Id OrderDate OrderPrice Customer
1 2008/11/12 1000 Hansen
2 2008/10/23 1600 Nilsen
3 2008/09/02 700 Hansen
4 2008/09/03 300 Hansen
5 2008/08/30 2000 Jensen
6 2008/10/04 100 Nilsen
Now we want to find if any of the customers have a total order of less
than 2000.

We use the following SQL statement:

SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
GROUP BY Customer
HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)<2000
The result-set will look like this:
Customer SUM(OrderPrice)
Nilsen 1700

Now we want to find if the customers "Hansen" or "Jensen" have a total

order of more than 1500.

We add an ordinary WHERE clause to the SQL statement:

SELECT Customer,SUM(OrderPrice) FROM Orders
WHERE Customer='Hansen' OR Customer='Jensen'
GROUP BY Customer
HAVING SUM(OrderPrice)>1500

The result-set will look like this:

Customer SUM(OrderPrice)
Hansen 2000
Jensen 2000

select pname,sum(pssn)as p from persons where pname='xyz2' group by

pname having count(pssn)>2