CHAPTER 2 ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING DATA ictory Statistics, 9/E Copyri ht © 2018 40 hn ne ey & Sone All rights reserved.Opening Example What is your political ideology? Do you classify yourself a consistently liberal person or a consistently conservative person, a mostly liberal person or a mostly conservative 1”? Pew Research person, or are you someone who belongs to a group called “ Center conducted a national survey of 10,013 adults in 2014 to find the political views of adults in the United States. To see the results of this study, see Case Study 2-1 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.2.1 Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data Definition Data recorded in the sequence in which they are collected and before they are processed or ranked are called raw data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Table 2.1 Ages of 50 Students 21 19 24 25 29 34 26 a 37 33 18, 20 19 22 19 19 25 22 25 23 25 19 31 19 23 18 23 19 23 26 22 28 21 20 22 22 21 20 19 21 25 23 18 37 27 23 21 25 21 24 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Table 2.2 Status of 50 Students so. SE SE SE so SE SE so so SE so so oon aos SE SE sO. so. SE SE so SE so so Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Organizing and Graphing Qualitative Data u Frequency Distributions a Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions a Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Table 2.3 Worries About Not Having Enough Money to Pay Normal Monthly Bills Variable —————» Response Number of Adults <—— Frequency column Very worried 162 Moderately worried 203 Category ————» [Not too worried 305] <——— Frequeney Not worried at all 325 Others 20 Sum = 1015 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Frequency Distributions Definition A frequency distribution of a qualitative variable lists all categories and the number of elements that belong to each of the categories. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-1 A sample of 30 persons who often consume donuts were asked what variety of donuts is their favourite. The responses from these 30 persons are as follows: Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-1 glazed frosted glazed frosted filled filled filled plain plain other other filled other other frosted plain glazed glazed other glazed glazed other glazed frosted glazed Construct a frequency distribution table for these data. other frosted filled filled filled Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Example 2-1: Solution Table 2.4 Frequency Distribution of Favourite Donut Variety Donut Variety Tally Frequency (/) Glazed THLII 8 Filled all 7 Frosted Ht 5 Plain lll 3 Other THEA 7 Sum = 30 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions Calculating Relative Frequency of a Category Frequency of that category Relative frequency of a category = - Sum of all frequencies Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions Calculating Percentage Percentage = (Relative frequency) ' 100% Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-2 Determine the relative frequency and percentage distributions for the data in Table 2.4. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-2: Solution Table 2.5 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions of Favorite Donut Variety Donut Variety Relative Frequency Percentage Glazed 8/30 = .267 -267(100) = 26.7 Filled 7/30 = .233 .233(100) = 23.3 Frosted 5/30 = .167 -167(100) = 16.7 Plain 3/30 = .100 100100) = 10.0 Other 7130 = .233 -233(100) = 23.3 Sum = 1.000 Sum = 100% Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Case Study 2-1 Ideological Composition of the U.S. Public, 2014 Data source: Pew Research Center Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data ie Definition i» Agraph made of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of respective categories is called a bar graph. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.1 Bar Graph for the Frequency Distribution of Table 2.4 Frequency yo AO ON ® © Glazed Filled Frosted Plain Other Donut variety Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data Definition A Pareto chart is a bar graph with bars arranged by their heights in descending order. To make a Pareto chart, arrange the bars according to their heights such that the bar with the largest height appears first on the left side, and then subsequent bars are arranged in descending order with the bar with the smallest height appearing last on the right side. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Figure 2.2 Pareto Chart for the Frequency Distribution of Table 2.4 Frequency OFA NWAUADANDO > Glazed Filled Other — Frosted Plain Donut variety Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Case Study 2-2 Millennials’ Views on their Level of Day-to-Day Banking Knowledge Hitt Data source: TD Bank: The Millennial Financial Behaviors & Needs Survey Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Graphical Presentation of Qualitative Data | Definition A circle divided into portions that represent the relative frequencies or percentages of a population or a sample belonging to different categories is called a pie chart. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.2 Pie Chart for the Percentage Distribution of Table 2.5. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.2.2 Organizing and Graphing Quantitative Data oeaaqa Frequency Distributions Constructing Frequency Distribution Tables Relative and Percentage Distributions Graphing Grouped Data Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Table 2.6 Weekly Earnings of 100 Employees of a Company Variable —> Weekly Earnings Number of Employees <— Frequeney column (dollars) f 801 to 1000 9 1001 to 1200 22 Third class —> [ISORONGOO] Bw {Fevweny of Lower limit of the sixth class the third class 1401 to 1600 1 = 1601 to 1800 9 [> [2000] 6 Upper limit of the sixth class Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data Definition A frequency distribution for quantitative data |ists all the classes and the number of values that belong to each class. Data presented in the form of a frequency distribution are called grouped data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data Finding Class Width Width of a class = Lower limit of the next class - Lower limit of the current class Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Frequency Distributions for Quantitative Data Calculating Class Midpoint or Mark Lower limit + Upper limit Class midpoint or mark = : Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Constructing Frequency Distribution Table Calculation of Class Width Largest value - Smallest value Approximate class width = Number of classes Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Table 2.7 Class Widths and Class Midpoints for Table 2.6 Class Limits Class Width Class Midpoint 801 to 1000 200 900.5 1001 to 1200 200 1100.5 1201 to 1400 200 1300.5 1401 to 1600 200 1500.5 1601 to 1800 200 1700.5 1801 to 2000 200 1900.5 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-3 The following table gives the value (in million dollars) of each of the 30 baseball teams as estimated by Forbes magazine (source: Forbes Magazine, April 13, 2015). Construct a frequency distribution table. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-3 Value Value Team (millions of dollars) ‘Team (millions of dollars) Arizona Diamondbacks 840 Milwaukee Brewers 875 Atlanta Braves 1150 Minnesota Twins 895 Baltimore Orioles 1000 New York Mets 1350 Boston Red Sox 2100 Now York Yankees 100 Chicago Cubs 1800 Oakland Athletics ms Chicago White Sox 975 Philadelphia Phillies 1250 Cincinnati Reds 885 Pittsburgh Pirates 900 Cleveland Indians 825 ‘San Diego Padres 890 Colorado Rockies 855 San Francisco Giants 2000 Detroit Tigers, 1125 Seattle Mariners, 100 Houston Astros 800 St. Louis Cardinals, 1400 Kansas City Royals 700 ‘Tampa Bay Rays 605 Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim 1300 Texas Rangers 1220 Los Angeles Dodgers 2400 Toronto Blue Jays 870 Miami Marlins 650 ‘Washington Nationals 1280 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-3: Solution The minimum value is 605, and the maximum value is 3200. Suppose we decide to group these data using six classes of equal width. Then, 3200 — 605 Approximate width of each class = —= 432.5 Now we round this approximate width to a convenient number, say 450. The lower limit of the first class can be taken as 605 or any number less than 605. Suppose we take 601 as the lower limit of the first class. Then our classes will be 601-1050, 1051-1500, 1501-1950, 1951-2400, and 2851-3300 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Table 2.8 Frequency Distribution for the Values of Baseball Teams, 2015 Value of a Team Number of Teams (in million $) Tally (f) 601-1050 PALIN EMU 16 1051-1500 PHUIL 9 1501-1950 | 1 1951-2400 I 3 2401-2850 0 2851-3300 | 1 xf=30 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Relative Frequency and Percentage Distributions Calculating Relative Frequency and Percentage Frequency of thatclass) f Sum of all frequencies “Sf Relative frequency of a class = Percentage = (Relative frequency) - 100% Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-4 Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for Table 2.8. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-4: Solution Table 2.9 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution for the Values of Baseball Teams Value of a Team Relative (in million $) Frequency Percentage 601-1050 16/30 = .533 53:5; 1051-1500 9/30 = .300 30.0 1501-1950 1/30 = .033 3:3: 1951-2400 3/30 = .100 10.0 2401-2850 0/30 = .000 0.0 2851-3300 1/30 = .033 33: Sum = 1.000 Sum = 100% Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Graphing Grouped Data Definition A histogram is a graph in which classes are marked on the horizontal axis and the frequencies, relative frequencies, or percentages are marked on the vertical axis. The frequencies, relative frequencies, or percentages are represented by the heights of the bars. In a histogram, the bars are drawn adjacent to each other. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Figure 2.4 Frequency Histogram for Table 2.8 825.5 1275.5 1725.5 2175.5 2625.5 3075.5 Value (million $) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.5 Relative Frequency Histogram for Table 2.9 60 50 40 30 Percent 20 10 825.5 1275.5 1725.5 2175.5 2625.5 3075.5 Value (million $) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Case Study 2-3 Car Insurance Premiums per Year in 50 States Data source: vninsure.com Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Graphing Grouped Data ~Definition i A graph formed by joining the midpoints of the tops of successive bars in a histogram with straight lines is called a polygon. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.6 Frequency Polygon for Table 2.8 > 875.5 825.5 1275.5 1725.5 2175.5 2625.5 3075.5 3525.5 Value (million $) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Case Study 2-4 Hours Worked in a Typical Week by Full-Time U.S. Workers Data source: wwnw.galup.com Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.7 Frequency Distribution Curve Frequency aY Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-5 Based on the information collected by American Petroleum Institute, Table 2.10 lists the total of federal and state taxes (in cents per gallon) on gasoline for each of the 50 states as of April 1, 2015 (www.api.org). Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-5 State State Alabama 393 Maryland 487 Alaska 297 Massachuscts| 49 Atizona a4 Michigan sis Arkansas 402 Minnesota 310 California 660 Mississippi 3712 Colorado 404 Missouri 337 Connecticut 593 Montana 462 Delaware 4L4 Nebraska 49 Florida 348 Nevada 516 Georgia 49 Now Hampshire 22 Hawai ut New lersey 329 ao 44 Now Mexico 373 lino 325 New York 29 Indiana sia North Carolina S47 Towa 504 North Dakota 44 Kansas 424 Obi 464 Kentucky 44 Oklahoma 354 Louisiana 384 Oregon 495 Maine 484 Pennsylvania 700 (Continued) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-5 State Gasoline Tax State Gasoline Tax Rhode Island sla Vermont 48.9 South Carolina 35.2 Virginia 408 South Dakota 484 Washington 559 ‘Tennessee 398 West Virginia 53.0 Texas 384 Wisconsin S13 Utah 29 Wyoming 24 Construct a frequency distribution table. Calculate the relative frequencies and percentages for all classes. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-5: Solution The minimum value in the data set of Table 2.10 is 29.7, and the maximum value is 70. Suppose we decide to group these data using five classes of equal width. Then, 70 — 29.7 Approximate width of a class = ————— = 8.06 We round this to a more convenient number, say 9, and take 9 as the width of each class. We can take the lower limit of the first class equal to 29.7 or any number lower than 29.7. If we start the first class at 27, the classes will be written as 27 to less than 36, 36 to less than 45, and so on. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Table 2.11 Frequency, Relative Frequency, and Percentage Distributions of the Total Federal and State Tax on Gasoline Federal and State Tax (in cents) Frequeney Relative Frequency Percentage 27 to less than 36 5 10 10 36 to less than 45, 21 a2 42 45 to less than 54 16 32 32 54 to less than 63 6 12 12 63 to less than 72 2 04 4 ‘Sum = 100 Sum = 50 Sum = 1 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Case Study 2-5 How Many Cups of Coffee Do You Drink a Day? 4 or more cups = Data source: Gallup pol of U.S. adults aged 18 and older conducted July 9-12, 2012 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-6 The administration in a large city wanted to know the distribution of vehicles owned by households in that city. A sample of 40 randomly selected households from this city produced the following data on the number of vehicles owned: 511203112141 133025123 4 2122122111 421121141 3 Construct a frequency distribution table for these data using single-valued classes. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Example 2-6: Solution Table 2.12 Frequency Distribution of Vehicles Owned The observations assume only Number of six distinct values: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, chides ‘Own z Vehicles Owned Households (f) and 5. Each of these six values 0 2 is used as a class in the 1 18 frequency distribution in Table 2 i 2.12. 3 4 4 3 5 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.8 Bar Graph for Table 2.12 Frequency © 0 1 2 3 4 5 Vehicles owned Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Cumulative Frequency Distribution Definition A cumulative frequency distribution gives the total number of values that fall below the upper boundary of each class. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-7 Using the frequency distribution of Table 2.8, reproduced here, prepare a cumulative frequency distribution for the values of the baseball teams. Value of a Team Number of Teams (in million $) (f) 601-1050 16 1051-1500 9 1501-1950 1 1951-2400 3 2401-2850 0 2851-3300 1 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-7: Solution Table 2.13 Cumulative Frequency Distribution of Values of Baseball Teams, 2015 Class Limits Cumulative Frequency 601-1050 16 601-1500 164+9=25 601-1950 16+9+1=26 601-2400 164+94+14+3=29 601-2850 164+9+14+3+0=29 601-3300 16+94+14+3+0+1=30 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Cumulative Frequency Distributions Calculating Cumulative Relative Frequency and Cumulative Percentage . A Cumulative frequency of a class Cumulative relative frequency = eS Ed Total observations in the data set Cumulative percentage = (Cumulative relative frequency) -100 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Table 2.14 Cumulative Relative Frequency and Cumulative Percentage Distributions for Values of Baseball Teams, 2015 Cumulative Cumulative Class Limits Relative Frequency Percentage 601-1050 16/30 = 5333 53.33) 601-1500 25/30 = 8333 83.33 601-1950 26/30 = .8667 86.67 601-2400 29/30 = .9667 96.67 601-2850 29/30 = .9667 96.67 601-3300 30/30 = 1.000 100.00 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Shapes of Histograms 1. Symmetric 2 Skewed 3. Uniform or Rectangular Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.9 Symmetric Histograms Frequency Frequency Variable Variable Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.10 (a) A Histogram Skewed to the Right; (b) A Histogram Skewed to the Left Frequency Variable (a Frequency Variable (o) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.11 A Histogram with Uniform Distribution Frequency Variable Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.12 (a) and (b) Symmettic Frequency Curves; (c) Frequency Curve Skewed to the Right; (d) Frequency Curve Skewed to the Left Taras Variable Variable (a) (b) Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency Variable Variable (0) (d) Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Truncating Axes 1. Changing the scale either on one or on both axes—that is, shortening or stretching one or both of the axes. 2 Truncating the frequency axis—that is, starting the frequency axis at a number greater than zero. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.13 Bar Graph without Truncation of the Vertical Axis A 40 & gs 30 8 2 20 a 10 0 A B Cc Category Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.13 Bar Graph with Truncation of the Vertical Axis 40.0 375 35.0 32.5 30.0 275 25.0 Percentage A B c Category Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.2.3 Stem-and-Leaf Displays ~Definition / Inastem-and-leaf display of quantitative data, each value is divided into two portions—a stem and a leaf. The leaves for each stem are shown separately in a display. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-8 The following are the scores of 30 college students on a statistics test: 75 52 80 96 65 79 71 87 93 95 69 72 81 61 76 86 79 68 50 92 83 84 77 64 71 87 72 92 57 98 Construct a stem-and-leaf display. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-8: Solution To construct a stem-and-leaf display for these scores, we split each score into two parts. The first part contains the first digit, which is called the stem. The second part contains the second digit, which is called the /eaf. We observe from the data that the stems for all scores are 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 because all the scores lie in the range 50 to 98. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Figure 2.15 Stem-and-Leaf Display | 5 | 2 <—\ Leaf for 52 6 7 | 5 <— Leaf for 75 8 9 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-8: Solution After we have listed the stems, we read the leaves for all scores and record them next to the corresponding stems on the right side of the vertical line. The complete stem-and-leaf display for scores is shown in Figure 2.15. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.16 Stem-and-Leaf Display of Test Scores Conan DACnNUNnN wi)8eose Aeeern NAW oo NwWAA ono yA Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-8: Solution The leaves for each stem of the stem-and-leaf display of Figure 2.16 are ranked (in increasing order) and presented in Figure 2.17. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Figure 2.17 Ranked Stem-and-Leaf Display of Test Scores 5|027 6/14589 7/112256799 8|/O0134677 91223568 One advantage of a stem-and-leaf display is that we do not lose information on individual observations. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-9 The following data give the monthly rents paid by a sample of 30 households selected from a small town. 880 1081 721 1075 1023 775 1235 750 965 960 1210 985 1231 932 850 825 1000 915 1191 1035 1151 630 1175 952 1100 1140 750 1140 1370 1280 Construct a stem-and-leaf display for these data. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Example 2-9: Solution Figure 2.18 Stem-and-Leaf Display of Rents 6 | 30 7 | 21 75 50 50 8 | 80 50 25 9 | 65 60 85 32 15 52 10 | 81 75 23 00 35 11 | 91 51 75 00 40 40 12 | 35 10 31 80 13 | 70 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-10 The following stem-and-leaf display 0 6 is prepared for the number of hours 1 179 that 25 students spent working on computers during the last month. 2 26 3 2478 Prepare a new stem-and-leaf display 4 15699 by grouping the stems. 5 368 6 24457 7 8 56 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-10: Solution Figure 2.19 Grouped Stem-and-Leaf Display 0-2/6* 179* 26 3-51}2478*15699* 368 6-8 124457* *56 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-11 « Consider the following stem-and-leaf display, which has only two stems. Using the split stem procedure, rewrite the stem-and-leaf display. 3 | 1123334478999 41 0001111112222233667 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-11: Solution Figure 2.20 & 2.21 Split Stem-and-Leaf Display 11233344 78999 OOO01111112222233 667 BR ww 11 2333 44 7 8999 OOOTIIIII 2222233 RRR RWW ww 667 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.2.4 Dotplots ¢ Definition « Values that are very small or very large relative to the majority of the values in a data set are called outliers or extreme values. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-12 e Astatistics class that meets once a week at night from 7:00 PM to 9:45 PM has 33 students. The following data give the ages (in years) of these students. Create a dotplot for these data. 34 21 49 37 23 22 33 23 21 20 19 33 23 38 32 31 22 20 24 27 33 19 23 21 31 31 22 20 34 21 33 27 21 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Example 2-12: Solution Step1. Draw a horizontal line with numbers that cover the given data as shown in Figure 2.22 > 19 21 23 2 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 «45 «47 «49 Step 2. Place a dot above the value on the numbers line that represents each of the ages listed above. After all the dots are placed, Figure 2.23 gives the complete dot plot. 1921 29 25 (27 28 81 88 86] 87 (9 i 48° 45 47 46 Ages of Students Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Example 2-12: Solution As we examine the dotplot of Figure 2.23, we notice that there are two clusters (groups) of data. Eighteen of the 33 students (which is almost 55%) are 19 to 24 years old, and 10 of the 33 students (which is about 30%) are 31 to 34 years old. There is one student who is 49 years old and is an outlier. Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.(Lec ea ee joe Dat Coma a ee a fl Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.(Lec ea ee poms) Dat INGRMAL FLOAT AUTO REAL RADIAN MP o farEs) Plot2 Plot3 Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.(Lesa poms) Dat INORMAL FLOAT AUTO REAL RADIAN MP o Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Ga Dat NORMAL FLOAT AUTO REAL RADIAN MP o min=625 Ma.x6929,.83333 hey Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved."Waeaetreae tone Chart of Favorite Donut ry nee cher court avo Donut Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.Tieton Pe Chart of Faverte Donut Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.ocr (Lesa Histogram of CL Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.INSTRUCTIONS Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.ISTRUCTIONS Ye etwetot oe Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.Saree #4 NOUR WNH Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.ocr Saree sect 1Gzed «Filed «Frosted «Plain = Other Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. All rights reserved.750 11000 1250 1500 1750) 22000 2250 2500 ‘in Frequency] lone wone Histogram i | Pela gees. dene PEI LP EPL tie Prem Mann, Introductory Statistics, 9/E Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons. Alll rights reserved.