Mobile Communication Lab

Lab 02

To Generate random bits and random

noise signals in Simulink

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

1
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Communications Sources
• Every communication system contains one or more
sources.

• You can find sources in Simulink’s Sources library, in the

DSP Blockset’s DSP Sources library, and in the
Communication Blockset’s Comm Sources library.

• You can open the Comm Sources library by double-

clicking on its icon in the main Communications
Blockset library (commlib), or by typing
commsource2 at the MATLAB prompt.
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
2
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Source Features of the Blockset

• Blocks in this library can:

• Generate random or pseudorandom signals

• Generate nonrandom signals by reading from

a file or by simulating a voltage-controlled
oscillator (VCO).

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

3
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Random Signals
• Random signals are useful for simulating noise, errors, or
signal sources.

• Besides using built-in Simulink blocks such as the Random

Number block, you can also use blocks in the Comm
Sources library of the Communications Blockset to
generate:

• Random bits
• Random integers
• Pseudorandom integers
• Random real numbers

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

4
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• This lab discusses the

• Sample time parameter

• Seed parameter
• Signal attribute parameters

that are common to many random source blocks,

and then discusses each category of random
source.
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
5
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Sample Time Parameter for Random
Sources
• Each of the random source blocks requires you to set a
Sample time parameter in the block mask.

• If you configure the block to produce a

sample-based signal, then this parameter is the time
interval between successive updates of the signal.

• If you configure the block to produce a frame-based

matrix signal, then the Sample time parameter is the
time interval between successive rows of the
frame-based matrix.
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
6
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• If you use a Simulink Probe block to query the
period of a frame-based output from a
random source block in the Comm Sources
library.

• Then note that the Probe block reports the

period of the entire frame,not the period of
each sample in a given channel of the frame.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

7
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• The equation below relates the quantities
involved for a single-channel signal.

A seconds/frame = (B seconds/sample)*
(S samples/frame)

where:
• A is the number shown in the Probe block after
the Tf notation.
• B is the random source block’s Sample time
parameter.
• S is the random source block’s Samples per frame
parameter.
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
8
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Seed Parameter for Random Sources
• Each of the random source blocks requires you to set a seed in the
block mask.

• This is the initial seed that the random number generator uses
when forming its sequence of numbers.

• If you choose a constant seed, then the block produces the same
noise sequence each time you start the simulation.

• The sequence will be different from that produced with a different

constant seed.

• If you want the noise to be different each time you start the
simulation, then you can use a varying seed such as cputime.
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
9
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Signal Attribute Parameters for
Random Sources
• In most random source blocks, the output can
be a frame-based matrix, a sample-based row
or column vector, or a sample-based one-
dimensional array

• The table in next few slides indicates how to

set certain block parameters depending on
the kind of signal you want to generate

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

10
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
11
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
12
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• The Frame-based outputs and Interpret vector
parameters as 1-D check boxes are mutually
exclusive.

• Because frame-based signals and one-

dimensional signals are mutually exclusive.

• The Samples per frame parameter field is active

only if the Frame-based outputs check box is
checked.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

13
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Example 2a :-
Generation of Sampled based one dimensional
signal
• To start building the model, follow these steps:

• Type commlib at the MATLAB prompt.

This opens the Communications Blockset main library.

• To open the main Simulink library, type simulink3 at the

MATLAB prompt

• From the library's File menu, select New and then select
Model.
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
14
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• Rayleigh Noise Generator

– Set Initial seed to [12 34]

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

15
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• Set the stop time to inf and run the simulation

• In the case of the Rayleigh Noise Generator block, the first two
block parameters (Sigma and Initial seed) determine the number of
channels in the output

• The number of elements in the Initial seed parameter becomes the

number of columns in a frame-based output or the number of
elements in a sample-based vector output.

• Also, the shape (row or column) of the Initial seed parameter

becomes the shape of a sample-based two-dimensional output
signal. Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
16
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Lab Task 2a
• Change the parameters of the Rayleigh Noise
Generator to obtain the following outputs

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

17
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Lab Task 2b
• Change the parameters of the Rayleigh Noise
Generator to obtain the following outputs

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

18
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Random Bits
• The Bernoulli Random Binary Generator
generate random bits

• As a result, the Bernoulli Random Binary

Generator block is suitable for representing
sources.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

19
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Bernoulli Random Binary Generator
• The Bernoulli Random Binary Generator block
generates random binary numbers using a
Bernoulli distribution.

• The Probability of a zero parameter specifies

p, and can be any real number between zero
and one.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

20
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Bernoulli Random Binary Generator
• The output signal can be a frame-based matrix, a sample-based row
or column vector, or a sample-based one-dimensional array.

• These attributes are controlled by the Frame-based outputs,

Samples per frame and Interpret vector parameters as 1-D
parameters.

• The number of elements in the Initial seed and Probability of a zero

parameters becomes the number of columns in a frame-based
output or the number of elements in a sample-based vector output.

• Also, the shape (row or column) of the Initial seed and Probability
of a zero parameters becomes the shape of a sample-based two-
dimensional output signal.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

21
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Example 2b:-
Generate a random binary number
with 40% probability of zeros
• In the Communications Blockset main library,
double-click on the Comm Sources icon. This
opens the Comm Sources library.

• In the Comm Sources library, find the icon for

the Bernoulli Random Binary Generator block.
Drag it into the model window.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

22
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• Probability of zeros [0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4]
• Initial Seed [1 1 1 1]
• Uncheck the frame based data box

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

23
(CECOS University) [email protected]
• Set the stop time to inf and run the simulation

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

24
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Lab Task 2c
• Generate a random binary number with 90%
probability of 1s
• How can you observe the data generated graphically ?

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

25
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Lab Task 2d
• Generate a random binary number of 8 bits
with 70% probability of zeros for even bits and
30% probability of zeros for odd bits

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

26
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Random Integers
• The Random-Integer Generator and Poisson Int
Generator blocks both generate vectors
containing random nonnegative integers.

• The Random-Integer Generator block uses a

uniform distribution on a bounded range that you
specify in the block mask.

• The Poisson Int Generator block uses a Poisson

distribution to determine its output. In particular,
the output can include any nonnegative integer
Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani
27
(CECOS University) [email protected]
 Random Real Numbers
• You can use one of several blocks to generate
random real numbers, depending on what
distribution you want to use.

Prepared by Engr Ali M Durrani

28
(CECOS University) [email protected]