MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3

TUTORIAL PROBLEMS
(Week 3)

Stress Analysis

Q1. Rotate the following stress tensors about the z-axis by 45°.
100 0 0 −40 −20 0
[ σ a ]=
[ 0 −100
0 0
0 MPa
−50 ] [
[ σ b ]= −20
0
60
0
0 MPa
−50 ]
(a) Determine the new stress tensors [ σ 'a ] and [ σ 'b ] after rotation.
(b) What are the principal stresses in [ σ a ]?
(c) Determine the principal stresses and direction cosines for stress tensor [ σ b ] using the
2D Mohr’s circle equations.

Q2. A cylindrical steel gas bottle L=2m long with a diameter of d = 250mm and a t = 3mm
wall thickness is pressurized to P = 3MPa as shown in Fig. 10.4. The pressurised gas bottle is
subjected to a torque T=10kNm as shown.
(a) stresses tensor at point E on the outer surface; and
(b) go on to determine its principal stresses and direction cosines by using the eigenvalue
method.

Q3. At a point in a structure subjected to 3D loading, the stress state was measured to be
20 40 −30

[
σ = 40 30 25 MPa
−30 25 −10 ]
(a) Determine the three invariants; and
(b) Determine the principal stresses and principal directions, using MATLAB or another
numerical tool.
MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3

Q1. Solution:

(a) Stress transformation (rotating the x-y plane about z-axis: i.e. θ=45 °) for [ σ a ]
σ x x =σ xx cos 2 θ+ σ yy sin 2 θ+2 σ xy cos θ sin θ
' '

¿ 100 cos2 45 ° + (−100 ) sin 2 45 ° +2 ( 0 ) cos 45 ° sin 45 °=0

σ y y =σ xx sin2 θ+ σ yy cos 2 θ−2 σ xy cos θ sin θ
' '

¿ 100 sin2 45 °+ (−100 ) cos2 45 ° +2 ( 0 ) cos 45 ° sin 45 °=0

( σ yy−σ xx ) (−100−100 )
σx y=
' ' sin2 θ+ σ xy cos 2 θ= sin 90 ° + ( 0 ) cos 90 ° ¿−100 MPa
2 2
σ z z =σ zz =−50 MPa
' '

Thus the new stress tensor (after rotation about z-axis) becomes
0 −100 0
σ a = −100
'

0 [0
0
0 MPa
−50 ]
Stress transformation for [ σ b ]
Rotating the x-y plane about z-axis: i.e. θ=45 °
σ x x =σ xx cos 2 θ+ σ yy sin 2 θ+2 σ xy cos θ sin θ
' '

¿−40 cos 2 45° + ( 60 ) sin 2 45 ° +2 (−20 ) cos 45 ° sin 45 °=−10 MPa

σ y y =σ xx sin2 θ+ σ yy cos 2 θ−2 σ xy cos θ sin θ
' '

¿−40 sin 2 45 ° + ( 60 ) cos2 45 ° +2 (−20 ) cos 45 ° sin 45 °=30 MPa

( σ yy−σ xx ) (−40−60 )
σx y=
' ' sin2 θ+ σ xy cos 2 θ= sin 90 °+ (−20 ) cos 90 °¿ 50 MPa
2 2
σ z z =σ zz =−50 MPa
' '

Thus
−10 50 0
'

[
σ b = 50 30
0 ]
0 MPa
0 −50

(b)
100 0 0
σ
In stress tensor [ a ] =
0 [
0 −100
0 −50 ]
0 we can see that the principal stresses are

σ 1 =100 MPa , σ 2=−50 MPa , σ 3=−100 MPa after ranking because the shear stresses are zero.

(c)
−40 −20 0

[
In stress tensor [ σ b ] = −20 60
0 0
Step 1: Analyse the stress status:
0 MPa
−50 ]
MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3

Since σ yz=σ zx=0 , z is a principal direction. Then the problem can be reduced to a 2D
−40 −20 MPa
problem as [ σ b ] =
−20 60 [ . ]
From Eq. (1.14) in the lecture notes
2 2

σ p=
( σ xx+ σ yy )
2
±
√[ ( σ xx−σ yy )
2 ] +σ =2(−40+ 60 )
xy
2
±
√[ (−40−60 )
2 ] 63.85 MPa
+ (−20 )2¿ −43.85 MPa

Step 2: Rank the principal stresses as σ 1 > σ 2> σ 3

σ 1 =63.85 MPa ; σ 2=−43.85 MPa ; σ 3 =−50 MPa

Step 3: Determine principal directions in terms of direction cosines:

2 θ xy 2 (−20 ) 2
tan2 θ p =tan ( 2 θ p +180 ° )= = = 2 θ =21.8 ° , 21.8° +180 °
σ xx−σ yy −40−60 5 p
Thus two principal directions should be
θ p =10.9° , 100.9°
When θ p =10.9°
2 2
σ 10.9 ° =σ xx cos 10.9° +σ yy sin 10.9 ° +2 σ xy cos 10.9 ° sin10.9 °¿−43.85 MPa
Thus θ p 1=100.9 ° is the direction of σ 1 , and θ p 2=10.9 ° is the direction of σ 2.

Step 4: Principal Direction Cosines:

l1 cos 100.9 °

{ }{
−0.189
θ
For p 1 =100.9 ° we have 1 m
n1
= sin 100.9 °=cos ( 90
cos 90 °
° −100.9° ) = 0.982
0 }{ }
l2 cos 10.9 ° 0.982

n2 { }{
For θ p 2=10.9 ° : we have m2 = sin 10.9 °=cos ( 90 °−10.9° ) = 0.189
cos 90 ° 0 }{ }
l3 cos 90° 0
θ
For p 3 =90 m
: we have 3
n3
= cos 90°
cos 0°
=
{ } { } {}
0
1

1st principal plane

y 1 2nd principal plane
100.9
2
10.9
x
MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3

Q2 Solution
For this type of question, use the average radius for r in the equations.
Step 1: Calculate stresses on thin-walled pressure vessel
Pr 3 × 106 × 0.1265
σ xx =σ zz = = =63.25 MPa
2t 2 ×0.003
Pr 3× 106 × 0.1265
σ yy =σ θθ = = =126.5 MPa
t 0.003
Torsional shear stress:
π ( r 4o −r 4i ) π ( 0.128 4−0.125 4 )
J= = =3.816 ×10−5 m 4
2 2
J=2 π r 3avg t also gives a similar answer.
−Tr −−10× 103 × 0.128
σ xy =−σ z θ= = =33.54 MPa
J 3.816 ×10−5
By cylindrical co-ordinate conventions, the applied torque T is negative according to the
right-hand rule. The question asks about a point E, which is defined with respect to a
Cartesian co-ordinate system, however the positive shear conventions for the cylindrical and
Cartesian systems conflict. To reconcile these differences, σ xy =−σ z θ.
Therefore, the stress tensor in 3D is:
63.25 33.54 0

[
σ = 33.54 126.5 0 MPa
0
Step 2: Invariants
0 ]
0

I 1=σ xx +σ yy + σ zz =189.75 I 2=σ xx σ yy +σ yy σ zz + σ zz σ xx −σ 2xy −σ 2yz −σ 2zx =6876.19

I 3=σ xx σ yy σ zz+ 2 σ xy σ yz σ zx−σ xx σ 2yz−σ yy σ 2zx −σ zz σ 2xy =0

Step 3: Eigen Equation to Calculate Principal Stresses

σ 3 −I 1 σ 2 + I 2 σ −I 3=σ 3 −189.75 σ 2+ 6876.19 σ=0 σ ( σ 2−189.75 σ +6876.19 ) =0
σ =0σ 2−189.75 σ +6876.19=0
σ 1=140.97

{ σ 2=48.78 MPa
σ 3=0

Matlab eigen calculation

>> A=[63.25 33.54; 33.54 126.5];
>> [v,d]=eig(A) Calculate principal stresses d and direction cosines v
v=
-0.9182 0.3962
0.3962 0.9182
d=
48.7765 0
0 140.9735
l1 0.3962 l 2

{ } { }{ } { }
−0.9182
m1 = 0.9182 , m 2 = 0.3962
n1 0 n2 0
MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3
MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3

Q3. Solution:
20 40 −30
σ = 40 30 25 MPa

Step 1: Invariants
−30 25 −10 [ ]
I 1=σ xx +σ yy + σ zz ¿ 20+30−10¿ 40
I 2=σ xx σ yy +σ yy σ zz + σ zz σ xx−σ 2xy−σ 2yz −σ 2zx
¿ ( 20 ) ( 30 ) + ( 30 ) (−10 ) + (−10 ) ( 20 )−( 40 )2−( 25 )2−(−30 )2¿−3025
I 3=σ xx σ yy σ zz+ 2 σ xy σ yz σ zx−σ xx σ 2yz−σ yy σ 2zx −σ zz σ 2xy
2 2 2
¿ ( 20 ) ( 30 ) (−10 )+ 2 ( 40 ) ( 25 )(−30 )−( 20 ) ( 25 ) −( 30 ) (−30 ) −(−10 )( 40 ) ¿−89500

Step 2: Eigen equation

σ 3 −I 1 σ 2 + I 2 σ −I 3=0σ 3 −40 σ 2−3025 σ +89500=0

Step 3: Principal Stresses

The principal stresses are three real roots of the above equation

Web calculator: You can go to http://www.easycalculation.com/algebra/cubic-equation.php

σ 1 =65.3 MPa , σ 2=26.5 MPa , σ 3 =−51.8 MPa

Excel spreadsheet as below

Solution to Exam ple
600000

400000
26.5 MPa
-51.8 MPa
200000
Sigm a (MPa)

0
-1 0 0 -8 0 -6 0 -4 0 -2 0 0 20 40 60 80 100

-200000
65.3 MPa

-400000

-600000

-800000
Stress (MPa)

Matlab
>> a=[1 -40 -3025 89500]
>> x=roots(a)

Python with numpy

>> import numpy
>> a=[1,-40,-3025,89500]
>> numpy.roots(a)

Step 4: Principal Directions

MECH3361/9361 Mechanics of Solids 2 Tutorial Week 3

Matlab – Determine the Eigenvalue and Eigenvector directly from stress tensor
>> A=[20 40 -30; 40 30 25; -30 25 -10]
>> e=eig(A) This will get the principal stresses only
e=
-51.7862
26.4530
65.3332
Or
>>[v,d]=eig(A) This will get the principal stresses d and their principal directions v
v=
-0.5520 -0.4980 -0.6688
0.4787 0.4675 -0.7432
-0.6827 0.7304 0.0197

d=
-51.7862 0 0
0 26.4530 0
0 0 65.3332

Python with numpy

>> import numpy
>> A= numpy.array([[20,40,-30],[40,30,25],[-30,25,-10]])
>> d,v=numpy.linalg.eig(A)
>> d
array([-51.78620645, 65.3332032 , 26.45300326])
>> v
array([[ 0.5520427 , -0.66879283, -0.49796085],
[-0.47868431, -0.74318776, 0.46747543],
[ 0.68272263, 0.01970035, 0.73041201]])

So,
l1

{ }{ }
−0.6688
For σ 1 =65.3 MPa , m1 −0.7432
=
n1 0.0197
l2

{ }{ }
−0.4980
For σ 2=26.5 MPa , m2 = 0.4675
n2 0.7304
l3

{ }{ }
−0.5520
For σ 3 =−51.8 MPa, m3 = 0.4787
n3 −0.6827