Anime

Anime (US: /ˈænəmeɪ/, UK: /ˈænɪmeɪ/;[1] Japanese: アニメ

[aɲime] ( listen), plural: anime),[a] sometimes called
Japanimation, [2][3][4] is hand-drawn and computer animation
originating from Japan. The term anime is derived from the English
word animation, and in Japan is used to refer to all forms of
animated media.[5] Outside Japan, the term refers specifically to
animation from Japan or to a Japanese-disseminated animation style
often characterized by colorful graphics, vibrant characters and
fantastical themes.[6][7] This culturally abstract approach to the
word's meaning may open the possibility of anime produced in
countries other than Japan.[8][9][10]

The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to 1917. A

characteristic art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of
Osamu Tezuka and spread in the second half of the 20th century,
developing a large domestic and international audience. Anime can
be distributed theatrically, by way of television broadcasts, directly
to home media, and over the Internet. In addition to completely
original works, anime are often adaptations of Japanese comics
(known as manga), light novels, or video games.

Production methods and techniques related to anime have adapted

over time in response to emergent technologies. As a multimedia art
form, it combines graphic art, characterization, cinematography, and Wikipe-tan, an anime-styled moe
[11] anthropomorphism of Wikipedia
other creative techniques. Anime production typically focuses
less on the animation of movement and more on the realism of
settings as well as the use of camera effects, including panning,
zooming, and angle shots.[11] Diverse art styles are used, and character proportions and features can be quite
varied, including characteristically large or realistically sized emotive eyes. Anime is classified into
numerous genres targeting both broad and niche audiences.

The anime industry consists of over 430 production studios, with major names including Studio Ghibli,
Gainax, and Toei Animation. Despite comprising only a fraction of Japan's domestic film market, anime
makes up a majority of Japanese DVD and Blu-ray sales. It has also seen international success with the rise
of English-dubbed and subbed programming. As of 2016, Japanese anime accounted for 60% of the world's
animated television shows.[12]

Contents
Etymology
Format
History
Attributes
 Animation technique
Characters
Music
Genres
Industry
Markets
Awards
Globalization
Fan response
Anime style
Media franchises
See also
References
Notes
Sources
Bibliography
External links

Etymology
Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that includes all genres found in cinema, but it can be
mistakenly classified as a genre.[13] In Japanese, the term anime is used as a blanket term to refer to all
forms of animation from around the world.[5][14] In English, anime (/ˈænəˌmeɪ/) is more restrictively used
to denote a "Japanese-style animated film or television entertainment" or as "a style of animation created in
Japan".[6][15]

The etymology of the word anime is disputed. The English term "animation" is written in Japanese katakana
as アニメーション [7]
(animēshon, Japanese pronunciation: [animeːɕoɴ])[7] and is アニメ (anime) in its
shortened form. The pronunciation of anime in Japanese differs from pronunciations in other languages
such as Standard English (pronunciation: /ˈænɪmeɪ/), which has different vowels and stress with regards to
Japanese, where each mora carries equal stress. As with a few other Japanese words such as saké, Pokémon,
and Kobo Abé, English-language texts sometimes spell anime as animé (as in French), with an acute accent
over the final e, to cue the reader to pronounce the letter, not to leave it silent as Standard English
orthography may suggest.

Some sources claim that anime derives from the French term for animation dessin animé,[16][17] but others
believe this to be a myth derived from the French popularity of the medium in the late 1970s and 1980s.[7]
In English, anime—when used as a common noun—normally functions as a mass noun. (For example: "Do
you watch anime?" or "How much anime have you collected?")[18] Prior to the widespread use of anime, the
term Japanimation was prevalent throughout the 1970s and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began
to supplant Japanimation.[16][19] In general, the latter term now only appears in period works where it is
used to distinguish and identify Japanese animation.[20]

The word anime has also been criticized, e.g. in 1987, when Hayao Miyazaki stated that he despised the
truncated word anime because to him it represented the desolation of the Japanese animation industry. He
equated the desolation with animators lacking motivation and with mass-produced, overly expressionistic
products relying upon a fixed iconography of facial expressions and protracted and exaggerated action
scenes but lacking depth and sophistication in that they do not attempt to convey emotion or thought.[21]

Format
The first format of anime was theatrical viewing which originally began with commercial productions in
1917.[22] Originally the animated flips were crude and required played musical components before adding
sound and vocal components to the production. On July 14, 1958, Nippon Television aired Mogura no
Abanchūru ("Mole's Adventure"), both the first televised and first color anime to debut.[23] It was not until
the 1960s when the first televised series were broadcast and it has remained a popular medium since.[24]
Works released in a direct to video format are called "original video animation" (OVA) or "original
animation video" (OAV); and are typically not released theatrically or televised prior to home media
release.[25][26] The emergence of the Internet has led some animators to distribute works online in a format
called "original net anime" (ONA).[27]

The home distribution of anime releases were popularized in the 1980s with the VHS and LaserDisc
formats.[25] The VHS NTSC video format used in both Japan and the United States is credited as aiding the
rising popularity of anime in the 1990s.[25] The LaserDisc and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD
format which offered the unique advantages; including multiple subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same
disc.[28] The DVD format also has its drawbacks in its usage of region coding; adopted by the industry to
solve licensing, piracy and export problems and restricted region indicated on the DVD player.[28] The
Video CD (VCD) format was popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but became only a minor format in the
United States that was closely associated with bootleg copies.[28]

History
Japanese animation began in the early 20th century, when Japanese
filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques also
pioneered in France, Germany, the United States and Russia.[17] A
claim for the earliest Japanese animation is Katsudō Shashin, an
undated and private work by an unknown creator.[29] In 1917, the
first professional and publicly displayed works began to appear.
Animators such as Ōten Shimokawa and Seitarou Kitayama
produced numerous works, with the oldest surviving film being
Kouchi's Namakura Gatana, a two-minute clip of a samurai trying to
test a new sword on his target only to suffer defeat.[22][30][31] The A cel from Namakura Gatana, the
1923 Great Kantō earthquake resulted in widespread destruction to earliest surviving Japanese
Japan's infrastructure and the destruction of Shimokawa's animated short made for cinemas,
warehouse, destroying most of these early works.[32] produced in 1917

By the 1930s animation was well established in Japan as an

alternative format to the live-action industry. It suffered competition from foreign producers and many
animators—like Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata—still worked in cheaper cutout animation rather than cel
animation.[33] Other creators, Kenzō Masaoka and Mitsuyo Seo, nonetheless made great strides in animation
technique; they benefited from the patronage of the government, which employed animators to produce
educational shorts and propaganda.[34] The first talkie anime was Chikara to Onna no Yo no Naka, produced
by Masaoka in 1933.[35][36] By 1940, numerous anime artists' organizations had risen, including the Shin
Mangaha Shudan and Shin Nippon Mangaka.[37] The first feature-length animated film was Momotaro's
Divine Sea Warriors directed by Seo in 1944 with sponsorship by the Imperial Japanese Navy.[38]
The success of The Walt Disney Company's 1937 feature film Snow
White and the Seven Dwarfs profoundly influenced many Japanese
animators.[39] The 1950s saw a proliferation of short, animated
advertisements made in Japan for television broadcasting.[40] In the
1960s, manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and
simplified many Disney animation techniques to reduce costs and to
limit the number of frames in productions.[41] He intended this as a
temporary measure to allow him to produce material on a tight
schedule with inexperienced animation staff.[42] Three Tales, aired in
1960, was the first anime shown on television.[43] The first anime
A frame from Momotaro's Divine
television series was Otogi Manga Calendar, aired from 1961 to Sea Warriors (1944), the first
1964.[44] feature-length anime film

The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of manga,

Japanese comic books and graphic novels, many of which were later animated. The work of Osamu Tezuka
drew particular attention: he has been called a "legend"[45] and the "god of manga".[46][47] His work—and
that of other pioneers in the field—inspired characteristics and genres that remain fundamental elements of
anime today. The giant robot genre (known as "mecha" outside Japan), for instance, took shape under
Tezuka, developed into the Super Robot genre under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized at the end
of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino who developed the Real Robot genre.[48] Robot anime like the Gundam
and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the robot genre
of anime is still one of the most common in Japan and worldwide today.[49] In the 1980s, anime became
more accepted in the mainstream in Japan (although less than manga), and experienced a boom in
production. Following a few successful adaptations of anime in overseas markets in the 1980s, anime gained
increased acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more at the turn of the 21st century. In 2002,
Spirited Away, a Studio Ghibli production directed by Hayao Miyazaki won the Golden Bear at the Berlin
International Film Festival and in 2003 at the 75th Academy Awards it won the Academy Award for Best
Animated Feature.

Attributes
Anime differs greatly from other forms of animation by its diverse art styles, methods of animation, its
production, and its process. Visually, anime is a diverse art form that contains a wide variety of art styles,
differing from one creator, artist, and studio.[50] While no one art style predominates anime as a whole, they
do share some similar attributes in terms of animation technique and character design.

Animation technique

Anime follows the typical production of animation, including storyboarding, voice acting, character design,
and cel production (Shirobako, itself a series, highlights many of the aspects involved in anime production).
Since the 1990s, animators have increasingly used computer animation to improve the efficiency of the
production process. Artists like Noburō Ōfuji pioneered the earliest anime works, which were experimental
and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, stop motion animation of paper cutouts, and silhouette
animation.[51][52] Cel animation grew in popularity until it came to dominate the medium. In the 21st
century, the use of other animation techniques is mostly limited to independent short films,[53] including the
stop motion puppet animation work produced by Tadahito Mochinaga, Kihachirō Kawamoto and Tomoyasu
Murata.[54][55] Computers were integrated into the animation process in the 1990s, with works such as
Ghost in the Shell and Princess Mononoke mixing cel animation with computer-generated images.[56] Fuji
Film, a major cel production company, announced it would stop cel production, producing an industry panic
to procure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital processes.[56]
Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with
traditional animation methods using a pose to pose
approach.[51] The majority of mainstream anime uses
fewer expressive key frames and more in-between
animation.[57]

Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many limited

animation techniques, and have given anime a distinct set
of conventions. Unlike Disney animation, where the
emphasis is on the movement, anime emphasizes the art
quality and let limited animation techniques make up for
the lack of time spent on movement. Such techniques are
often used not only to meet deadlines but also as artistic
devices.[58] Anime scenes place emphasis on achieving
three-dimensional views, and backgrounds are
instrumental in creating the atmosphere of the work. [17]
The backgrounds are not always invented and are
occasionally based on real locations, as exemplified in
Howl's Moving Castle and The Melancholy of Haruhi
Suzumiya.[59][60] Oppliger stated that anime is one of the Anime artists employ many distinct visual
rare mediums where putting together an all-star cast styles
usually comes out looking "tremendously impressive".[61]

The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from the stage plays found in American animation.
Anime is cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning, zooming, distance and angle shots to more
complex dynamic shots that would be difficult to produce in reality.[62][63][64] In anime, the animation is
produced before the voice acting, contrary to American animation which does the voice acting first; this can
cause lip sync errors in the Japanese version.[65]

Characters

Body proportions of human anime characters tend to accurately reflect the proportions of the human body in
reality. The height of the head is considered by the artist as the base unit of proportion. Head heights can
vary, but most anime characters are about seven to eight heads tall.[66] Anime artists occasionally make
deliberate modifications to body proportions to produce super deformed characters that feature a
disproportionately small body compared to the head; many super deformed characters are two to four heads
tall. Some anime works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these proportions, in such a way that
they resemble caricatured Western cartoons.

A common anime character design convention is exaggerated eye size. The animation of characters with
large eyes in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was deeply influenced by such early
animation characters as Betty Boop, who was drawn with disproportionately large eyes.[67] Tezuka is a
central figure in anime and manga history, whose iconic art style and character designs allowed for the entire
range of human emotions to be depicted solely through the eyes.[68] The artist adds variable color shading to
the eyes and particularly to the cornea to give them greater depth. Generally, a mixture of a light shade, the
tone color, and a dark shade is used.[69][70] Cultural anthropologist Matt Thorn argues that Japanese
animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized eyes as inherently more or less foreign.[71] However,
not all anime characters have large eyes. For example, the works of Hayao Miyazaki are known for having
realistically proportioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their characters.[72]
Hair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or uniquely
styled. The movement of hair in anime is exaggerated and "hair
action" is used to emphasize the action and emotions of characters
for added visual effect.[73] Poitras traces hairstyle color to cover
illustrations on manga, where eye-catching artwork and colorful
tones are attractive for children's manga.[73] Despite being produced
for a domestic market, anime features characters whose race or
nationality is not always defined, and this is often a deliberate
decision, such as in the Pokémon animated series.[74]
Anime and manga artists often draw
Anime and manga artists often draw from a common canon of iconic from a defined set of facial
facial expression illustrations to denote particular moods and expressions to depict particular
thoughts.[75] These techniques are often different in form than their emotions
counterparts in Western animation, and they include a fixed
iconography that is used as shorthand for certain emotions and
moods.[76] For example, a male character may develop a nosebleed when aroused.[76] A variety of visual
symbols are employed, including sweat drops to depict nervousness, visible blushing for embarrassment, or
glowing eyes for an intense glare.[77]

Music

The opening and credits sequences of most anime television episodes are accompanied by Japanese pop or
rock songs, often by reputed bands. They may be written with the series in mind, but are also aimed at the
general music market, and therefore often allude only vaguely or not at all to the themes or plot of the series.
Pop and rock songs are also sometimes used as incidental music ("insert songs") in an episode, often to
highlight particularly important scenes.[78]

Genres

Anime are often classified by target demographic, including childrens' ( ⼦供 , kodomo), girls' ( 少⼥, shōjo),
少年
boys' ( , shōnen) and a diverse range of genres targeting an adult audience. Shoujo and shounen anime
sometimes contain elements popular with children of both sexes in an attempt to gain crossover appeal.
Adult anime may feature a slower pace or greater plot complexity that younger audiences may typically find
unappealing, as well as adult themes and situations.[79] A subset of adult anime works featuring
pornographic elements are labeled "R18" in Japan, and are internationally known as hentai (originating from
変態
pervert ( , hentai)). By contrast, some anime subgenres incorporate ecchi, sexual themes or undertones
without depictions of sexual intercourse, as typified in the comedic or harem genres; due to its popularity
among adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, the inclusion of such elements is considered a form of fan
service.[80][81] Some genres explore homosexual romances, such as yaoi (male homosexuality) and yuri
(female homosexuality). While often used in a pornographic context, the terms yaoi and yuri can also be
used broadly in a wider context to describe or focus on the themes or the development of the relationships
themselves.[82]

Anime's genre classification differs from other types of animation and does not lend itself to simple
classification.[83] Gilles Poitras compared the labeling Gundam 0080 and its complex depiction of war as a
"giant robot" anime akin to simply labeling War and Peace a "war novel".[83] Science fiction is a major
anime genre and includes important historical works like Tezuka's Astro Boy and Yokoyama's Tetsujin 28-
go. A major subgenre of science fiction is mecha, with the Gundam metaseries being iconic.[84] The diverse
fantasy genre includes works based on Asian and Western traditions and folklore; examples include the
Japanese feudal fairytale InuYasha, and the depiction of Scandinavian goddesses who move to Japan to
maintain a computer called Yggdrasil in Ah! My Goddess.[85] Genre crossing in anime is also prevalent,
such as the blend of fantasy and comedy in Dragon Half, and the incorporation of slapstick humor in the
crime anime film Castle of Cagliostro.[86] Other subgenres found in anime include magical girl, harem,
sports, martial arts, literary adaptations, medievalism,[87] and war.[88]

Industry
The animation industry consists of more than 430 production
companies with some of the major studios including Toei
Animation, Gainax, Madhouse, Gonzo, Sunrise, Bones, TMS
Entertainment, Nippon Animation, P.A.Works, Studio Pierrot
and Studio Ghibli.[89] Many of the studios are organized into a
trade association, The Association of Japanese Animations.
There is also a labor union for workers in the industry, the
Japanese Animation Creators Association. Studios will often
work together to produce more complex and costly projects, as
done with Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away.[89] An anime episode Akihabara district of Tokyo is popular with
can cost between US$100,000 and US$300,000 to produce. [90] anime and manga fans as well as otaku
In 2001, animation accounted for 7% of the Japanese film subculture in Japan
market, above the 4.6% market share for live-action works.[89]
The popularity and success of anime is seen through the
profitability of the DVD market, contributing nearly 70% of total sales.[89] According to a 2016 article on
Nikkei Asian Review, Japanese television stations have bought over ¥60 billion worth of anime from
production companies "over the past few years", compared with under ¥20 billion from overseas.[91] There
has been a rise in sales of shows to television stations in Japan, caused by late night anime with adults as the
target demographic.[91] This type of anime is less popular outside Japan, being considered "more of a niche
product".[91] Spirited Away (2001) is the all-time highest-grossing film in Japan.[92][93] It was also the
highest-grossing anime film worldwide until it was overtaken by Makoto Shinkai's 2016 film Your Name.[94]
Anime films represent a large part of the highest-grossing Japanese films yearly in Japan, with 6 out of the
top 10 in 2014, in 2015 and also in 2016.

Anime has to be licensed by companies in other countries in order to be legally released. While anime has
been licensed by its Japanese owners for use outside Japan since at least the 1960s, the practice became
well-established in the United States in the late 1970s to early 1980s, when such TV series as Gatchaman
and Captain Harlock were licensed from their Japanese parent companies for distribution in the US market.
The trend towards American distribution of anime continued into the 1980s with the licensing of titles such
as Voltron and the 'creation' of new series such as Robotech through use of source material from several
original series.[95]

In the early 1990s, several companies began to experiment with the licensing of less children-oriented
material. Some, such as A.D. Vision, and Central Park Media and its imprints, achieved fairly substantial
commercial success and went on to become major players in the now very lucrative American anime
market. Others, such as AnimEigo, achieved limited success. Many companies created directly by Japanese
parent companies did not do as well, most releasing only one or two titles before completing their American
operations.

Licenses are expensive, often hundreds of thousands of dollars for one series and tens of thousands for one
movie.[96] The prices vary widely; for example, Jinki: Extend cost only $91,000 to license while Kurau
Phantom Memory cost $960,000.[96] Simulcast Internet streaming rights can be cheaper, with prices around
$1,000-$2,000 an episode,[97] but can also be more expensive, with some series costing more than
US$200,000 per episode.[98]
The anime market for the United States was worth approximately $2.74 billion in 2009.[99] Dubbed
animation began airing in the United States in 2000 on networks like The WB and Cartoon Network's Adult
Swim.[100] In 2005, this resulted in five of the top ten anime titles having previously aired on Cartoon
Network.[100] As a part of localization, some editing of cultural references may occur to better follow the
references of the non-Japanese culture.[101] The cost of English localization averages US$10,000 per
episode.[102]

The industry has been subject to both praise and condemnation for fansubs, the addition of unlicensed and
unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or films.[103] Fansubs, which were originally distributed
on VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s, have been freely available and disseminated online since the
1990s.[103] Since this practice raises concerns for copyright and piracy issues, fansubbers tend to adhere to
an unwritten moral code to destroy or no longer distribute an anime once an official translated or subtitled
version becomes licensed. They also try to encourage viewers to buy an official copy of the release once it
comes out in English, although fansubs typically continue to circulate through file-sharing networks.[104]
Even so, the laid back regulations of the Japanese animation industry tend to overlook these issues, allowing
it to grow underground and thus increasing the popularity until there is a demand for official high-quality
releases for animation companies. This has led to an increase in global popularity with Japanese animations,
reaching $40 million in sales in 2004.[105]

Legal international availability of anime on the Internet has changed in recent years, with simulcasts of
series available on websites like Crunchyroll.

Markets

Japan External Trade Organization (JETRO) valued the domestic anime market in Japan at ¥2.4 trillion
($24 billion), including ¥2 trillion from licensed products, in 2005.[106] JETRO reported sales of overseas
anime exports in 2004 to be ¥2 trillion ($18 billion).[107] JETRO valued the anime market in the United
States at ¥520 billion ($5.2 billion),[106] including $500 million in home video sales and over $4 billion
from licensed products, in 2005.[108] JETRO projected in 2005 that the worldwide anime market, including
sales of licensed products, would grow to ¥10 trillion ($100 billion).[106][108] The anime market in China
was valued at $21 billion in 2017,[109] and is projected to reach $31 billion by 2020.[110]

Awards

The anime industry has several annual awards that honor the year's best works. Major annual awards in
Japan include the Ōfuji Noburō Award, the Mainichi Film Award for Best Animation Film, the Animation
Kobe Awards, the Japan Media Arts Festival animation awards, the Tokyo Anime Award and the Japan
Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. In the United States, anime films compete in the Crunchyroll
Anime Awards. There were also the American Anime Awards, which were designed to recognize excellence
in anime titles nominated by the industry, and were held only once in 2006.[111] Anime productions have
also been nominated and won awards not exclusively for anime, like the Academy Award for Best Animated
Feature or the Golden Bear.

Globalization
Anime has become commercially profitable in Western countries, as demonstrated by early commercially
successful Western adaptations of anime, such as Astro Boy and Speed Racer. Early American adaptions in
the 1960s made Japan expand into the continental European market, first with productions aimed at
European and Japanese children, such as Heidi, Vicky the Viking and Barbapapa, which aired in various
countries. Particularly Italy, Spain and France grew an interest into Japan's output, due to its cheap selling
price and productive output. In fact, Italy imported the most anime outside of Japan.[112] These mass imports
influenced anime popularity in South American, Arabic and German markets.[113]

The beginning of 1980 saw the introduction of Japanese anime series into the American culture. In the
1990s, Japanese animation slowly gained popularity in America. Media companies such as Viz and Mixx
began publishing and releasing animation into the American market.[114] The 1988 film Akira is largely
credited with popularizing anime in the Western world during the early 1990s, before anime was further
popularized by television shows such as Pokémon and Dragon Ball Z in the late 1990s.[115][116] The growth
of the Internet later provided Western audiences an easy way to access Japanese content.[105] This is
especially the case with net services such as Netflix and Crunchyroll. As a direct result, various interests
surrounding Japan have increased.

Fan response

Anime clubs gave rise to anime conventions in the 1990s with the "anime boom", a period marked by
increased popularity of anime.[117] These conventions are dedicated to anime and manga and include
elements like cosplay contests and industry talk panels.[118] Cosplay, a portmanteau for "costume play", is
not unique to anime and has become popular in contests and masquerades at anime conventions.[119]
Japanese culture and words have entered English usage through the popularity of the medium, including
otaku, an unflattering Japanese term commonly used in English to denote a fan of anime and manga.[120]
Another word that has arisen describing fans in the United States is wapanese meaning White individuals
who desire to be Japanese, or later known as weeaboo for individuals who demonstrate a strong interest in
Japanese anime subculture, which is a term that originated from abusive content posted on the popular
bulletin board website 4chan.org.[121] Anime enthusiasts have produced fan fiction and fan art, including
computer wallpapers and anime music videos.[122]

As of the 2010s, many anime fans use online communities and databases such as MyAnimeList to discuss
anime and track their progress watching respective series.[123][124]

Anime style

One of the key points that made anime different from a handful of Western cartoons is the potential for
visceral content. Once the expectation that the aspects of visual intrigue or animation being just for children
is put aside, the audience can realize that themes involving violence, suffering, sexuality, pain, and death can
all be storytelling elements utilized in anime as much as other types of media.[125] However, as anime itself
became increasingly popular, its styling has been inevitably the subject of both satire and serious creative
productions.[7] South Park's "Chinpokomon" and "Good Times with Weapons" episodes, Adult Swim's
Perfect Hair Forever, and Nickelodeon's Kappa Mikey are Western examples of satirical depictions of
Japanese culture and anime, but anime tropes have also been satirized by some anime, such as KonoSuba.

Traditionally only Japanese works have been considered anime, but some works have sparked debate for
blurring the lines between anime and cartoons, such as the American anime style production Avatar: The
Last Airbender.[9] These anime styled works have become defined as anime-influenced animation, in an
attempt to classify all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.[126] Some creators of these works cite
anime as a source of inspiration, for example the French production team for Ōban Star-Racers that moved
to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese production team.[127][128][129] When anime is defined as a "style"
rather than as a national product it leaves open the possibility of anime being produced in other
countries,[6][9] but this has been contentious amongst fans, with John Oppliger stating, "The insistence on
referring to original American art as Japanese "anime" or "manga" robs the work of its cultural
identity."[7][130]

A U.A.E.-Filipino produced TV series called Torkaizer is dubbed as the "Middle East's First Anime Show",
and is currently in production[10] and looking for funding.[131] Netflix has produced multiple anime series in
collaboration with Japanese animation studios,[132] and in doing so, has offered a more accessible channel
for distribution to Western markets.[133]

The web-based series RWBY, produced by Texas-based company Rooster Teeth, is produced using an anime
art style, and the series has been described as "anime" by multiple sources. For example, Adweek, in the
headline to one of its articles, described the series as "American-made anime",[134] and in another headline,
The Huffington Post described it as simply "anime", without referencing its country of origin.[135] In 2013,
Monty Oum, the creator of RWBY, said "Some believe just like Scotch needs to be made in Scotland, an
American company can't make anime. I think that's a narrow way of seeing it. Anime is an art form, and to
say only one country can make this art is wrong."[8] RWBY has been released in Japan with a Japanese
language dub;[136] the CEO of Rooster Teeth, Matt Hullum, commented "This is the first time any
American-made anime has been marketed to Japan. It definitely usually works the other way around, and
we're really pleased about that."[134]

Media franchises

In Japanese culture and entertainment, media mix is a strategy to disperse content across multiple
representations: different broadcast media, gaming technologies, cell phones, toys, amusement parks, and
other methods.[137] It is the Japanese term for a transmedia franchise.[138][139] The term gained its
circulation in late 1980s, but the origins of the strategy can be traced back to the 1960s with the proliferation
of anime, with its interconnection of media and commodity goods.[140]

A number of anime media franchises have gained considerable global popularity, and are among the world's
highest-grossing media franchises. Pokémon in particular is the highest-grossing media franchise of all time,
bigger than Star Wars and Marvel Cinematic Universe.[141] Other anime media franchises among the world's
top 15 highest-grossing media franchises include Hello Kitty, Gundam, and Dragon Ball, while the top 30
also includes Fist of the North Star, Yu-Gi-Oh and Evangelion.[142][143]

See also
Animation director
Chinese animation
Fandom culture in South Korea
Japanophilia
Korean animation
Mechademia
Voice acting in Japan

References

Notes
 a. Once informally romanized as animé, although this has fallen into disuse.

Sources
1. "Anime - Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary" (https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictio
nary/english/anime). Cambridge English Dictionary. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
2. Ebert, Roger (May 12, 1995). "The Wings Of Honneamise" (https://www.rogerebert.com/review
s/the-wings-of-honneamise-1995). RogerEbert.com. Retrieved May 29, 2020. "The genre is
often called Japanimation, but its fans scorn that term and prefer "anime," a Japanese word
with English origins."
3. Matsumoto, Jon (January 14, 1999). "Tooning In to Japanimation : Anime or Japanese
animation, is attracting a growing following in the States. Some aficionados even insist that the
sleek imports are better than--yes-- Disney" (https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-01
-14-ca-24415-story.html). Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
4. McNamara, Mary (October 31, 2004). "Japanimation Goes Pop in Cartoon Series" (https://ww
w.multichannel.com/news/japanimation-goes-pop-cartoon-series-372596). Multichannel News.
Future Publishing Limited Quay House. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
5. "What is Anime?" (http://www.bellaonline.com/articles/art4260.asp). Lesley Aeschliman.
Bellaonline. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20071107150423/http://www.bellaonline.co
m/articles/art4260.asp) from the original on November 7, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
6. "Anime" (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/anime). Merriam-Webster. 2011.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120318204507/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dicti
onary/anime) from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
7. "Anime News Network Lexicon - Anime" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/le
xicon.php?id=45). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130513001647/http://www.animene
wsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=45) from the original on May 13, 2013. Retrieved
April 22, 2013.
8. Rush, Amanda (July 12, 2013). "FEATURE: Inside Rooster Teeth's "RWBY" " (http://www.crunc
hyroll.com/anime-news/2013/07/12/feature-inside-rooster-teeths-rwby). Crunchyroll. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130716153934/http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/0
7/12/feature-inside-rooster-teeths-rwby) from the original on July 16, 2013. Retrieved July 18,
2013.
9. O'Brien, Chris (July 30, 2012). "Can Americans Make Anime?" (http://www.escapistmagazine.c
om/articles/view/features/9829-Can-Americans-Make-Anime). The Escapist. The Escapist.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121018071546/http://www.escapistmagazine.com/arti
cles/view/features/9829-Can-Americans-Make-Anime) from the original on October 18, 2012.
Retrieved July 17, 2013.
10. Fakhruddin, Mufaddal (April 9, 2013). " 'Torkaizer', Middle East's First Anime Show" (http://me.i
gn.com/en/news/9594/-torkaizer-middle-east-s-first-anime-show). IGN. Archived (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20130630133627/http://me.ign.com/en/news/9594/-torkaizer-middle-east-s-first-
anime-show) from the original on June 30, 2013. Retrieved June 12, 2013.
11. Craig 2000, pp. 139–140.
12. Napier, Susan J. (2016). Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing
Contemporary Japanese Animation (https://books.google.com/books?id=UnuLCwAAQBAJ&pg
=PR10). St. Martin's Press. p. 10. ISBN 9781250117724.
13. Poitras 2000, p. 7.
14. "Tezuka: The Marvel of Manga - Education Kit" (http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/__data/page/
9842/Tezuka_Kit_1.pdf) (PDF). Art Gallery New South Wales. 2007. Archived (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20070830033821/http://artgallery.nsw.gov.au/__data/page/9842/Tezuka_Kit_1.pdf)
(PDF) from the original on August 30, 2007. Retrieved October 28, 2007.
15. "Anime" (http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/anime). Oxford
English Dictionary. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160202165231/http://www.oxfordd
ictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/anime) from the original on February 2, 2016.
Retrieved February 17, 2016.
16. "Etymology Dictionary Reference: Anime" (http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?
term=anime). Etymonline. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130309195603/http://www.
etymonline.com/index.php?term=anime) from the original on March 9, 2013. Retrieved
April 22, 2013.
17. Schodt 1997.
18. American Heritage Dictionary, 4th ed.; Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1).
19. Patten 2004, pp. 85–86.
20. Patten 2004, pp. 69–70.
21. Miyazaki, Hayao (July 31, 1996). "⽇本のアニメーションについて " [Thoughts on Japanese
Animation]. 出発点 1979~1996 (https://web.archive.org/web/20140828232509/http://www.viz.c
om/books/print/starting-point-1979-1996-volume-1/5855) [Starting Point 1979~1996]. San
Francisco: Viz Media. pp. 72ff. ISBN 978-1-4215-0594-7. Archived from the original (http://ww
w.viz.com/books/print/starting-point-1979-1996-volume-1/5855) on August 28, 2014. Retrieved
December 16, 2013.
22. "Some remarks on the first Japanese animation films in 1917" (http://litten.de/fulltext/ani1917.p
df) (PDF). Litten, Frank. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140810001217/http://litten.d
e/fulltext/ani1917.pdf) (PDF) from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved July 11, 2013.
23. "Oldest TV Anime's Color Screenshots Posted" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/20
13-06-19/oldest-tv-anime-color-screenshots-posted). Anime News Network. June 19, 2013.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20130726055523/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/n
ews/2013-06-19/oldest-tv-anime-color-screenshots-posted) from the original on July 26, 2013.
Retrieved July 17, 2013.
24. Poitras 2000, p. 13.
25. Poitras 2000, p. 14.
26. "Original Animation Video (OAV/OVA)" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexi
con.php?id=35). Anime News Network. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2008021508531
1/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=35) from the original on
February 15, 2008. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
27. "Original Net Anime (ONA)" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id
=37). Anime News Network. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131002014105/http://ww
w.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=37) from the original on October 2,
2013. Retrieved September 5, 2013.
28. Poitras 2000, p. 15.
29. Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 169.
30. "Japan's oldest animation films" (http://imprinttalk.com/?p=1557). ImprintTALK. March 31,
2008. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080402061131/http://imprinttalk.com/?p=1557)
from the original on April 2, 2008. Retrieved October 25, 2008.
31. "Historic 91-year-old anime discovered in Osaka" (https://web.archive.org/web/200804020122
34/http://www.hdrjapan.com/japan/japan-news/historic-91%11year%11old-anime-discovered-i
n-osaka/). HDR Japan. March 30, 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.hdrjapan.com/ja
pan/japan-news/historic-91%11year%11old-anime-discovered-in-osaka/) on April 2, 2008.
Retrieved May 12, 2008.
32. Clements & McCarthy 2006, p. 170.
33. Sharp, Jasper (September 23, 2004). "Pioneers of Japanese Animation (Part 1)" (http://www.m
idnighteye.com/features/pioneers-of-anime.shtml). Midnight Eye. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20100117151328/http://www.midnighteye.com/features/pioneers-of-anime.shtml)
from the original on January 17, 2010. Retrieved December 11, 2009.
34. Yamaguchi, Katsunori; Yasushi Watanabe (1977). Nihon animēshon eigashi. Yūbunsha.
pp. 26–37.
35. Baricordi 2000, p. 12.
36. Japan: An Illustrated Encyclopedia (https://archive.org/details/japanillustrated01koda). Tokyo,
Japan: Kodansha. 1993. ISBN 978-4-06-206489-7.
37. "What is Anime?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20121118151209/http://www.animestatic.com/a
rticles/what-is-anime/). AnimeStatic. Archived from the original (http://www.animestatic.com/arti
cles/what-is-anime/) on November 18, 2012. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
38. Official booklet, The Roots of Japanese Anime, DVD, Zakka Films, 2009.
39. "A Brief History of Anime" (http://www.corneredangel.com/amwess/papers/history.html).
Michael O'Connell, Otakon 1999 Program Book. 1999. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0070824124913/http://www.corneredangel.com/amwess/papers/history.html) from the original
on August 24, 2007. Retrieved September 11, 2007.
40. Douglass, Jason Cody (2019). Beyond Anime? Rethinking Japanese Animation Through Early
Animated Television Commercials (https://books.google.com/?id=7_rEDwAAQBAJ&printsec=fr
ontcover&dq=animation+and+advertising#v=onepage&q=animation%20and%20advertising&f=
false). Palgrave MacMillan. p. 213. ISBN 9783030279394.
41. Brenner 2007, p. 6.
42. Zagzoug, Marwa (April 2001). "The History of Anime & Manga" (http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/
evans/his135/Events/Anime62/Anime62.html). Northern Virginia Community College. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20130519110530/http://novaonline.nvcc.edu/eli/evans/his135/Eve
nts/Anime62/Anime62.html) from the original on May 19, 2013. Retrieved November 22, 2012.
43. Patten 2004, p. 271.
44. Patten 2004, p. 219.
45. Ohara, Atsushi (May 11, 2006). "5 missing manga pieces by Osamu Tezuka found in U.S" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20060520053910/http://www.asahi.com/english/Herald-asahi/TKY200
605110157.html). Asahi Shimbun. Archived from the original (http://www.asahi.com/english/He
rald-asahi/TKY200605110157.html) on May 20, 2006. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
46. "Dr. Osamu Tezuka" (http://www.abcb.com/ency/t/tezuka_osamu.htm). The Anime
Encyclopedia. The Anime Café. March 14, 2000. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20060
823180357/http://abcb.com/ency/t/tezuka_osamu.htm) from the original on August 23, 2006.
Retrieved August 29, 2006.
47. Gravett, Paul (2003). "Osamu Tezuka: The God of Manga" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071
231013227/http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/006_tezuka/006_tezuka.htm). Archived from
the original (http://www.paulgravett.com/articles/006_tezuka/006_tezuka.htm) on December
31, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2006.
48. Patten 2004, p. 264.
49. Patten 2004, pp. 306–307.
50. Brenner 2007, p. 231.
51. Jouvanceau, Pierre; Clare Kitson (translator) (2004). The Silhouette Film (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20080320051512/http://www.heeza.fr/description.php?lang=2&path=64&sort=Article&p
age=0&id=296). Genoa: Le Mani. p. 103. ISBN 88-8012-299-1. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.heeza.fr/description.php?lang=2&path=64&sort=Article&page=0&id=296) on March
20, 2008. Retrieved August 8, 2009.
52. "Tribute to Noburō Ōfuji" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080819214736/http://www.cinemathe
que.qc.ca/animation_japonaise.pdf) (PDF). To the Source of Anime: Japanese Animation.
Cinémathèque québécoise. 2008. Archived from the original (http://www.cinematheque.qc.ca/a
nimation_japonaise.pdf) (PDF) on August 19, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
53. Sharp, Jasper (2003). "Beyond Anime: A Brief Guide to Experimental Japanese Animation" (htt
p://www.midnighteye.com/features/beyond_anime.shtml). Midnight Eye. Archived (https://web.
archive.org/web/20080725193748/http://www.midnighteye.com/features/beyond_anime.shtml)
from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
54. Sharp, Jasper (2004). "Interview with Kihachirō Kawamoto" (http://www.midnighteye.com/interv
iews/kihachiro_kawamoto.shtml). Midnight Eye. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200809
19075703/http://www.midnighteye.com/interviews/kihachiro_kawamoto.shtml) from the original
on September 19, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
55. Munroe Hotes, Catherine (2008). "Tomoyasu Murata and Company" (http://www.midnighteye.c
om/features/tomoyasu-murata-and-company.shtml). Midnight Eye. Archived (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20080527065156/http://www.midnighteye.com/features/tomoyasu-murata-and-comp
any.shtml) from the original on May 27, 2008. Retrieved July 21, 2008.
56. Poitras 2000, p. 29.
57. Dong, Bamboo; Brienza, Casey; Pocock, Sara (November 4, 2008). "A Look at Key Animation"
(https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/chicks-on-anime/2008-11-04). Anime News Network.
Chicks on Anime. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121110054551/http://www.animene
wsnetwork.com/chicks-on-anime/2008-11-04) from the original on November 10, 2012.
Retrieved September 30, 2012.
58. Dong, Bamboo; Brienza, Casey; Pocock, Sara; Sevakis, Robin (September 16, 2008). "Chicks
on Anime - Sep 16th 2008" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/chicks-on-anime/2008-09-1
6). Anime News Network. Chicks on Anime. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/201211081
50611/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/chicks-on-anime/2008-09-16) from the original on
November 8, 2012. Retrieved September 30, 2012.
59. Cavallaro 2006, pp. 157–171.
60. "Reference pictures to actual places" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070126012418/http://ww
w.rinku.zaq.ne.jp/p_v/haruhi.html). Archived from the original (http://www.rinku.zaq.ne.jp/p_v/h
aruhi.html) on January 26, 2007. Retrieved January 25, 2007.
61. Oppliger, John (October 1, 2012). "Ask John: What Determines a Show's Animation Quality?"
(http://www.animenation.net/blog/2012/10/01/ask-john-what-determines-a-shows-animation-qu
ality/). AnimeNation. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20121015212153/http://www.anime
nation.net/blog/2012/10/01/ask-john-what-determines-a-shows-animation-quality/) from the
original on October 15, 2012. Retrieved October 28, 2012.
62. Poitras 2000, p. 58.
63. "Anime production process - feature film" (http://www.huitula.com/productionIG2_page2.htm).
PRODUCTION I.G. 2000. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070815101432/http://www.
huitula.com/productionIG2_page2.htm) from the original on August 15, 2007. Retrieved
August 27, 2007.
64. "Cinematography: Looping and Animetion Techniques" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070122
113832/http://www.understandinganime.com/cinematography.php). Understanding Anime.
1999. Archived from the original (http://www.understandinganime.com/cinematography.php) on
January 22, 2007. Retrieved August 29, 2007.
65. Poitras 2000, p. 59.
66. "Body Proportion" (http://animeworld.com/howtodraw/bodies1.html). Akemi's Anime World.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070805152410/http://animeworld.com/howtodraw/bod
ies1.html) from the original on August 5, 2007. Retrieved August 16, 2007.
67. Brenner 2007, pp. 6–7.
68. Poitras 2000, p. 60.
69. "Basic Anime Eye Tutorial" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070824072700/http://biorust.com/tu
torials/detail/141/en/). Centi, Biorust.com. Archived from the original (http://www.biorust.com/tut
orials/detail/141/en/) on August 24, 2007. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
70. Carlus (June 6, 2007). "How to color anime eye" (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyJ9yfYl
_Fc). YouTube. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20111211111545/http://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=VyJ9yfYl_Fc) from the original on December 11, 2011. Retrieved August 22, 2007.
71. "Do Manga Characters Look "White"?" (https://web.archive.org/web/20110717060459/http://w
ww.matt-thorn.com/mangagaku/faceoftheother.html). Archived from the original (http://www.ma
tt-thorn.com/mangagaku/faceoftheother.html) on July 17, 2011. Retrieved December 11, 2005.
72. Poitras 1998.
73. Poitras 2000, pp. 61–62.
74. Tobin 2004, p. 88.
75. "Manga Tutorials: Emotional Expressions" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080729175352/htt
p://www.mangatutorials.com/tut/expressions.php). Rio. Archived from the original (http://www.
mangatutorials.com/tut/expressions.php) on July 29, 2008. Retrieved August 22, 2008.
76. University of Michigan Animae Project. "Emotional Iconography in Animae" (http://www.umich.
edu/~anime/info_emotions.html). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20090402130601/htt
p://www.umich.edu/~anime/info_emotions.html) from the original on April 2, 2009. Retrieved
August 8, 2009.
77. Brenner 2007, p. 52.
78. "Original Soundtrack (OST)" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?i
d=74). Anime News Network. ANN. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141017134333/ht
tp://www.animenewsnetwork.com/encyclopedia/lexicon.php?id=74) from the original on
October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 15, 2014.
79. Poitras 2000, pp. 44–48.
80. Ask John: Why Do Americans Hate Harem Anime? (http://www.animenation.net/blog/2005/05/
20/ask-john-why-do-americans-hate-harem-anime/) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/200
80409032645/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2005/05/20/ask-john-why-do-americans-hate-h
arem-anime/) April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. animenation.net. May 20. 2005. Note:
fan service and ecchi are often considered the same in wording.
81. Brenner 2007, p. 89.
82. Poitras 2000, p. 50.
83. Poitras 2000, p. 34.
84. Poitras 2000, p. 35.
85. Poitras 2000, pp. 37–40.
86. Poitras 2000, pp. 41–43.
87. E. L. Risden: "Miyazaki's Medieval World: Japanese Medievalism and the Rise of Anime," in
Medievalism NOW (https://79a68520-a-62cb3a1a-s-sites.googlegroups.com/site/theyearswork
inmedievalism/cabinet/28%20Risden.pdf?attachauth=ANoY7cqmLpkx10lsF-KPbNNJF44YHay
mvuaTLkb5h-K1NELGFbWoACSTy6GgdtlTGCQexCtgHOsPzQ3yo1EDCcZWNVAa6L4BBsd8
F6lAmtx0NBZJcaaeX5CVljCRn8178kMwMIH_SO5ngp83fnBirV43VMaRYwU2d9Z7lj70hpSDS
s-Hvm7arwiW00CpAsZpm8JPHB1anN7o9ZyLuht9am16CWRG9DErM6ZI5-B3tzR_J0W_w49
HWJA%3D&attredirects=0), ed. E.L. Risden, Karl Fugelso, and Richard Utz (special issue of
The Year's Work in Medievalism), 28 [2013]
88. Poitras 2000, pp. 45–49.
89. Brenner 2007, p. 17.
90. Justin Sevakis (March 5, 2012). "The Anime Economy - Part 1: Let's Make An Anime!" (https://
www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-05). Anime News Network. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20120929131718/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/2012-03-05)
from the original on September 29, 2012. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
91. Kobayashi, Akira (September 5, 2016). "Movie version of Osamu Tezuka's 'Black Jack' coming
to China" (http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Movie-version-of-Osamu-Tezuka-s-Black-Jac
k-coming-to-China). Nikkei Asian Review. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160910062
313/http://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Trends/Movie-version-of-Osamu-Tezuka-s-Black-Jack-com
ing-to-China) from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved September 10, 2016.
92. Gross
"Spirited Away (2002) – International Box Office Results" (https://boxofficemojo.com/movie
s/?page=intl&id=spiritedaway.htm). Box Office Mojo. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/
20141129013240/http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=spiritedaway.htm) from
the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved July 1, 2014.
North American gross: $10,055,859
Japanese gross: $229,607,878 (March 31, 2002)
Other territories: $28,940,019

Japanese gross
Schwarzacher, Lukas (February 17, 2002). "Japan box office 'Spirited Away' " (https://variet
y.com/2002/digital/awards/japan-box-office-spirited-away-1117860800/). Variety. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20140826123724/http://variety.com/2002/digital/awards/japan-
box-office-spirited-away-1117860800/) from the original on August 26, 2014. Retrieved
August 21, 2014.
End of 2001: $227 million

Schwarzacher, Lukas (February 16, 2003). "H'wood eclipses local fare" (https://variety.com/
2003/scene/markets-festivals/h-wood-eclipses-local-fare-1117880584/). Variety. Archived
(https://web.archive.org/web/20140826123741/http://variety.com/2003/scene/markets-festiv
als/h-wood-eclipses-local-fare-1117880584/) from the original on August 26, 2014.
Retrieved August 21, 2014.
Across 2001 and 2002: $270 million

Schilling, Mark (May 16, 2008). "Miyazaki's animated pic to open this summer" (https://vari
ety.com/2008/scene/markets-festivals/ponyo-likely-to-heat-up-japan-1117985910/). Variety.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140715010653/http://variety.com/2008/scene/mar
kets-festivals/ponyo-likely-to-heat-up-japan-1117985910/) from the original on July 15,
2014. Retrieved July 2, 2014.
As of 2008: $290 million

93. "7 Animes" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160131004126/http://www.canime.co/). Archived

from the original (http://www.canime.co/) on January 31, 2016. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
94. "Shinkai's 'your name.' Tops Spirited Away as Highest Grossing Anime Film Worldwide" (http
s://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-01-17/shinkai-your-name-tops-spirited-away-as-hi
ghest-grossing-anime-film-worldwide/.111141). Anime News Network. January 17, 2017.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170118030221/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/n
ews/2017-01-17/shinkai-your-name-tops-spirited-away-as-highest-grossing-anime-film-worldwi
de/.111141) from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2017.
95. Brenner 2007, p. 11.
96. ADV Court Documents Reveal Amounts Paid for 29 Anime Titles (https://www.animenewsnetw
ork.com/news/2012-01-30/adv-court-documents-reveal-amounts-paid-for-29-anime-titles)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120423194657/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/n
ews/2012-01-30/adv-court-documents-reveal-amounts-paid-for-29-anime-titles) April 23, 2012,
at the Wayback Machine
97. The Anime Economy Part 3: Digital Pennies (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/feature/201
2-03-09) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20150502060952/http://www.animenewsnetwo
rk.com/feature/2012-03-09) May 2, 2015, at the Wayback Machine
98. Sevakis, Justin (September 9, 2016). "Why Are Funimation And Crunchyroll Getting Married?"
(https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/answerman/2016-09-09/.106251). Anime News Network.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160910033129/http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/a
nswerman/2016-09-09/.106251) from the original on September 10, 2016. Retrieved
September 10, 2016.
99. "America's 2009 Anime Market Pegged at US$2.741 Billion" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.c
om/news/2011-04-15/america-2009-anime-market-pegged-at-us%242.741-billion). Anime
News Network. April 15, 2011. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131228095646/http://
www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-04-15/america-2009-anime-market-pegged-at-us%2
42.741-billion) from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2013.
00. Brenner 2007, p. 18.
01. "Pokemon Case Study" (http://w3.salemstate.edu/~poehlkers/Emerson/Pokemon.html).
W3.salemstate.edu. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20080820181118/http://w3.salemst
ate.edu/%7Epoehlkers/Emerson/Pokemon.html) from the original on August 20, 2008.
Retrieved November 1, 2010.
02. Oppliger, John (February 24, 2012). "Ask John: Why Does Dubbing Cost So Much?" (http://ww
w.animenation.net/blog/2012/02/24/ask-john-why-does-dubbing-cost-so-much/). AnimeNation.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20120619020459/http://www.animenation.net/blog/201
2/02/24/ask-john-why-does-dubbing-cost-so-much/) from the original on June 19, 2012.
Retrieved October 29, 2012.
03. Brenner 2007, p. 206.
04. Brenner 2007, p. 207.
05. Wurm, Alicia (February 18, 2014). "Anime and the Internet: The Impact of Fansubbing" (http://
www.reflexivehorizons.com/2014/02/18/anime-and-the-internet-the-impact-of-fansubbing/).
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20151222111644/http://www.reflexivehorizons.com/201
4/02/18/anime-and-the-internet-the-impact-of-fansubbing/) from the original on December 22,
2015. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
06. "Scanning the Media" (https://web.archive.org/web/20050310035337/http://www.jmrlsi.co.jp/en
glish/inthemedia/scan/2005/01.html). J-Marketing. JMR ⽣活総合研究所 . February 15, 2005.
Archived from the original (http://www.jmrlsi.co.jp/english/inthemedia/scan/2005/01.html) on
March 10, 2005. Retrieved March 10, 2005.
07. Kearns, John (2008). Translator and Interpreter Training: Issues, Methods and Debates (http
s://books.google.com/books?id=7ewPDjORphEC&pg=PA159). A & C Black. p. 159.
ISBN 9781441140579. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20190211015650/https://books.g
oogle.com/books?id=7ewPDjORphEC&pg=PA159) from the original on February 11, 2019.
Retrieved May 29, 2018.
08. "World-wide Anime Market Worth $100 Billion" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/200
5-02-19/world-wide-anime-market-worth-$100-billion). Anime News Network. February 19,
2005. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180526042937/https://www.animenewsnetwor
k.com/news/2005-02-19/world-wide-anime-market-worth-$100-billion) from the original on May
26, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
09. "Anime a $21bn market – in China" (https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Arts/Anime-a-21bn-marke
t-in-China). Nikkei Asian Review. May 2, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2018052
9054224/https://asia.nikkei.com/Life-Arts/Arts/Anime-a-21bn-market-in-China) from the original
on May 29, 2018. Retrieved May 28, 2018.
10. Chen, Lulu Yilun (March 18, 2016). "Tencent taps ninja Naruto to chase China's $31 billion
anime market" (https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/18/business/tencent-taps-ninja-nar
uto-chase-chinas-31-billion-anime-market/). The Japan Times. Archived (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20180529055350/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/03/18/business/tencent-taps-
ninja-naruto-chase-chinas-31-billion-anime-market/) from the original on May 29, 2018.
Retrieved May 28, 2018.
11. Brenner 2007, pp. 257–258.
12. Pellitteri, Marco (2014). "The Italian anime boom: The outstanding success of Japanese
animation in Italy, 1978–1984" (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264089012). Journal
of Italian Cinema & Media Studies. 2 (3): 363–381. doi:10.1386/jicms.2.3.363_1 (https://doi.or
g/10.1386%2Fjicms.2.3.363_1). Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20160126192751/http
s://www.researchgate.net/publication/264089012_The_Italian_anime_boom_The_outstanding
_success_of_Japanese_animation_in_Italy_1978-1984) from the original on January 26, 2016.
Retrieved February 22, 2016.
13. Bendazzi 2015, p. 363.
14. Leonard, Sean (September 1, 2005). "Progress against the law: Anime and fandom, with the
key to the globalization of culture". International Journal of Cultural Studies. 8 (3): 281–305.
doi:10.1177/1367877905055679 (https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1367877905055679).
15. "How 'Akira' Has Influenced All Your Favourite TV, Film and Music" (https://www.vice.com/en_u
k/article/kwk55w/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture). VICE. September 21, 2016.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170730204751/https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/kw
k55w/how-akira-has-influenced-modern-culture) from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved
November 7, 2018.
16. " 'Akira' Is Frequently Cited as Influential. Why Is That?" (https://filmschoolrejects.com/akira-infl
uence-12cb6d84c0bc/). Film School Rejects. April 3, 2017. Archived (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20181107205951/https://filmschoolrejects.com/akira-influence-12cb6d84c0bc/) from the
original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 7, 2018.
17. Poitras 2000, p. 73.
18. Brenner 2007, p. 211.
19. Brenner 2007, pp. 214–215.
20. Brenner 2007, p. 195.
21. Davis, Jesse Christian. "Japanese animation in America and its fans" (http://ir.library.oregonsta
te.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesis.pdf) (PDF). Archived (https://web.archive.org/
web/20160304113039/http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/8736/thesi
s.pdf) (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved December 12, 2015.
22. Brenner 2007, p. 201–205.
23. "Why Some Fans Watch Anime At Double Speed" (https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/01/why-s
ome-fans-watch-anime-at-double-speed/). Kotaku Australia. Gawker Media. January 11, 2018.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180619035944/https://www.kotaku.com.au/2018/01/w
hy-some-fans-watch-anime-at-double-speed/) from the original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved
June 4, 2018.
24. Orsini, Lauren. "MyAnimeList Passes Third Day Of Unexpected Downtime" (https://www.forbe
s.com/sites/laurenorsini/2018/05/30/myanimelist-passes-third-day-of-unexpected-downtime/).
Forbes. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180619040817/https://www.forbes.com/sites/l
aurenorsini/2018/05/30/myanimelist-passes-third-day-of-unexpected-downtime/) from the
original on June 19, 2018. Retrieved June 4, 2018.
25. MacWilliams 2008, p. 307.
26. "What is anime?" (https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/editorial/2002-07-26). ANN. July 26,
2002. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20070820052800/http://www.animenewsnetwork.
com/editorial/2002-07-26) from the original on August 20, 2007. Retrieved August 18, 2007.
27. "Aaron McGruder - The Boondocks Interview" (https://web.archive.org/web/20071030033247/h
ttp://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=17924). Troy Rogers. UnderGroundOnline. Archived
from the original (http://www.ugo.com/ugo/html/article/?id=17924) on October 30, 2007.
Retrieved October 14, 2007. "We looked at Samurai Champloo and Cowboy Bebop to make
this work for black comedy and it would be a remarkable thing."
28. "Ten Minutes with "Megas XLR" " (http://www.g4tv.com/screensavers/features/49962/Ten_Minu
tes_with_Megas_XLR.html). October 13, 2004. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2007092
9123347/http://www.g4tv.com/screensavers/features/49962/Ten_Minutes_with_Megas_XLR.ht
ml) from the original on September 29, 2007. Retrieved November 27, 2007.
29. "STW company background summary" (https://web.archive.org/web/20070813141936/http://w
ww.savtheworld.com/eng/company.php). Archived from the original (http://www.savtheworld.co
m/eng/company.php) on August 13, 2007.
30. "How should the word Anime be defined?" (http://www.animenation.net/blog/2006/05/15/ask-jo
hn-how-should-the-word-anime-be-defined/). AnimeNation. May 15, 2006. Archived (https://we
b.archive.org/web/20081217143953/http://www.animenation.net/blog/2006/05/15/ask-john-how
-should-the-word-anime-be-defined/) from the original on December 17, 2008. Retrieved
September 26, 2008.
31. Green, Scott (December 26, 2013). "VIDEO: An Updated Look at "Middle East's First Anime" "
(http://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/12/26/video-an-updated-look-at-middle-easts-fir
st-anime). Crunchyroll. Crunchyroll. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20141103233248/ht
tp://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2013/12/26/video-an-updated-look-at-middle-easts-first-
anime) from the original on November 3, 2014. Retrieved August 20, 2014.
32. Schley, Matt. "Netflix May Produce Anime" (http://www.otakuusamagazine.com/LatestNews/Ne
ws1/Netflix-May-Produce-Anime-7035.aspx). OtakuUSA. OtakuUSA. Archived (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20151107204830/http://otakuusamagazine.com/LatestNews/News1/Netflix-May-
Produce-Anime-7035.aspx) from the original on November 7, 2015. Retrieved November 17,
2015.
33. Barder, Ollie. "Netflix Is Interested In Producing Its Own Anime" (https://www.forbes.com/sites/
olliebarder/2015/11/04/netflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime/). Forbes. Forbes.
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170729115913/https://www.forbes.com/sites/olliebard
er/2015/11/04/netflix-is-interested-in-producing-its-own-anime/) from the original on July 29,
2017. Retrieved November 17, 2015.
34. Castillo, Michelle (August 15, 2014). "American-Made Anime From Rooster Teeth Gets
Licensed In Japan" (http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/american-made-anime-rooster-t
eeth-gets-licensed-japan-159528). AdWeek. AdWeek. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0140819090314/http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/american-made-anime-rooster-teet
h-gets-licensed-japan-159528) from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 20,
2014.
35. Lazar, Shira (August 7, 2013). "Roosterteeth Adds Anime RWBY To YouTube Slate (WATCH)"
(https://www.huffingtonpost.com/shira-lazar/roosterteeth-adds-anime-r_b_3720316.html).
Huffingtonpost. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131029134907/http://www.huffingtonp
ost.com/shira-lazar/roosterteeth-adds-anime-r_b_3720316.html) from the original on October
29, 2013. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
海外
36. " 3DCGアニメ『 RWBY 』吹き替え版 BD・DVD 販売決定！ コミケで発表 (http://kai-you.net/
"
article/7931). KAI-YOU. August 16, 2014. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20140819232
942/http://kai-you.net/article/7931) from the original on August 19, 2014. Retrieved August 19,
2014.
37. Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide, p. 110 (https://archiv
e.org/details/isbn_9780814742815/page/110)
38. Marc Steinberg, Anime's Media Mix: Franchising Toys and Characters in Japan
39. Denison, Rayna. "Manga Movies Project Report 1 - Transmedia Japanese Franchising" (http
s://www.academia.edu/3693690). academia.edu. academia.edu. Retrieved July 31, 2015.
40. Steinberg, p. vi (https://books.google.com/books?id=rzGqyHaUGYkC&printsec=frontcover&dq
=%22media+mix%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=jKD4U4ryJZC3ogSxuYCwBw&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAA#v
=onepage&q=%22media%20mix%22&f=false)
41. Hutchins, Robert (June 26, 2018). " 'Anime will only get stronger,' as Pokémon beats Marvel as
highest grossing franchise" (https://web.archive.org/web/20181106145711/https://www.licensin
g.biz/entertainment/anime-will-only-get-stronger-as-pok%C3%A9mon-beats-marvel-as-highest
-grossing-franchise). Licensing.biz. Archived from the original (https://www.licensing.biz/enterta
inment/anime-will-only-get-stronger-as-pok%C3%A9mon-beats-marvel-as-highest-grossing-fra
nchise) on November 6, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
42. "Pokemon Beats Out Star Wars, Marvel as Highest Grossing Media Franchise" (https://comicb
ook.com/gaming/2018/08/28/pokemon-highest-grossing-media-franchise/). ComicBook.com.
August 28, 2018. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180831071920/https://comicbook.c
om/gaming/2018/08/28/pokemon-highest-grossing-media-franchise/) from the original on
August 31, 2018. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
43. Peters, Megan (June 23, 2018). " 'Pokemon' Is The Highest-Grossing Franchise Of All-Time"
(https://comicbook.com/anime/2018/06/24/pokemon-franchise-revenue-anime-media/).
ComicBook.com. Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20180909185109/https://comicbook.c
om/anime/2018/06/24/pokemon-franchise-revenue-anime-media/) from the original on
September 9, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018.

Bibliography
Baricordi, Andrea; de Giovanni, Massimiliano; Pietroni, Andrea; Rossi, Barbara; Tunesi,
Sabrina (December 2000). Anime: A Guide to Japanese Animation (1958–1988). Montreal,
Quebec, Canada: Protoculture Inc. ISBN 2-9805759-0-9.
Bendazzi, Giannalberto (October 23, 2015). Animation: A World History: Volume II: The Birth
of a Style - The Three Markets (https://books.google.com/books?id=0azMCgAAQBAJ). CRC
Press. ISBN 978-1-3175-1991-1.
Brenner, Robin (2007). Understanding Manga and Anime. Libraries Unlimited. ISBN 978-1-
59158-332-5.
Cavallaro, Dani (2006). The Anime Art of Hayao Miyazaki. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-2369-
9.
Clements, Jonathan; McCarthy, Helen (2006). The Anime Encyclopedia: A Guide to Japanese
Animation Since 1917. Berkeley, Calif: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1-933330-10-5.
Craig, Timothy J. (2000). Japan Pop!: Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture (https://ar
chive.org/details/japanpopinsidew00crai). Armonk, NY [u.a.]: Sharpe. ISBN 978-0-7656-0561-
0.
Drazen, Patrick (2003). Anime Explosion!: The What? Why? & Wow! of Japanese Animation.
Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 978-1611720136.
MacWilliams, Mark W. (2008). Japanese Visual Culture: Explorations in the World of Manga
and Anime (https://archive.org/details/japanesevisualcu0000unse). Armonk: M. E. Sharpe.
ISBN 978-0-7656-1602-9.
Napier, Susan J. (2005). Anime from Akira to Howl's Moving Castle: Experiencing
Contemporary Japanese Animation. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 1-4039-7051-3.
Patten, Fred (2004). Watching Anime, Reading Manga: 25 Years of Essays and Reviews.
Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-92-2.
Poitras, Gilles (1998). Anime Companion (https://archive.org/details/animecompanionwh0000p
oit). Berkeley, California: Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-32-9.
Poitras, Gilles (2000). Anime Essentials: Every Thing a Fan Needs to Know. Stone Bridge
Press. ISBN 978-1-880656-53-2.
 Ruh, Brian (2014). Stray Dog of Anime. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-
35567-6.
Schodt, Frederik L. (August 18, 1997). Manga! Manga!: The World of Japanese Comics (http
s://archive.org/details/mangamanga00fred) (Reprint ed.). Tokyo, Japan: Kodansha
International. ISBN 0-87011-752-1.
Tobin, Joseph Jay (2004). Pikachu's Global Adventure: The Rise and Fall of Pokémon. Duke
University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3287-6.

External links
Anime (https://curlie.org/Arts/Animation/Anime) at Curlie

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anime&oldid=968003376"

This page was last edited on 16 July 2020, at 16:36 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using
this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia
Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.