Differentiation: Dy DX Dy DZ × DZ DX

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DIFFERENTIATION function of z, and z, is a function of x, then

the derivative of y is found by the


The product and quotient rules following:
These rules enable products and quotients dy dy dz
of functions of products to be = ×
dx dz dx
differentiated.
Example
The Product Rule. If y=uv , then
Differentiate y=(x ¿¿ 2+ 1)1 /2 ¿
dy dv du
=u +v
dx dx dx Solution
1
Let z=x 2 +1. Then y=z 2
u
The Quotient Rule. If y= , then Using the Chain Rule above, we have;
v
−1
du dv dy 2
v −u =x (x +1) 2
dy dx dx dx
=
dx v
2
Exercises: Differentiate the following
Examples: 1
a. 2
y=x (x +1) 2

1. Differentiate: 1
b. y=
2 2 √¿¿¿
y=(x + 3 x−2)( 4−x )
c. y=(x +3)¿
Solution
Differentiation of trig and log functions
Here,
Provided that the angles are measured in
2
u=x +3 x−2 and v=4−x 2
radians, the trigonometric functions are
differentiated as follows:
Applying the Product Rule:
dy
dy If y=sin x , =cos x
=( x 2+ 3 x−2 ) (−2 x ) +( 4−x2 )(2 x+3) dx
dx
dy
dy If y=cos x , =−sin x
=−4 x3 −9 x2 +1 2 x +12 dx
dx
dy
x If y=tan x , =sec 2 x
2. Differentiate: y= 2 dx
2 x −3 x +5
Solution e is a number approximately equal to
Here u=x and v=2 x 2−3 x +5. 2.718281828. The exponential function is
Applying the Quotient Rule: defined as e x .

dy −2 x 2+ 5 ln x is defined as log e x.
=
dx (2 x ¿¿ 2−3 x +5)2 ¿
e x and ln x can be differentiated as follows:
The chain rule
x dy
If y=e , =e x
The Chain Rule enables functions of dx
functions to be differentiated. If y is a
dy 1
If y=ln x , =
dx x We have;
Exercises
2 ydy +3 ydx+3 xdy + 4 xdx=0
Differentiate:  ( 2 y+ 3 x ) dy=− ( 3 y + 4 x ) dx
dy −3 y + 4 x −7
1. y=e x cos x  = =
dx 2 y+ 3 x 5
2. y=sin3 x
3. y=e2 x−1 Exercices:
4. y=tan (5 x−3) 1. Variables x and y are given by

Application of chain rule dy


x=t 2+ 1, y=t 3 +2. Find in terms of t.
dx
An explicit function gives y directly in 2. The radius of a sphere is 12cm.
terms of x. An implicit function connects y What is the approximate change in surface
and x together by an equation. area if the radius is increased by 0.01cm3?
y=3 x +5 and y=cos 3 x−¿ 7 e x ¿ are 3. Air is pumped into a spherical
explicit functions balloon at 10cm3s-1. How fast is the radius
x 2+ y 2=3∧cos xy+ ¿ 7 y 2=8 x ¿ are implicit increasing when it is 8cm?
functions. 4. (a) Differentiate w.r.t x
(i) ln (3 x +1)
A small change in x is often written as δx . (ii) x cos 2 x
(pronounced delta x). Small changes are
connected by the following approximation: (b) Find the equation of the tangent
dy to the curve
δy ≈ × δx
dx 3+ x
y= at the point where the
1−2 x
Example curve crosses the line y=-1.
Find the gradient of the curve
(c) Given that x 2 y + y 2=10 , find
y 2 +3 xy+ 2 x 2=6 at point (1,1).
dy
Method 1: differentiating w.r.t x in terms of x and y
dx
We have; 5. Find the value of
dy dy d 13 x +6
2y
dx
+ 3 y+ 3 x +4 x=0
dx [ ]
dx (x−3)(3 x +2) when x = 2.
dy
 ( 2 y+ 3 x )
=−3 y−4 x
dx
dy −3 y + 4 x
 = at point 1,1 x=1
dx 2 y+ 3 x
and y=1
dy −7
 =
dx 5

Method 2: differentiating without reference


to any variable

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