Solutions for Math 311 Final 1

(1) Do the following:

π
(a) Compute cos( + i)
3
Solution.
π  1
cos + i = (ei(π/3+i) + e−i(π/3+i) )
3 2
1
= (e−1 eπi/3 + ee−πi/3 )
2
1  −1 π π π π 
= e (cos + i sin ) + e(cos − i sin )
2 3 3 3 3
  √  
1 1 3 1
= e+ − e− i
4 e 4 e


(b) Show that

cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 − sin z1 sin z2
for all comlex numbers z1 and z2 .

Proof. Since
1
cos(z1 + z2 ) = (ei(z1 +z2 ) + e−i(z1 +z2 ) )
2
and
cos z1 cos z2 − sin z1 sin z2
1 1 1 1
= (eiz1 + e−iz1 ) (eiz2 + e−iz2 ) − (eiz1 − e−iz1 ) (eiz2 − e−iz2 )
2 2 2i 2i
1 i(z1 +z2 )
= (e + e−i(z1 +z2 ) + ei(z1 −z2 ) + ei(z2 −z1 ) )
4
1
+ (ei(z1 +z2 ) + e−i(z1 +z2 ) − ei(z1 −z2 ) − ei(z2 −z1 ) )
4
1 i(z1 +z2 )
= (e + e−i(z1 +z2 ) ),
2
we conclude that
cos(z1 + z2 ) = cos z1 cos z2 − sin z1 sin z2 .


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http://www.math.ualberta.ca/˜xichen/math31113f/finalv2sol.pdf
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(c) Show that cos(z) is nowhere holomorphic in C.

Proof. Since
   
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+i cos(z) = +i cos(x − yi)
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
∂ ∂
= cos(x − yi) + i cos(x − yi)
∂x ∂y
= − sin(x − yi) − i(−i) sin(x − yi) = −2 sin(z),

cos(z) is not differentiable and hence not holomorphic in

C\{nπ : n ∈ Z}. For every integer n, cos(z) is not dif-
ferentiable in |z − nπ| < r for all r > 0 and hence not
holomorphic at nπ. In conclusion, cos(z) is nowhere holo-
morphic in C. 

(2) Let
1
f (z) =
z2 + z3
Find the Laurent series of f (z) in each of the following domains:

(a) |z| > 1

Solution. When |z| > 1,

∞
1 1 1 1 X (−1)n
2 3
= 3 1 = 3
z +z z 1+ z
z n=0 z n
∞ ∞
X (−1)n X (−1)n−1
= =
n=0
z n+3 n=3
zn

(b) 0 < |z + 1| < 1

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Solution. When 0 < |z + 1| < 1,

 0
1 1 1 1 1
= = −
z2 + z3 1 + z z2 z+1 z
 0 ∞
!0
1 1 1 X
= = (1 + z)n
z + 1 1 − (1 + z) z+1 n=0
∞ ∞
1 X X
= n(1 + z)n−1 = n(1 + z)n−2
z+1 n=0 n=0
∞
X ∞
X
= (n + 2)(1 + z)n = (n + 2)(1 + z)n
n=−2 n=−1

(3) Compute the integral

Z ∞
cos(tx)
dx
−∞ x2 + 2x + 2
for t < 0.

Solution. Since e−itx = cos(tx) − i sin(tx),

Z ∞ Z ∞
e−itx

cos(tx)
2 2
dx = Re 2 2
dx
−∞ x + 2x + 2 −∞ x + 2x + 2

Consider the contour integral of e−itz /(z 2 + 2z 2 + 2) along the

path LR = [−R, R] and CR = {|z| = R, Im(z) ≥ 0}, oriented
counterclockwise.
Since e−itz /(z 2 +2z+2) has two isolated singularities at −1±i
with −1 + i lying inside the curve LR ∪ CR , we have
e−itz e−itz
Z Z
2 2
dz + 2 2
dz
LR z + 2z + 2 CR z + 2z + 2
e−itz
= 2πi Resz=−1+i
z 2 + 2z + 2
−itz
e 
= 2πi 2 0

(z + 2z + 2)  z=−1+i
2πi exp(ti + t)
= = πet (cos(t) + i sin(t))
2i
by CIT or residue theorem.
4

For z lying on CR , y = Im(z) ≥ 0 and hence |e−itz | = ety ≤ 1

since t ≤ 0. Hence
e−itz
 
  1
 z 2 + 2z 2 + 2  ≤ R2 − 2R2 − 2
 

and it follows that

−itz
Z 
 e 
≤ πR

2
dz .

CR z + 2z + 2
 R − 2R2 − 2
2

And since
πR
lim = 0,
R→∞ R2 − 2R2 − 2
we conclude that
e−itz
Z
lim dz = 0.
R→∞ CR z 2 + 2z 2 + 2
Therefore,
Z ∞ Z ∞
e−itx

cos(tx)
2 2
dx = Re 2 2
dx
−∞ x + 2x + 2 −∞ x + 2x + 2
e−itz
 Z 
= Re lim dz
R→∞ L z 2 + 2z 2 + 2
R

= πet cos(t).


(4) Evaluate the contour integral of the following functions around

the circle |z| = 200 oriented counterclockwise:
1
(a)
sin(z)

Solution. f (z) = 1/ sin z is analytic in {z 6= nπ : n ∈ Z}. It

has a pole of order one at nπ since (sin z)0 |z=nπ = cos(nπ) =
(−1)n 6= 0. So
1 1
Resz=nπ = = (−1)n .
sin z cos(nπ)
Therefore,
Z
dz X 1
= 2πi Resz=nπ
|z|=200 sin z |nπ|<200
sin z
X
= 2πi (−1)n = −2πi.
|n|≤63
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1
(b)
e2z − ez
Solution. f (z) = 1/(e2z − ez ) is analytic in
{e2z − ez 6= 0} = {ez 6= 1} = {z 6= 2nπi : n ∈ Z}.
Since (e2z − ez )0 |z=2nπi = 1 6= 0, f (z) has a pole of order
one at 2nπi. So 
1 1 
Resz=2nπi 2z =  = 1.
e − ez 2e2z − ez z=2nπi
Therefore,
Z
dz X 1
2z z
= 2πi Resz=2nπi 2z
|z|=200 e − e e − ez
|2nπi|<200
X X
= 2πi 1 = 2πi 1 = 126πi.
|2nπi|<200 |n|≤31

(5) For each of the following complex functions, do the following:

• find all its singularities in C;
• write down the principal part of the function at each sin-
gularity;
• for each singularity, determine whether it is a pole, a re-
movable singularity, or an essential singularity; if it is a
pole, determine its order;
• compute the residue of the function at each singularity.
1
(a)
z + z2
Solution. It has two singularities at 0 and −1.
At z = 0,since
∞
 !
1 1 1 1 1  X
= = + an z n
z + z2 z1+z z 1 + z z=0 n=1
∞
1 X
= + an z n−1
z n=1
it has a pole of order 1 at 0 with principal part
1
z
6

and residue
1
Resz=0 = 1.
z + z2
At z = −1, since
∞
 !
1 1 1 1 1  X
2
= = + an (z + 1)n
z+z z +1z z+1 z z=−1 n=1
∞
1 X
=− + an (z + 1)n−1
z + 1 n=1
it has a pole of order 1 at −1 with principal part
1
−
z+1
and residue
1
Resz=−1 = −1.
z + z2

 
1
(b) z cos
z

Solution. It has a singularity at 0.

Since
∞
(−1)n
 
1 X
z cos =z
z n=0
(2n)!z 2n
∞
X (−1)n
=
n=0
(2n)!z 2n−1
∞
X (−1)n
1
=z− + ,
2z n=2 (2n)!z 2n−1
it has an essential singularity at 0 with principal part
∞
1 X (−1)n
− + ,
2z n=2 (2n)!z 2n−1
and residue
 
1 1
Resz=0 z cos =− .
z 2

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sin(z)
(c) f (z) =
z 2013

Solution. The function has a singularity at 0 where

∞ 2n+1
sin z 1 X n z
= (−1)
z 2013 z 2013 n=0 (2n + 1)!
∞
X z 2n−2012
= (−1)n
n=0
(2n + 1)!
1005 ∞
X z 2n−2012
n
X z 2n−2012
= (−1) + (−1)n
n=0
(2n + 1)! n=1006 (2n + 1)!

Therefore, the principal part of f (z) at z = 0 is

1005
X z 2n−2012
(−1)n
n=0
(2n + 1)!

and f (z) has a pole of order 2012 and residue

Resz=0 f (z) = 0
at z = 0. 

sinh z
(d)
z 4 (1− z2)

Solution. It has three singularities at 0 and ±1.

At z = 0, since
∞ ∞
! !
sinh z ez − e−z 1 X zn X z n X
= 4 = 4 − (−1)n z 2n
z 4 (1 − z 2 ) 2z (1 − z 2 ) 2z n=0
n! n=0
n! n=0
∞
! !
1 X 2z 2n+1 X
= 4 z 2n
2z n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
∞
! !
1 X z 2n X
= 3 z 2n
z n=0
(2n + 1)! n=0
z2
 
1
+ ... 1 + z 2 + ...


= 3 1+
z 6
  ∞
1 1 1 X
= 3 + 1+ + an z n
z 6 z n=1
8

it has a pole of order 3 at 0 with principal part

1 7
3
+
z 6z
and residue
sinh z 7
Resz=0 4 2
= .
z (1 − z ) 6
At z = 1, since
sinh z 1 sinh z
4 2
= 4
=
z (1 − z ) 1 − z z (1 + z)
∞
 !
1 sinh z  X
= + an (z − 1)n
1 − z z 4 (1 + z)  z=1 n=1
∞
sinh(1) 1 X
=− − an (z − 1)n−1
2 z − 1 n=1
it has a pole of order 1 at 1 with principal part
sinh(1) 1
−
2 z−1
and residue
sinh z sinh(1)
Resz=1 =− .
z 4 (1−z )2 2
At z = −1, since
sinh z 1 sinh z
= =
z 4 (1 − z 2 ) z + 1 z 4 (1 − z)
∞
 !
1 sinh z  X
= + an (z + 1)n
z+1 z 4 (1 − z)  z=−1 n=1
∞
sinh(1) 1 X
=− + an (z + 1)n−1
2 z + 1 n=1
it has a pole of order 1 at −1 with principal part
sinh(1) 1
−
2 z+1
and residue
sinh z sinh(1)
Resz=−1 =− .
z 4 (1 −z )2 2

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(6) Let f (z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be an entire function satisfying

u(x, y) − v(x, y) ≥ 0
for all z = x + yi, where u(x, y) = Re(f (z)) and v(x, y) =
Im(f (z)). Show that f (z) is a constant.

Proof. Let g(z) = exp((−1 − i)f (z)). Then g(z) is entire and
|g(z)| = | exp((−1 − i)f (z)) = | exp(−(u − v) + i(−u − v))|
= exp(−(u − v)) ≤ 1
for all z. Then by Louville’s Theorem, g(z) must be a constant.
Therefore, g 0 (z) ≡ 0 and hence
(−1 − i)f 0 (z) exp((−1 − i)f (z)) ≡ 0 ⇒ f 0 (z) ≡ 0.
It follows that f (z) is a constant. 

(7) (30 pts) Let f (z) be an entire function satisfying

|f (z)| ≤ |z 2 − z + 1|
for all z. Show that f (z) ≡ a(z 2 − z + 1) for some complex
constant a satisfying |a| ≤ 1.

Proof 1. For every p ∈ C, we have

Z
000 3! f (z)
f (p) = dz
2πi |z|=R (z − p)4
for all R > |p| by CIF. For |z| = R,
|f (z)| ≤ |z 2 − z + 1| ≤ |z|2 + | − z| + 1 = R2 + R + 1
and hence
 f (z)  R2 + R + 1
 
 (z − p)4  ≤ (R − |p|)4 .
 

Therefore
 6R(R2 + R + 1)
 Z 
 3! f (z)
 dz ≤ .
 2πi
|z|=R (z − p)4  (R − |p|)4
And since
6R(R2 + R + 1)
lim = 0,
R→∞ (R − |p|)4
f 000 (p) = 0 for all p. Therefore, f (z) = az 2 + bz + c is a polynomial in
z of degree at most 2.
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Let z1 and z2 be two zeros of z 2 − z + 1. Since |f (z)| ≤ |z 2 − z + 1|

for all z, |f (z1 )| ≤ 0 and |f (z2 )| ≤ 0. Hence f (z1 ) = f (z2 ) = 0.
Consequently, f (z) = a(z − z1 )(z − z2 ) = a(z 2 − z + 1) and |a| ≤ 1. 

Proof 2. Actually, we can prove a general statement: If f (z) and g(z)

are entire functions satisfying |f (z)| ≤ |g(z)|, then f (z) ≡ ag(z) for
some complex constant a satisfying |a| ≤ 1.
If g(z) ≡ 0, then |f (z)| ≤ 0 and hence f (z) ≡ 0. This is obvious.
Suppose that g(z) 6≡ 0. Let h(z) = f (z)/g(z). Then h(z) is holo-
morphic in {z : g(z) 6= 0} and has at worst poles at the zeros of g(z).
Let z0 be a zero of g(z). If h(z) has a pole at z0 , then
p(z)
h(z) =
(z − z0 )m
in a disk |z −z0 | < r for some positive integer m and some p(z) analytic
at z0 with p(z0 ) 6= 0. Then
 
 p(z) 
lim |h(z)| = lim   = ∞.
z→z0 z→z0 (z − z0 )m 

On the other hand, |f (z)| ≤ |g(z)| and hence |h(z)| ≤ 1 in 0 < |z−z0 | <
r. Contradiction. So h(z) has a removable singularity at z0 .
In conclusion, h(z) is entire. And since |h(z)| ≤ 1, h(z) ≡ a for some
constant a with |a| ≤ 1 by Louville.