INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION (ITU) BAND DESIGNATIONS

BAND FREQUENCY RANGE DESIGNATIONS

2 30 Hz – 300 Hz Extremely Low Frequencies (ELF)
3 300 Hz – 3000 Hz Voice Frequencies (VF)
4 3 kHz – 30 kHz Very Low Frequencies (VLF)
5 30 kHz – 300 kHz Low Frequencies (LF)
6 300 kHz – 3000 kHz Medium Frequencies (MF)
7 3 MHz – 30 MHz High Frequencies (HF)
8 30 MHz – 300 MHz Very High Frequencies (VHF)
9 300 MHz – 3000 MHz Ultra high Frequencies (UHF)
10 3 GHz – 30 GHz Super High Frequencies (SHF)
11 30 GHz – 300 GHz Extremely High Frequencies (EHF)
12 300 GHz – 3000 GHz Infrared Light
13 3 THz – 30 THz Infrared Light
14 30 THz – 300 THz Infrared Light
15 300 THz – 3000 THz Visible Light
16 3 PHz – 30 PHz Ultraviolet Light
17 30 PHz – 300 PHz X-Rays
18 300 PHz – 3000 PHz Gamma Rays
19 3 EHz – 30 EHz Cosmic Rays

INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS UNION (ITU) BAND DESIGNATIONS

PROPAGATION WAVE METRIC

FREQUENCY RANGE DESIGNATIONS
MODE SUBDIVISION
3 kHz – 30 kHz Very Low Frequencies Ground Wave Myriametric
30 kHz – 300 kHz Low Frequencies Ground Wave Kilometric
300 kHz – 3000 kHz Medium Frequencies Ground Wave Hectometric
3 MHz – 30 MHz High Frequencies Sky Wave Decametric
30 MHz – 300 MHz Very High Frequencies Space Wave Metric
300 MHz – 3000 MHz Ultra high Frequencies Space Wave Decimetric
3 GHz – 30 GHz Super High Frequencies Space Wave Centimetric
30 GHz – 300 GHz Extremely High Frequencies Space Wave Millimetric
300 GHz – 3000 GHz Decimillimetric

IONOSPHERE

LAYER HEIGHT (km) THICKNESS (km) SINGLE-HOP RANGE (km)

D 50 – 90 10
E 110 25 2 350
F1 175 – 250 20 3 000
F2 250 – 400 200 3 840 (Daytime)
4 130 (Night time)
 INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMISSION SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION

I. FIRST SYMBOL – TYPE OF MODULATION OF THE MAIN CARRIER

SYMBOL TYPE OF MODULATION

1. Unmodulated N Unmodulated Carrier

2. Amplitude Modulation A Double Sideband Full Carrier (DSBFC)

B Independent Sideband Full Carrier (SDBFC)
C Vestigial Sideband Full Carrier (VSB)
H Single Sideband Full Carrier (SSBFC)
J Single Sideband Suppressed Carrier (SSBSC)
R Single Sideband Reduced Carrier (SSBRC)

3. Angle Modulation F Frequency Modulation (Direct FM)

G Phase Modulation (Indirect FM)
D AM and FM Simultaneously or Sequenced

4. Pulse Modulation K Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)

L Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
M Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
P Unmodulated Pulses (Binary Data)
Q Angle Modulated During Pulses
V Any Combination of Pulse Modulation Category
W Any Combination of the Above Forms of Modulation
X Cases Not Otherwise Covered

II. SECOND SYMBOL –NATURE OF MODULATING SIGNAL

SYMBOL NATURE OF MODULATING SIGNAL

0  No Modulating Signal
1  Digitally Keyed Carrier
 A single channel containing quantized or digital information without the use of
a modulating subcarrier
2  Digitally Keyed Tone
 A single channel containing quantized or digital information with the use of a
modulating subcarrier
3  Analog – Sound or Video (MONO)
 A single channel containing analog information
7  Two or More Digital Channels
 Two or more channels containing quantized or digital information
8  Two or More Analog Channels (STEREO)
 Two or more channels containing analog information
9  Analog and Digital
 Composite system with one or more channels containing quantized or digital
 information, together with one or more channels containing analog
information
X  Cases not otherwise covered
III. THIRD SYMBOL – TYPE OF INFORMATION TO BE TRANSMITTED

SYMBOL TYPE OF INFORMATION TO BE TRANSMITTED

A Telegraphy, Manual (for aural reception)
B Telegraphy, Automatic (Teletype)
C Facsimile
D Data Transmission, Telemetry, or Telecommand
E Telephony (Sound Broadcasting)
F Television (Video Broadcasting)
N No Information Transmitted
W Any Combination of the Above
X Cases not otherwise covered

IV. FOURTH SYMBOL – DETAILS OF SIGNALS

SYMBOL DETAILS OF SIGNALS

A Two-condition code with elements of differing numbers and/or durations
B Two condition code with elements of the same number and duration without error
correction
C Two condition code with elements of the same number and duration with error
correction
D Four-condition code in which each condition represents a signal element (of one or
more bits)
E Multi-condition code in which each condition represents a signal element (of one or
more bits)
F Multi-condition code in which each condition or combination of conditions represents
a character
G Sound broadcasting quality (monophonic)
H Sound broadcasting quality (stereophonic or quadrophonic)
J Sound of commercial quality
K Sound of commercial quality with the use of frequency inversion or band splitting
L Sound of commercial quality with separate frequency-modulated signals to control the
levels of demodulated signal
M Monochrome
N Color
W Combination of the above
X Cases not otherwise covered

IV. FIFTH SYMBOL – NATURE OF MULTIPLEXING

SYMBOL NATURE OF MULTIPLEXING

N None
C Code-Division Multiplex
F Frequency-Division Multiplex
T Time-Division Multiplex
W Combination of Frequency Division Multiplex and Time-Division Multiplex
X Other Types of Multiplexing
 FEDERAL COMMUNICATIONS COMMISION (FCC) SIGNAL CLASSIFICATION

I. FIRST SYMBOL – TYPE OF MODULATION OF THE MAIN CARRIER

SYMBOL TYPE OF MODULATION

A Amplitude Modulation
F Frequency or Phase Modulation
P Pulse Modulation

II. SECOND SYMBOL – TYPE OF TRANSMISSION

SYMBOL TYPE OF TRANSMISSION

0 Absence of any modulation intended to carry information
1 Telegraphy without the use of modulating audio frequency
2 Telegraphy by the on-off keying of a modulating audio frequency, or by the on-off
keying of the modulated emission (special case: an unkeyed modulated emission)
3 Telephony (including sound broadcasting)
4 Facsimile (with modulation of main carrier directly or by a frequency-modulated
subcarrier)
5 Television (visual only)
6 Four-frequency duplex telegraphy
7 Multichannel voice-frequency telegraphy
9 Cases not otherwise covered

III. THIRD SYMBOL – SUPPLEMENTARY CHARACTERISTICS

1. Double Sideband
2. Single Sideband
a. Reduced Carrier___________________ A
b. Full Carrier_______________________ H
c. Suppressed Carrier________________ J
3. Two Independent Sidebands_______________ B
4. Vestigial Sideband_______________________ C
5. Pulse
a. Amplitude Modulated______________ D
b. Width (or Duration) Modulated______ E
c. Phase (or Position) Modulated_______ F
d. Code Modulated__________________ G
6. Digital Modulations______________________ Y
 BPSK TRUTH TABLE

BINARY INPUT OUTPUT PHASE

Logic 0 180o
Logic 1 0o

QPSK TRUTH TABLE

16 PSK TRUTH TABLE
BINARY INPUT OUTPUT PHASE
Q I BINARY INPUT OUTPUT PHASE
o
0 0 – 135
0 1 – 45o 0 0 0 0 11.5o
1 0 135o 0 0 0 1 33.75o
1 1 45o 0 0 1 0 56.25o
0 0 1 1 78.75o
8 PSK TRUTH TABLE 0 1 0 0 101.25o
0 1 0 1 123.75o
BINARY INPUT OUTPUT PHASE 0 1 1 0 146.25o
Q I C 0 1 1 1 168.75o
0 0 0 – 112.5o 1 0 0 0 191.25o
0 0 1 – 157.5o 1 0 0 1 213.75o
0 1 0 – 67.5o 1 0 1 0 236.25o
0 1 1 – 22.5o 1 0 1 1 258.75o
1 0 0 112.5o 1 1 0 0 281.25o
1 0 1 157.5o 1 1 0 1 303.75o
1 1 0 67.5o 1 1 1 0 326.25o
1 1 1 22.5o 1 1 1 1 348.75o

8 QAM TRUTH TABLE

BINARY INPUT OUTPUT PHASE OUTPUT AMPLITUDE

Q I C
0 0 0 – 135o 0.765 V
0 0 1 – 135o 1.848 V
0 1 0 – 45o 0.765 V
0 1 1 – 45o 1.848 V
1 0 0 135o 0.765 V
1 0 1 135o 1.848 V
1 1 0 45o 0.765 V
1 1 1 45o 1.848 V
 16 QAM TRUTH TABLE
BINARY INPUT OUTPUT PHASE OUTPUT AMPLITUDE
Q I C
0 0 0 – 135o 0.311 V
0 0 1 – 165o 0.850 V
0 1 0 – 45o 0.311 V
0 1 1 – 15o 0.850 V
0 0 0 – 105o 0.850 V
0 0 1 – 135o 1.161 V
0 1 0 – 75o 0.850 V
0 1 1 – 45o 1.161 V
1 0 0 135o 0.311 V
1 0 1 165o 0.850 V
1 1 0 45o 0.311 V
1 1 1 15o 0.850 V
1 0 0 105o 0.850 V
1 0 1 135o 1.161 V
1 1 0 75o 0.850 V
1 1 1 45o 1.161 V

DIGITAL MODULATION SUMMARY

ENCODING POSSIBLE MINIMUM BANDWIDTH
MODULATION BAUD
SCHEME OUTPUTS BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY
ASK Single Bit 2 1
FSK Single Bit 2 1
BPSK Single Bit 2 1

QPSK Dibit 4 2

8 PSK Tribit 8 3

8 QAM Tribit 8 3

16 PSK Quadbit 16 4

16 QAM Quadbit 16 4

32 PSK Five Bits 32 5

32 QAM Five Bits 32

64 PSK Six Bits 64

64 QAM Six Bits 64 6

128 PSK Seven Bits 128

128 QAM Seven Bits 128

 PERFORMANCE COMPARISON (BER = 10-6)

CARRIER-TO-NOISE POWER ENERGY PER BIT-TO-NOISE

MODULATION TECHNIQUE
RATION (dB) POWER DENSITY RATIO (dB)
BPSK 10.6 10.6
QPSK 13.6 10.6
4 QAM 13.6 10.6
8 QAM 17.6 10.6
8 PSK 18.5 14
16 PSK 24.3 18.3
16 QAM 20.5 14.5
32 QAM 24.4 17.4
64 QAM 26.6 18.8

APPLICATION

MODULATION APPLICATION
QAM - PSK Digital Microwave
GFSK (DECT)Cordless phone
GMSK GPRS
8PSK EDGE
BPSK CDMA
Π/4-DQPSK D-AMPS

TRELLIS CODING GAIN

NUMBER OF TRELLIS STATES CODING GAIN (dB)

2 3
4 5.5
8 6
16 6.5
32 7.1
64 7.3
128 7.3
256 7.4

THREE BIT PCM CODE (FOLDED BINARY)

SIGN MAGNITUDE DECIMAL VALUE QUANTIZATION RANGE

1 1 1 +3 + 2.5 V to + 3.5 V
1 1 0 +2 + 1.5 V to + 2.5 V
1 0 1 +1 + 0.5 V to + 1.5 V
1 0 0 +0 0V to + 0.5 V
0 0 0 –0 0V to – 0.5 V
0 0 1 –1 – 0.5 V to – 1.5 V
0 1 0 –2 – 1.5 V to – 2.5 V
0 1 1 –3 – 2.5 V to – 3.5 V
 DYNAMIC RANGE VERSUS NUMBER OF PCM MAGNITUDE BITS

NUMBER OF BITS IN PCM CODE NUMBER OF POSSIBLE LEVELS DYNAMIC RANGE (dB)
1 2 6.02
2 4 12
3 8 18.1
4 16 24.1
5 32 30.1
6 64 36.1
7 128 42.1
8 256 48.2
9 512 54.2
10 1 024 60.2
11 2 048 66.2
12 4 096 72.2
13 8 192 78.3
14 16 384 84.3
15 32 768 90.3
16 65 536 96.3

EXTENDED SUPERFRAME FORMAT

FRAME NUMBER FRAMING BIT

1 C
2 F
3 F
4 S=0
5 C
6 F
7 F
8 S=0
9 C
10 F
11 F
12 S=1
13 C
14 F
15 F
16 S=0
17 C
18 F
19 F
20 S=1
21 C
22 F
23 F
24 S=1
 JAPANESE DIGITAL HIERARCHY

LEVEL BIT RATE (Mbps) CHANNEL CAPACITY

1 1.544 24
2 6.312 96
3 32.064 480
4 97.728 1 440
5 400.352 5 760

EUROPEAN DIGITAL HIERARCHY

LEVEL BIT RATE (Mbps) CHANNEL CAPACITY

1 2.048 30
2 8.448 120
3 34.368 480
4 139.264 1 920
5 564.992 7 680

NORTH AMERICA DIGITAL HIERARCHY

LINE TYPE DIGITAL BIT RATE CHANNEL FRAMING BITS SERVICES OFFERED
SIGNAL CAPACITY
T0 DS-0 0.064 Mbps
T1 DS-1 1.544 Mbps 24 1 Voice band
telephone or data
Fractional DS-1 64 Kbps to 24 Voice band
T1 1.536 Mbps telephone or data
T1 C DS-1C 3.152 Mbps 48 10 Voice band
telephone or data
T2 DS-2 6.312 Mbps 96 21 Voice band
telephone, data or
picture phone
T3 DS-3 44.736 Mbps 672 216 Voice band
telephone, data,
picture phone and
broadcast-quality
television
Fractional DS-3 64 Kbps to 672 Voice band
T3 23.152 Mbps telephone, data,
picture phone and
broadcast-quality
television
T4 M DS-4 274.176 Mbps 4 032 2 016 Same as T3 except
more capacity
T5 DS-5 560.160 Mbps 8 064 5 508 Same as T3 except
more capacity
 CCITT (ITU-T) FDM HIERARCHY

LEVEL NUMBER OF VOICE-BAND CHANNELS

Group 12
Super Group 60 (5 Groups)
Master Group 300 (5 Super Groups)
Super Master Group 900 (6 Master Groups)

AT&T FDM HIERARCHY

LEVEL NUMBER OF VOICE-BAND CHANNELS

Basic Group 12
Basic Super Group 60 (5 Groups)
Basic Master Group 600 (10 Super Groups)
Jumbo Group 3 600 (6 Master Groups)
Super Jumbo Group 10 800 (3 Jumbo Groups)

AT&T FDM HIERARCHY – CARRIER FREQUENCIES

CHANNEL CARRIER FREQUENCY GROUP CARRIER FREQUENCY

(kHz) (kHz)
1 108 1 420
2 104 2 468
3 100 3 516
4 96 4 564
5 92 5 612
6 88
7 84
8 80
9 76
10 72
11 68
12 64

U600 MASTER GROUP L600 MASTER GROUP

SUPER GROUP CARRIER FREQ. (kHz) SUPER GROUP CARRIER FREQ. (kHz)
13 1 116 1 612
14 1 364 2 Direct
15 1 612 3 1 116
16 1 860 4 1 364
17 2 108 5 1 612
18 2 356 6 1 860
D 25 2 652 7 2 108
D 26 2 900 8 2 356
D 27 3 148 9 2 724
D 28 3 396 10 3 100
 COMPARISON OF AT&T (US) AND ITU-T (EUROPE) FDM HIERARCHY

NUMBER OF
BANDWIDTH SPECTRUM (kHz) AT&T ITU-T
VOICE BANDS
12 48 kHz 60 – 108 Group Group
60 240 kHz 312 – 552 Super Group Super Group
300 1.232 MHz 812 – 2 044 Master Group
600 2.52 MHz 564 – 3 084 Master Group
900 3.872 MHz 8 516 – 12 388 Super Master Group
3 600 16.984 MHz 564 – 17 548 Jumbo Group
10 800 57.442 MHz 3 124 – 60 566 Super Jumbo Group

OPTICAL CARRIERS

OPTICAL CARRIER LEVEL LINE RATE (Mbps)

OC 1 51.84
OC 3 (STM 1) 155.52
OC 9 466.56
OC 12 (STM 4) 622.08
OC 18 933.12
OC 24 1 244.16
OC 36 1 866.24
OC 48 (STM 16) 2 488.32
OC 192 (STM 64) 9 953.28

DIGITAL MULTIPLEX HIERARCHIES

MULTIPLEX ORDER BIT RATE (Mbps) CHANNELS

T1 1.544 24
T2 6.312 96
T3 45 672
T4 91 1 344
T5 274 4 032
E1 2.048 30
E2 8.448 120
E3 34 480
E4 140 1 920
E5 565 7 680
 LINE ENCODING SUMMARY

ENCODING MINIMUM ERROR

AVERAGE DC CLOCK RECOVERY
FORMAT BANDWIDTH DETECTION
UPNRZ Poor No

BPNRZ 0V Poor No

UPRZ Good No

BPRZ 0V Best No

BPRZ-AMI 0V Good Yes

CODEC/FILTER COMBO CHIP

MASTER VARIABLE DYNAMIC

CHIP COMPANDING PINS
CLOCK DATA RATE RANGE
64 Kbps to
2916 µ Law 2.048 MHz 78 dB 16
2.048 Mbps
64 Kbps to
2917 A Law 2.048 MHz 78 dB 16
4.096 Mbps
1.536 MHz
µ Law 64 Kbps to
2913 1.544 MHz 78 dB 20
A Law 4.096 Mbps
2.048 MHz
1.536 MHz
µ Law 64 Kbps to
2914 1.544 MHz 78 dB 24
A Law 4.096 Mbps
2.048 MHz

AUDIO DATA RATE AND SOUND QUALITY

SAMPLING NO. OF DATA RATE

SOUND QUALITY BANDWIDTH
RATE BITS (Kbps)
High-Fidelity Music (CD) 5 Hz – 20 kHz 44.1 kHz 16 706
Telephone Quality Speech 200 Hz – 3.2 kHz 8 kHz 12 96
Telephone with Companding 200 Hz – 3.2 kHz 8 kHz 8 64
Speech Encoded by Linear
200 Hz – 3.2 kHz 8 kHz 12 4
Predictive Coding

RS 232 SPECIFICATION RS 232 PIN ASSIGNMENT

Transmission Rate 20 kbps 9, 10, 11, 18 Unassigned

Range 50 ft. 7 Ground
Terminal Impedance 3 kΩ 2, 3, 14, 16 Data
Load Capacitance 2 500 pF 15, 17, 24 Timing
Pins 25 Others Control or Handshaking
 SERIAL INTERFACES

SERIAL INTERFACE TRANSMISSION PINS TRANSMISSION RATE

RS 449 37
RS 422-A Balance 10 Mbps at 15m
90 kbps at 1 200m
RS 423-A Unbalance 100 kbps at 90M
RS 530 25 20 kbps – 2 Mbps

EIA/TIA 568 UTP AND STP LEVELS AND CATEGORIES

CABLE TYPE INTEDNDED USE DATA RATE DISTANCE

Level 1 (UTP) Standard Voice and Low Speed Data 2400 bps 18 000 ft.
Level 2 (UTP) Standard Voice and Low Speed Data 4 Mbps 18 000 ft.
Category 3 16 Mbps and all level
Low-Speed Local Area Networks 100 meters
(UTP/STP) 2 applications
20 Mbps and all
Category 4
Low-Speed Local Area Networks category 3 100 meters
(UTP/STP)
applications
Category 5
High-Speed Local Area Networks 100 Mbps 100 meters
(UTP/STP)
Enhanced
High-Speed Local Area Networks and 100 meters or
Category 5 350 Mbps
Asynchronous transfer Mode (ATM) more
(UTP/STP)
Very High Speed Local Area Networks
Category 6 100 meters or
and Asynchronous Transfer Mode 550 Mbps
(UTP/STP) more
(ATM)
Ultra High Speed Local Area Networks
Category 7 100 meters or
and Asynchronous Transfer Mode 1 Gbps
(STP) more
(ATM)
Ultra High Speed Local Area Networks
and Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Foil Twisted
(ATM); designed to minimize EMI > 1 Gbps ?
Pair (STP)
susceptibility and maximize EMI
immunity
Ultra High Speed Local Area Networks
Shielded Foil and Asynchronous Transfer Mode
Twisted Pair (ATM); designed to minimize EMI > 1 Gbps ?
(STP) susceptibility and maximize EMI
immunity

PAIR COLOR
1 Blue/White Stripe Blue
2 Orange/White Stripe Orange
3 Green/White Stripe Green
4 Brown/White Stripe Brown
 CABLE SPECIFICATIONS

Specifications Cable Type Max Length (m)

10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100
10Base2 Thin Coax Cable 180
10Base5 Thick Coax Cable 500
10BaseF Fiber optic cable 2000
100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100
100BaseTX Unshielded Twisted Pair 220

ISDN USER CHANNELS

CHANNEL TRANSMISSION RATES

B Channel 64 kbps
D Channel 16 kbps (for signalling)
64 kbps (for primary server)
H 0 Channel 384 kbps
H 11 Channel 1 536 kbps
H 12 Channel 1 920 kbps

DOMAIN NAME SUFFIXES

SUFFIX TYPE OF ORGANIZATION

Com Commercial organization
Edu Educational organization
Gov Government agency
Mil Military organization
Net Networking organization
Org Non-profit organization

OPEN SYSTEM INTERCONNECTION (OSI) LAYERS

7 Application
6 Presentation
5 Session
4 Transport
3 Network
2 Datalink
1 Physical
 TCP/IP PROTOCOLS

APPLICATION ACRONYM DESCRIPTION PORT

Domain Name Protocol DOMAIN Defines the DNS 53
File Transfer Protocol FTP Provides the transfer 20, 21
between computers
Hypertext Transfer HTTP Conveys information 80
Protocol between a web
browser and a web
server
Finger Protocol FINGER Provides information 79
about the specified
user
Post Office Protocol POP Enables PC users to 110
access mail from a mail
server
Simple Mail Transfer SMTP Provides electronic 25
Protocol mail transfer
Simple Network SNMP Provides the exchange 161, 162
Management Protocol of management
information
TELNET Protocol TELNET Provides remote 23
terminal access to a
host

IEEE STANDARDS AND THE IEEE STANDARDS DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

IEEE is one of the leading standards-making organizations in the world. IEEE performs its standards
making and maintaining functions through the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA). IEEE standards
affect a wide range of industries including: power and energy, biomedical and healthcare,
Information Technology (IT), telecommunications, transportation, nanotechnology, information
assurance, and many more. In 2005, IEEE had close to 900 active standards, with 500 standards
under development. One of the more notable IEEE standards is the IEEE 802 LAN/MAN group of
standards which includes the IEEE 802.3 Ethernet standard and the IEEE 802.11 Wireless Networking
standard.

The IEEE standards development process can be broken down into seven basic steps, as follows:

1. Securing Sponsorship: An IEEE-approved organization must sponsor a standard. A sponsoring

organization is in charge of coordinating and supervising the standard development from
inception to completion. The professional societies within IEEE serve as the natural sponsor for
many standards.

2. Requesting Project Authorization: To gain authorization for the standard a Project Authorization
Request (PAR) is submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board. The New Standards Committee
(NesCom) of the IEEE-SA Standards Board reviews the PAR and makes a recommendation to the
Standards Board about whether to approve the PAR.
3. Assembling a Working Group: After the PAR is approved, a "working group" of individuals
affected by, or interested in, the standard is organized to develop the standard. IEEE-SA rules
ensure that all Working Group meetings are open and that anyone has the right to attend and
contribute to the meetings.

4. Drafting the Standard: The Working Group prepares a draft of the proposed standard. Generally,
the draft follows the IEEE Standards Style Manual that sets “guidelines” for the clauses and
format of the standards document.

5. Balloting: Once a draft of the standard is finalized in the Working Group, the draft is submitted
for Balloting approval. The IEEE Standards Department sends an invitation-to-ballot to any
individual who has expressed an interest in the subject matter of the standard. Anyone who
responds positively to the invitation-to-ballot becomes a member of the balloting group, as long
as the individual is an IEEE member or has paid a balloting fee. The IEEE requires that a proposed
draft of the standard receive a response rate of 75% (i.e., at least 75% of potential ballots are
returned) and that, of the responding ballots, at least 75% approve the proposed draft of the
standard. If the standard is not approved, the process returns to the drafting of the standard
step in order to modify the standard document to gain approval of the balloting group.

6. Review Committee. After getting 75% approval, the draft standard, along with the balloting
comments, are submitted to the IEEE-SA Standards Board Review Committee (RevCom). The
RevCom reviews the proposed draft of the standard against the IEEE-SA Standards Board Bylaws
and the stipulations set forth in the IEEE-SA Standards Board operations Manual. The RevCom
then makes a recommendation about whether to approve the submitted draft of the standard
document

7. Final Vote. Each member of the IEEE-SA Standards Board places a final vote on the submitted
standard document. In some cases external members are invited to vote. It takes a majority vote
of the Standards Board to gain final approval of the standard. In general, if the RevCom
recommends approval, the Standards Board will vote to approve the standard.

 IEEE 488 — Standard Digital Interface for Programmable Instrumentation, IEEE-488-1978

(now 488.1).
 IEEE 610 — Standard Glossary of Software Engineering Terminology.
 IEEE 754 — floating point arithmetic specifications.
 IEEE 802 — LAN/MAN
o IEEE 802.1 — Standards for LAN/MAN bridging and management and remote media
access control (MAC) bridging.
o IEEE 802.2 — Standards for Logical Link Control (LLC) standards for connectivity.
o IEEE 802.3 — Ethernet Standards for Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD).
o IEEE 802.4 — Standards for token passing bus access.
o IEEE 802.5 — Standards for token ring access and for communications between LANs
and MANs
o IEEE 802.6 — Standards for information exchange between systems.
o IEEE 802.7 — Standards for broadband LAN cabling.
o IEEE 802.8 — Fiber optic connection.
o IEEE 802.9 — Standards for integrated services, like voice and data.
o IEEE 802.10 — Standards for LAN/MAN security implementations.
o IEEE 802.11 — Wireless Networking – "WiFi".
o IEEE 802.12 — Standards for demand priority access method.
 o IEEE 802.14 — Standards for cable television broadband communications.
o IEEE 802.15.1 — Bluetooth
o IEEE 802.15.4 — Wireless Sensor/Control Networks – "ZigBee"
o IEEE 802.16 — Wireless Networking – "WiMAX"
 IEEE 802.16e (Mobile) Broadband Wireless Access
o IEEE 802.17 – Resilient packet ring
o IEEE 802.18 – Radio Regulatory TAG
o IEEE 802.19 – Coexistence TAG
o IEEE 802.20 – Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
o IEEE 802.21 – Media Independent Handoff
o IEEE 802.22 – Wireless Regional Area Network
 IEEE 829 — Software Test Documentation
 IEEE 830 — Software Requirements Specifications.
 IEEE 896 — Futurebus
 IEEE 1003 — POSIX – "Unix" compatibility programming standard
 IEEE 1044 — Standard Classification for Software Anomalies
 IEEE 1059 — Software Verification And Validation Plan
 IEEE 1073 — Point of Care Medical Device Communication Standards
 IEEE 1074 — Software Development Life Cycle
 IEEE 1076 — VHDL – VHSIC Hardware Description Language
 IEEE 1149.1 — JTAG
 IEEE 1149.6 — AC-JTAG
 IEEE 1180 — Discrete cosine transform accuracy
 IEEE 1275 — Open Firmware
 IEEE 1284 — Parallel port
 IEEE P1363 — Public key cryptography
 IEEE 1394 — Serial Bus — "FireWire", "i.Link"
 IEEE P1901 — Broadband over Power Line Networks
 IEEE 1541 — Prefixes for Binary Multiples
 IEEE 1584 — Guide for Performing Arc Flash Hazard Calculations
 IEEE 1588 — Precision Time Protocol
 IEEE P1619 - Security in Storage Working Group (SISWG)
 IEEE 1667 — Standard Protocol for Authentication in Host Attachments of Transient Storage
Devices
 IEEE 12207 — Information Technology
 IEEE Switchgear Committee C37 series of standards for Low and High voltage equipment
 ATTENUATION AND CROSSTALK CHARACTERISCTICS OF TWISTED PAIR CABLE

FREQUENCY (MHz) CAT 3 UTP CAT 5 UTP 150-Ω STP

Attenuation (dB per 100m)
1 2.6 2.0 1.1
4 5.6 4.1 2.2
16 13.1 8.2 4.4
25 - 10.4 6.2
100 - 22.0 12.3
300 - - 21.4
Near-End Cross Talk (dB)
1 41 62 58
4 5.632 53 58
16 13.123 44 50.4
25 - 41 47.5
100 - 32 38.5
300 - - 31.3

FREQUENCY (MHz) CAT 3 UTP CAT 4 UTP CAT 5 UTP

Attenuation (dB per 1 000 ft.)
0.772 6.8 5.7 5.5
1.0 7.8 6.5 6.3
4.0 17 13 13
8.0 26 19 18
10.0 30 22 20
16.0 40 27 25
20.0 31 28
25.0 32
31.25 36
62.5 52
100 67
Near-End Cross Talk (dB)
0.15 54 68 74
0.772 43 58 64
1.0 41 56 62
4.0 32 47 53
8.0 28 42 48
10.0 26 41 47
16.0 23 38 44
20.0 36 42
25.0 41
31.25 40
62.5 35
100 32
 STRUCTURAL RETURN LOSS

FREQUENCY RANGE PERCENTAGE

CATEGORY 4 CATEGORY 5
(MHz) REFLECTED
1 to 20 23 dB 23 dB 7%
20 to 100 14 dB 20 %
COAXIAL CABLE CHARACTERISTICS

10 MHz
DoD REFERENCE CHARACTERISTIC VELOCITY CAPACITANCE CONDUCTOR
ATTENUATION
NO. IMPEDANCE FACTOR (pF/ft.) SIZE
(dB/100 ft.)
RG 8/A-AU 52 0.66 0.585 29.5 12
RG 8/U Foam 50 0.8 0.405 25.4 12
RG 58/A-AU 53 0.66 1.250 28.5 20
RG 58 Foam 50 0.79 1.060 25.4 20
RG 59/A-AU 73 0.84 0.800 16.5 20
RG 59 Foam 75 0.79 0.880 16.9 20
RG 11 75
RG 214 50
Twin Lead 300

VELOCITY FACTOR AND RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY

MATERIAL VELOCITY FACTOR RELATIVE PERMITTIVITY

Vacuum 1.0000 1.0000
Air 0.9997 1.0006
Teflon Foam 0.8200 1.4872
Teflon 0.6901 2.1000
Polyethylene 0.6637 2.2700
Paper, Paraffined 0.6325 2.5000
Polystyrene 0.6325 2.5000
Polyvinyl Chloride 0.5505 3.3000
Rubber 0.5774 3.0000
Mica 0.4472 5.0000
Glass 0.3651 7.5000
Transformer Oil 4.0
Porcelain 6.0
Bakelite 7.0
Distilled Water 80
Barium Strontium Tatanite (Ceramic) 7500
 FIBER CABLE ATTENUATION

CORE DIAMETER CLADDING NUMERICAL ATTENUATION

CABLE TYPE
(µm) DIAMETER (µm) APERTURE (dB/km)
Single Mode 8 125 - 0.5 at 1 300 nm
5 125 - 0.4 at 1 300 nm
Graded Index 50 125 0.2 4 at 850 nm
100 140 0.3 5 at 850 nm
Step Index 200 380 0.27 6 at 850 nm
300 440 0.27 6 at 850 nm
Plastic Clad Silica 200 350 0.3 10 at 790 nm
(PCS) 400 550 0.3 10 at 790 nm
Plastic - 750 0.5 400 at 650 nm
- 1000 0.5 400 at 650 nm

BANDWIDTH – DISTANCE PRODUCT FOR MULTIMODE FIBER TYPES

LED 850 nm LED 1 300 nm LED 850 nm

FIBER CLASS
(MHz-km) (MHz-km) (MHz-km)
OM 1 200 500 N/A
OM 2 500 500 N/A
OM 3 1 500 500 2 000

ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVELENGTH SPECTRUM

MICRONS ANGSTROM NANOMETER

ULTRAVIOLET
Extreme 0.01 – 2 100 – 2 000 10 – 200
Far 2–3 2 000 – 3 000 200 – 300
Near 3 – 3.9 3 000 – 3 900 300 – 390

VISIBLE LIGHT
Violet 3.9 – 4.55 3 900 – 4 550 390 – 455
Blue 4.55 – 4.92 4 550 – 4 920 455 – 492
Green 4.92 – 5.77 4 920 – 5 770 492 – 577
Yellow 5.77 – 5.97 5 770 – 5 970 577 – 597
Orange 5.97 – 6.22 5 970 – 6 220 597 – 622
Red 6.22 – 7.7 6 220 – 7 700 622 – 770

INFRARED
Near 7.7 – 15 7 700 – 15 000 770 – 1500
Middle 15 – 60 15 000 – 60 000 1500 – 6 000
Far 60 – 400 60 000 - -400 000 6 000 – 40 000
Far, Far 400 – 1000 400 000 – 1 000 000 40 000 – 100 000
 TYPICAL INDICES OF REFRACTION

MATERIAL INDEX OF REFRACTION

Vacuum 1
Air 1.0003
Water 1.33
Ethyl Alcohol 1.36
Fused Quartz 1.46
Quartz Crystal 1.54
Glass Fiber 1.5 – 1.9
Glass 1.50
Diamond 2.0 – 2.421
Silicon 3.4
Gallium Arsenide 2.6
Fused Silica 1.452
Crown Glass 1.517
Dense Flint Glass 1.655
Silicone 1.405
Glycerin 1.47

STRENGTH MEMBERS

FIBER GLASS
STEEL ARAMID YARN NYLON YARN
EPOXY ROD (FRP)
Load to break (kg) 1 050 1 050 2080 400
Diameter (mm) 1.14 1.6 2.4 2.5
Elongation at 3 2 – 25 3.0 20 – 50
break (%)
Weight (g/m) 2.1 11 2.7 2.0
Tensile Strength 3 000 500 – 3 000 3 000 500 - 700
(MN/m2)

FIBER COLOR

FIBER NUMBER COLOR

1 Blue
2 Orange
3 Green
4 Brown
5 Slate/Grey
6 White
7 Red
8 Black
9 Yellow
10 Violet
11 Rose
12 Aqua
 FIBER CHANNEL ARCHITECTURE – FIVE PROTOCOL LAYERS

FC-0
 This layer describes the physical characteristics of the link connections. Allows transmission
over 10 km links of single-mode fiber, 2 km links on multimode fiber and up to 50 m on
coaxial cables. Single-mode fibers use 1 300 nm wavelengths while multimode fibers use 780
and 1 300 nm.

FC-1
 This layer describes the transmission protocol, covering the coding and decoding of
messages, special characters and error control. This uses an 88/108 code format where each
8-bit data byte is coded as a 10-bit word. The user node data rates and corresponding
channel data rates shown below:

USER DATA RATE (Mbps) CHANNEL DATA RATE (Mbps)

12.5 132.6
25 256.6
50 531.2
100 1 062.5

FC-2
 This layer defines how data is transferred between nodes and specifies the frame formats,
frame sequences and communications protocols. A variable sized frame is used, which can
be up to 2 148 bytes carrying up to 2 048 user data bytes. Each frame has an overhead of 36
bytes for addressing and control purposes. Large frames need to be fragmented into a series
of frames.

FC-3
 This layer provides communications services for higher layer protocols. These can include
the delivery of multicast and broadcast messages.

FC-4
 This layer provides a protocol convergence layer so the fiber channel node appears to
provide the lower layer services that the higher layer protocols require. This may include
buffering, synchronization, translation, etc. FC-4 mappings are provided for many common
protocols including IEEE 802.2 (LLC), Internet Protocol (IP) and ATM.

The fiber channel physical and signalling interface (FC-PH) covers layers FC-0 to FC-2 and is described
in ANSI X3.230
 SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL WAVELENGTHS

WAVELENGTH (nm) BANDGAP ENERGY

MATERIAL
TOMASI BAILEY and WRIGHT (eV)
AlGaInP 630 – 680
GaInP 670
GaAlAs 620 – 895 800 – 900
GaAs 904 930 1.43
InGaAs 980
InGaAsP 1 100 – 1 650 1 300 – 1 500
InGaAsSb 1 700 – 4 400
GaAsP 600
GaSb 0.73
Ge 0.67
InAs 0.35
InP 1.35
Si 1.14

TYPES OF VIRTUAL TRIBUTARY (VT)

VT TYPE BIT RATE (Mbps) VT SIZE

VT 1.5 1.728 9 rows, 3 columns
VT 2 2.304 9 rows, 4 columns
VT 3 3.456 9 rows, 6 columns
VT 6 6.912 9 rows, 12 columns

SONET HIERARCY OF SIGNALS

SIGNAL SDH BIT RATE (Mbps) CAPACITY

STS-1 OC-1 STM-0 51.84 28 DS 1 or DS 3
STS-3 OC-3 STM-1 155.52 84 DS 1 or DS 3
STS-9 OC-9 STM-3 466.56 252 DS 1 or 9 DS 3
STS-12 OC-12 STM-4 622.08 336 DS 1 or 12 DS 3
STS-18 OC-18 STM-6 933.12 504 DS 1 or 18 DS 3
STS-24 OC-24 STM-8 1 244.16 672 DS 1 or 24 DS 3
STS-36 OC-36 STM-12 1 866.24 1 008 DS 1 or 36 DS 3
STS-48 OC-48 STM-16 2 488.32 1 344 DS 1 or 48 DS 3
STS-96 OC-96 STM-32 4 876.64
STS-192 OC-192 STM-64 9 953.28 5 376 DS 1 or 192 DS 3
STS-768 OC-768 STM 256 39 813.12

SDH HIERARCHY OF SIGNALS

SIGNAL BIT RATE (Mbps) CAPACITY

STM-1 155.52 63 E1 or 1 E4
STM-4 622.08 252 E1 OR 4 E4
STM-16 2 488.32 1 008 E1 or 16 E4
STM-64 9 953.28 4 032 E1 or 64 E4
 COMPARISON OF STANDARDS

BIT RATE SONET SIGNAL SONET CAPACITY SDH SIGNAL SDH CAPACITY
51.84 STS-1 28 DS1 or 1 DS3 STM-0 21 E1
155.52 STS-3 84 DS1 or 3 DS3 STM-1 63 E1 or 1 E4
622.08 STS-12 336 DS1 or 12 DS 3 STM-4 252 E1 or 4 E4
2 488.32 STS-48 1 344 DS1 or 48 DS3 STM-16 1 008 E1 or 16 E4
9 953. 28 STS-192 5 376 DS1 or 192 DS3 STM-64 4 032 E1 or 64 E4

E1 AND DS1 SIGNALS

ANSI RATE ITU-T RATE

SIGNAL BIT RATE (Mbps) CHANNELS SIGNAL BIT RATE (Mbps) CHANNELS
DS0 0.064 1 DS0 64 kbps 0.064 1 64 kbps
DS1 1.544 24 DS0 E1 2.048 1 E1
DS2 6.312 96 DS0 E2 8.45 4 E1
DS3 44.7 28 DS1 E3 34 16 E1
E4 144 64 E1

ANTENNAS

TYPE POWER GAIN (dB) BEAMWIDTH (o) FRONT-TO-BACK RATIO (dB)

Isotropic Radiator 0 360 0
Half-Wave Dipole 2.16 80 0
1 Element 7.16 52 15 or 20
(Director or Reflector)
2 Elements 10.16 40 23
(1 Reflector + 1 Director
Or 2 Directors)
3 Elements 12.06 36 24
(1 Reflector + 2 Directors)
4 Elements 13.26 34 25
(1 Reflector + 3 Directors)
6 Elements 14.56 30 27
(1 Reflector + 5 Directors)
10 Elements 15.66 24 29.5
(1 Reflector + 9 Directors)

HALFWAVE DIPOLE ANTENNA

CHARACTERISTICS HALFWAVE FOLDED DIPOLE ANTENNA
CHARACTERISTICS
Radiation Pattern Bidirectional
Radiation Resistance 73 Ω at the feed point Radiation Pattern Bidirectional
Effective Length λ/2 Input Impedance ≈ 300 Ω
Effective Height λ/π Gain 5.64 dB
Effective Area 0.13λ2 Beamwidth 45o
Gain 1.64 or 2.15 dB
Beamwidth 55o
 MARCONI ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

Radiation Pattern Omnidirectional (horizontal plane)

Input Impedance 37 Ω
Effective Length λ/π

YAGI-UDA ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS LOOP ANTENNA CHARACTERISTICS

Radiation Pattern Unidirectional Radiation Pattern Bidirectional

Gain 7.14 dB Gain 3.14 dB
Beamwidth 25o Beamwidth 200o

ELEMENT SPACING FOR YAGI ARRAYS (ALL UNITS IN WAVELENGTHS)

NUMBER OF ELEMENTS
ELEMENT SPACING
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Reflector from driven element 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
Director 1 from driven element - 0.17 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.15
Director 2 from director 1 - - 0.16 0.18 0.2 0.21 0.22
Director 3 from director 2 - - - 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.3
Director 4 from director 3 - - - - 0.28 0.28 0.29
Director 5 from director 4 - - - - - 0.3 0.3
Director 6 from director 5 - - - - - - 0.35
Director 7 from director 6 - - - - - - -

RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE DIMENSIONS AND ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

THEORETICAL AVE.
USEFUL FREQUENCY OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS THEORETICAL AVE.
(CW) POWER RATING
RANGE (GHz) (mm) ATTENUATION (dB/km)
(kW)
1.12 – 1.7 169 X 86.6 0.0052 14 600
1.7 – 2.6 113 X 58.7 0.0097 6 400
2.6 – 3.95 76.2 X 38.1 0.019 2 700
3.95 – 6.85 50.8 X 25.4 0.036 1 700
5.85 – 8.2 38.1 X 19.1 0.058 635
8.2 – 12.4 25.4 X 12.7 0.110 245
12.4 – 18.0 17.8 X 9.9 0.176 140
18.0 – 26.5 12.7 X 6.4 0.37 51
26.5 – 40.0 9.1 X 5.6 0.58 27
40.0 – 60.0 6.8 X 4.4 0.95 13
60.0 – 90.0 5.1 X 3.6 1.50 5.1
90.0 – 140 4.0 (diameter) 2.60 2.2
140 – 220 4.0 (diameter) 5.20 0.9
220 – 235 4.0 (diameter) 8.80 0.4
 CALL PROGRESS TONES SUMMARY

TONE OR SIGNAL FREQUENCIES DURATION or RANGE

Dial tone 350 Hz plus 440 Hz Continuous
Dual Tone Multi-Frequency 697 Hz 1 209 Hz Two of eight tones:
(DTMF)
770 Hz 1 336 Hz
On – 50ms minimum
852 Hz 1 477 Hz Off – 45ms minimum
941 Hz 1 633 Hz 3 seconds maximum
Multifrequency 700 Hz 1 300 Hz Two of six tones
900 Hz 1 500 Hz
On – 90ms minimum
1 100 Hz 1 700 Hz 120ms maximum
Dial Pulses On – 39ms
Open or Closed Switch
Off – 61ms
Station Busy 480 Hz On – 0.5s
620 Hz Off – 0.5s
Equipment Busy 480 Hz On – 0.2s
620 Hz Off – 0.3s
Ringing On – 2s
20 Hz, 90 Vrms (nominal)
Off – 4s
Ring-Back On – 2s
440 Hz plus 480 Hz
Off – 4s
Receiver On Hook Open Loop Indefinite
Receiver Off Hook 20 mA – minimum
DC Current
80 mA - maximum
Receiver-Left-Off-Hook Alert 1 440 Hz 2 060 Hz On – 0.1s
2 450 Hz 2 600 Hz Off – 0.1s

EVOLUTION OF SWITCHING SYSTEMS

METHOD OF TYPE OF
YEAR SWITCHING SYSTEM TYPE OF CONTROL
SWITCHING NETWORK
1878 Manual System Space Human Plug/Cord/Jack
Arrangement
1892 Step-by-Step Space Progressive Stepping Train
Switch
1918 Crossbar Space Common Control Crossbar Switch
1960 ESS 1st Generation Space Common Control Reed Switch
1972 ESS 2nd Generation Space Stored Program Reed Switch
Control
1976 ESS 3rd Generation Time/Space-Time Stored Program Pulse Code
Common Control Modulation
 DUAL TONE MULTI-FREQUENCY

TOUCH TONE 1 209 Hz 1 336 Hz 1 477 Hz 1 633 Hz

US AIR
FORCE 1 620 Hz 1 740 Hz 1 860 Hz
412L (Hz)

697 Hz 1 020 Hz 1 2 3 A
770 Hz 1 140 Hz 4 5 6 B
852 Hz 1 260 Hz 7 8 9 C
941 Hz 1 380 Hz * 0 # D
US ARMY TA 341/PT

1 2 100 Hz 2 300 Hz 6 2 300 Hz 2 700 Hz

2 2 300 Hz 2 500 Hz 7 2 100 Hz 2 500 Hz
3 1 900 Hz 2 700 Hz 8 1 900 Hz 2 300 Hz
4 1 900 Hz 2 100 Hz 9 2 100 Hz 2 700 Hz
5 2 500 Hz 2 7 00 Hz 0 1 900 Hz 2 500 Hz

OPERATING PARAMETERS AND LIMITS

TYPICAL EUROPEAN
PARAMETER TYPICAL U.S. VALUES OPERATING LIMITS
VALUES
Common Battery Voltage –48 Vdc –47 to –105 Vdc –48 Vdc
Operating Current 20 to 80 mA 20 to 120 mA 20 to 80 mA
Subscriber Loop Resistance 0 to 1 300 Ω 0 to 3 600 Ω 0 to 1 300 Ω
Loop Loss 8 Db 17 dB 8 dB
Distortion –50 dB Total N.A. –50 dB Total
Ringing Signal 20 Hz 16 to 60 Hz 16 to 50 Hz
90 Vrms 40 to 130 Vrms 40 to 130 Vrms
Receive Sound Pressure Level 70 to 90 dBspl 130 dBspl Varies
Telephone Set Noise Less than 15 dBrnc
 LOCAL LOOP VOLTAGE AND CURRENTS

On-hook voltage –48 Vdc

Off-hook voltage (at phone) 5 – 10 Vdc, depending on loop resistance
Off-hook current 23 – 80 mA, depending on loop resistance
Dial tone 350 Hz and 440 Hz continuous wave
Ringing voltage (at office) 100 Vac, 20 Hz, superimposed on 48 Vdc
Ringing voltage (at phone) Approximately 80 Vac, superimposed on 48 Vdc
Ring back voltage 440 and 480 Hz; pulsed 2s on, 4s off
Busy signal 480 Hz and 620 Hz; pulsed 0.5s on, 0.5s off
Voice Signal AC signal

CALL PROGRESS TONE DIRECTION OF PROPAGATION

TONE OR SIGNAL DIRECTION

Dial Tone Telephone Office to Calling Station
DTMF Calling Station to Telephone Office
MF Telephone Office to Telephone Office
Dial Pulses Calling Station to Telephone Office
Station Busy Telephone Office to Calling Subscriber
Equipment Busy Telephone Office to Calling Subscriber
Ringing Telephone Office to Called Subscriber
Ring-Back Telephone Office to Calling Subscriber
Receiver-On-Hook Calling Subscriber to Telephone Office
Receiver-Off-Hook Calling Subscriber to Telephone Office
Receiver-Left-Off-Hook Alert Telephone Office to Calling Subscriber

DTMF SPECIFICATIONS

TRANSMITTER RECEIVER
PARAMETER
(SUBSCRIBER) (LOCAL OFFICE)
– 10 dBm Minimum power level (single frequency) – 25 dBm
+ 2 dBm Maximum power level (two tones) 0 dBm
+ 4 dB Maximum power difference between two tones + 4 dB
50 ms Minimum digit duration 40 ms
45 ms Minimum interdigit duration 40 ms
3s Maximum interdigit time period 3s
Maximum echo level relative to transmit frequency level (–10 dB)
Maximum echo delay (<20 ms)
 MULTIFREQUENCY CODES

FREQUENCIES (Hz) DIGIT OR CONTROL

700 + 900 1
700 + 1 100 2
700 + 1 300 4
700 + 1 500 7
900 + 1 100 3
900 + 1 300 5
900 + 1 500 8
1 100 + 1 300 6
1 100 + 1 500 9
1 100 + 1 700 Key Pulse (KP)
1 300 + 1 500 0
1 500 + 1 700 Start (ST)
2 600 IDLE

43 MHz to 49 MHz BAND CORDLESS TELEPHONE FREQUENCIES

PORTABLE UNIT
CHANNEL TRANSMIT FREQUENCY (MHz) RECEIVE FREQUENCY (MHz)
1 43.72 48.76
2 43.74 48.84
3 43.82 48.86
4 43.84 48.92
5 43.92 49.92
6 43.96 49.08
7 44.12 49.1
8 44.16 49.16
9 44.18 49.2
10 44.200 49.24
11 44.32 49.28
12 44.36 49.36
13 44.4 49.4
14 44.46 49.46
15 44.48 49.5
16 46.61 49.67
17 46.63 49.845
18 46.67 49.86
19 46.71 49.77
20 46.73 49.875
21 46.77 49.83
22 46.83 49.89
23 46.87 49.93
24 46.93 49.97
25 46.97 49.99
 BASIC AND C-TYPE CONDITIONING REQUIREMENTS

ATTENUATION DISTORTION
ENVELOPE DELAY DISTORTION
(FREQUENCY RESPONSE RELATIVE TO 1 004 Hz)
CHANNEL FREQUENCY FREQUENCY
VARIATION (dB) VARIATIONS (µS)
CONDITIONING RANGE (Hz) RANGE (Hz)
Basic 300 – 499 +3 to –12 800 – 2 600 1 750
500 – 2 500 +2 to –8
2 501 – 3 000 +3 to –12
C1 300 – 999 +2 to –6 800 – 999 1 750
1 000 – 2 400 +1 to –3 1 000 – 2 400 1 000
2 401 – 2 700 +3 to –6 2 401 - 2600 1 750
2 701 – 3 000 +3 to –12
C2 300 – 499 +2 to –6 500 – 600 3 000
500 – 2 800 +1 to –3 601 – 999 1 500
2 801 – 3 000 +2 to –6 1 000 – 2 600 500
2 601 – 2 800 3 000
C3 300 – 499 +0.8 to –3 500 – 599 650
(Access Line) 500 – 2 800 +0.5 to –1.5 600 – 999 300
2 801 - 3000 +0.8 to –3 1 000 – 2 600 110
2 601 – 2 800 650
C3 300 – 499 +0.8 to –2 500 – 599 500
(Trunk) 500 – 2 800 +0.5 to –1 600 – 999 260
2 801 – 3 000 +0.8 to –2 1 000 – 2 600 80
2 601 – 3 000 500
C4 300 – 499 +2 to –6 500 – 599 3000
500 – 3 000 +2 to –3 600 – 799 1 500
3 001 – 3 200 +2 to –6 800 – 999 500
1 000 – 2 600 300
2 601 – 2 800 500
2 801 – 3 000 1 500
C5 300 – 499 +1 to –3 500 – 599 600
500 – 2 800 +0.5 to –1.5 600 – 999 300
2 801 – 3 000 +1 to –3 1 000 – 2 600 100
2 601 – 2 800 600
 TELEPHONE CIRCUIT INTERFACE PARAMETER LIMITS

PARAMETER LIMIT
1. Recommended impedance of terminal 600 Ω resistive ± 10%
equipment
2. Recommended isolation to ground of At least 20 MΩ DC
terminal equipment At least 50 kΩ AC
At least 1500 Vrms breakdown voltage at 60 Hz
3. Data transmit signal power 0 dBm (3 s average)
4. In-band transmitted signal power 2 450 Hz to 2 750 Hz band should not exceed
signal power in 800 Hz to 2 450 Hz band
5. Out-of-band transmitted signal power above
voice band:
a. 3 995 Hz – 4 005 Hz Band At least 18 dB below maximum allowed in-band
signal power
b. 4 kHz – 10 kHz Band Less than –16 dBm
c. 10 kHz – 25 kHz Band Less than –24 dBm
d. 25 kHz – 40 kHz Band Less than –36 dBm
e. Above 40 kHz Less than –50 dBm

Below Voice Band:

f. RMS current per conductor as specified by Telco but never greater than 0.35 A
g. Magnitude of peak conductor-to-ground voltage not to exceed 70 V
h. Conductor-to-conductor voltage shall be such that conductor-to-ground voltage is not
exceeded. For an underground signal source, the conductor-to-conductor limit is the same
as the conductor-to-ground limit.
i. Total weighted RMS voltage in band from 50 Hz to 300 Hz, not to exceed 100V. Weighting
factors for each frequency component (f) are for f between 50 Hz and 100 Hz and
for f between 101 Hz and 300 HZ.

6. Maximum test signal power: same as transmitted data power

 TELEPHONE CIRCUIT FACILITY PARAMETER LIMITS

PARAMETER LIMIT
1. 1 004 Hz loss variation Not more than ± 4 dB long term
2. C-message noise Maximum RMS noise at modern receiver
(nominal – 16 dBm point)

FACILITY MILES dBm dBrncO

0 – 50 –61 32
51 – 100 –59 34
101 – 400 –58 35
401 – 1 000 –55 38
1 001 – 1 500 –54 39
1 501 – 2 500 –52 41
2 501 – 4 000 –50 43
4 001 – 8 000 –47 46
8 001 – 16 000 –44 49

3. C-notched noise (minimum values)

a. Standard voice-band channel 24 dB signal to c-notched noise
b. High-performance line 28 dB signal to c-notched noise
4. Single-frequency interference At least 3dB below c-message noise limits
5. Impulse noise

Threshold with Respect Maximum Counts Above Threshold

to 1 004 Hz Holding Tone Allowed in 15 Minutes
0 dB 15
+ 4 dB 9
+ 8 dB 5

6. Frequency shift ± 5 Hz end to end

7. Phase intercept distortion No limits
8. Phase Jitter No more than 10o peak to peak (end-to-end
requirement)
9. Nonlinear distortion (D-conditioned circuits
only)

Signal to second order At least 35 dB

Signal to third order At least 40 dB

10. Peak-to-average ratio Reading of 50 minimum end to end with

standard PAR meter
11. Phase hits 8 or less in any 15-minute period greater than
± 20 peak
12. Gain hits 8 or less in any 15-minute period greater than
± 3 dB
13. Dropouts 8 or less in any 15-minute period greater than
± 12 dB
 CLASSES OF SWITCHING OFFICES

1. Class 5 End Office

 Local exchange where subscriber loops terminated and received dial tone
 Interconnected subscriber loops to other subscriber loops and subscriber loops to tandem
circuits or trunks, interoffice trunks and toll-connecting trunks
 Class 4/5 Access Tandem Office
o Located in rural low-volume areas and served as dedicated class 5 office for local
subscribers and also performed some of the functions of a class 4 toll office for long
distance calls

2. Class 4 Toll Center

 Two types:
o Class 4C
 Provided human operators for both outward and inward calling service
o Class 4P
 Had only outward operator or no operator service at all
 Concentrated traffic in one switching center to direct outward traffic to the proper end
office
 Provided centralized billing, operator assistance, processed toll and inter-toll traffic through
its switching system and converted signals from one trunk to another

3. Class 3 Primary Center

 Provided service to small group of Class 4 offices within a small area
 Provided no operator assistance, however, they could serve the same switching functions as
class 4 offices
 Had direct trunks to either a sectional or regional center

4. Class 2 sectional Center

 Provide service to geographical regions varying in size from part of a slate to all of several
states, depending on population density
 No operator services were provided
 Could serve the same switching functions as class 3 and class 4 offices

5. Class 1 Regional Center

 Highest-ranking office in the DDD network in terms of the size of the geographical area
served and the trunking options available
 Provided no operator services
 Could serve the same switching functions as Class 2, 3 or 4 offices
 Had direct trunks to all other regional centers
 SS7 SIGNALLING POINTS

1. Service Switching Points (SSP)

 Signal Switching Points
 Local telephone switches equipped with SS7 compatible software and terminating signal
links.
 Provides the functionality of communicating with the voice switch by creating the packets or
signal units necessary for transmission over the SS7 network
 Converts information into SS7 signalling format
 Local access points that send signalling messages to originate, terminate or switch calls.
 Send query messages to centralized databases to determine how to route a call’

2. Signal Transfer Points (STP)

 Packet switches
 Serve as routers (receive and route incoming signalling messages to the proper destination
 Provides improved utilization of the SS7 network by eliminating the need for direct links
between all signalling points

3. Service Control Points (SCP)

 Signal Control Points
 Serve as an interface to telephone company database (which store information about
subscriber’s services, routing of special service numbers and calling card validation for fraud
protection and provide information necessary for advanced call-processing capabilities
 Perform protocol conversion from SS7 to X.25
 Can provide the capability of communicating with the database directly using an interface
(called primitive), which provides access from one level of the protocol to another level.
 Send responses to SSP containing a routing numbers associated with the called number

CCITT FACSIMILE RECOMMENDATIONS

GROUP DESCRIPTION
GROUP 1 Equipment that uses double-sideband (DSB) AM modulation without resorting to
special measures to compress bandwidth. Equipment in this group is designed for
document transmission of (ISO) A4 size paper at nominally 4 lines per millimetre in
about 6 min. via a telephone-type circuit
GROUP 2 Equipment that uses bandwidth compression techniques to achieve a transmission
time for an A4 size document at nominally 4 lines per millimetre via a telephone circuit.
Bandwidth compression in this context includes encoding and/or vestigial sideband
(VSB) AM but does not include processing to reduce redundancy.
GROUP 3 Equipment that incorporates a means of reducing redundancy prior to modulation to
achieve a transmission time for an A4 size document of 1 min. via the telephone
network. Bandwidth compression of the line signal may be used.
 FACSIMILE GROUP SPECIFICATIONS

FAX GROUP MODULATION SPEED RESOLUTION

1 FM 96 lpi
2 FM/AM 96 lpi
3 PCM/PSK/QAM 9 600 BAUS 200 lpi
4 Digital 56 kbps 400 lpi

EIA FACSIMILE RECOMMENDATIONS

ITEM DESCRIPTION
Spectral Sensitivity RMA S-4 photo surface
Scan Line Length 18.85 in. (478 mm)
Scanning Direction Normal (corresponding to left-hand helix)
Dead Sector 0.56 – 0.94 in. (14.2 – 23.9 mm)
Scan Speeds 60, 90, or 120 strokes per minute, selectable
Line Advance 1/96 in. (0.26mm)
Scanning Spot Size 0.0104 in. (0.26mm) x 0.0104 in. (0.26mm)
Index of Cooperation 576 (CCITT definition)
Signal Contrast 20 dB (±2 dB)
Synchronization Built-in frequency standard with stability of 3 parts in 106
Standard Frequency 300 Hz or multiple thereof
Start Signal Alternating black and white levels modulated at a rate of 300/s for a
period of 5s
Phasing Signal 30-s transmission of alternating black and white
Stop Signal Alternating black and white interrupted at a rate of 450/s for 5s, then
black transmission for a period of 10s
Modulation
AM Maximum amplitude black with carrier frequency 1 800 Hz or 2 400 Hz
(when VSB is used, carrier is 2 400 Hz and upper sideband completely
attenuated.
FM 1 500 Hz black and 2 300 Hz white
 IMTS SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Bands 150 MHz

450 MHz
Channel Spacing 25 kHz
Duplex Separation 5 MHz
Coverage Radius Up to 40 km

AMPS SPEIFICATIONS (EIA/TIA 553)

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 869 – 894 MHz
Reverse Link 824 – 849 MHz
Bandwidth 50 MHz
Channel Spacing 30 kHz
Spacing Between Transmission and Reception 45 MHz
Number of Channels 832 (Half Duplex)
416 (Full Duplex)
 21 Control Channels
 395 Voice Channels
Coverage Radius 2-20 km
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation FM
Frequency Deviation ± 12 kHz
Control Signal
Type of Modulation FSK
Frequency Deviation ± 8 kHz
Data Transmission Rate 10 kbps
Message Protection Principle of Majority Decision
Spectrum Allocation 40 MHz
Additional Spectrum 10 MHz

AMPS – SYSTEM A FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

CHANNEL NUMBER MOBILE TRANSMITTER (MHz) MOBILE RECEIVER (MHz)

1 825.03 870.03
313 834.39 879.39
333 843.99 879.99
667 845.01 890.01
716 846.48 891.48
991 824.04 869.04
1 023 825.00 870.00

AMPS – SYSTEM B FREQUENCY ALLOCATION

CHANNEL NUMBER MOBILE TRANSMITTER (MHz) MOBILE RECEIVER (MHz)

334 835.02 880.02
354 835.62 880.62
666 844.98 890.00
717 846.51 891.00
799 848.97 894.00
 FREQUENCY ALLOCATED BY FCC FOR AMPS

Reverse Channel 824 – 249 MHz

Froward Channel 869 – 894 MHz
Bandwidth 50 MHz
Full Duplex Channels (Total) 416
Half Duplex Channels (Total) 832
Full Duplex Voice Channels 395
Half Duplex Voice Channels 790
Full Duplex Control Channels 21
Half Duplex Control Channels 42
Duplex Distance 45 MHz

AMPS MOBILE PHONE POWER LEVELS

CLASS I CLASS II CLASS III

POWER LEVEL dBm mW dBm mW dBm mW
0 36 4 000 32 1 600 28 640
1 32 1 600 32 1 600 28 640
2 28 640 28 640 28 640
3 24 256 24 256 24 256
4 20 102 20 102 20 102
5 16 41 16 41 16 41
6 12 16 12 16 12 16
7 8 6.6 8 6.6 8 6.6

AMPS IDENTIFICATION CODES

NAME LENGTH (BITS) DESCRIPTION

1. Mobile Identification Number (MIN) 34 Directory number assigned by
operating company to a
subscriber (10-digit telephone
number)
2. Electronic Serial Number (ESN) 32 Assigned by manufacturer to a
mobile station (mobile phone
identity)
3. System Identification Number 15 Assigned by regulators to a
geographical service area
4. Station Class Mark (SCM) 4 Identifies the maximum
transmitted power
5. Supervisory Audio Tone (SAT) 5 970 Hz A continuous sine wave that
6 000 Hz establishes link continuity
6 030 Hz between the base station and
the mobile unit
6. Digital Color Code 2 Indicator whether there is a co-
channel interference being
received from another base
stations
 NMT SPEIFICATIONS

NMT 450 NMT 900

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 463 – 467.5 MHz 935 – 960 MHz
Reverse Link 453 – 457.5 MHz 890 – 915 MHz
Bandwidth 9 MHz 50 MHz
Channel Spacing 25 (20 kHz) 25 kHz
Spacing Between Transmission and Reception 10 MHz 45 MHz
Number of Channels 180 (225) 1 000
Coverage Radius 15 – 40 km 2 – 20 km
Transmitter Output Power
Base Station Max 500 W 25 W
Mobile Station
High 15 W 6W
Medium 1.5 W 1.0 W
Low 0.15 W 0.1 W
Hand Portable
High 1W 1.0 W
Low 2.0 0.1 W 0.1 W
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation FM FM
Frequency Deviation ± 5 kHz ± 5 kHz
Control Signal
Type of Modulation FSK FSK
Frequency Deviation ± 3.5 kHz ± 3.5 kHz
Message Protection Predetermined Predetermined

TACS SPEIFICATIONS

TACS 1 and 2 ETACS

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 935 – 960 MHz 917 – 935 MHz
Reverse Link 890 – 915 MHz 872 – 890 MHz
Bandwidth 50 MHz 36 MHz
Channel Spacing 25 kHz 25 kHz
Spacing Between Transmission and Reception 45 MHz 45 MHz
Number of Channels 1 000 1 000
Coverage Radius 2 – 20 km 2 – 20 km
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation FM FM
Frequency Deviation ± 9.5 kHz ± 9.5 kHz
Control Signal
Type of Modulation FSK FSK
Frequency Deviation ± 6.4 kHz ± 6.4 kHz
Message Protection Principle of Majority Principle of Majority
Decision Decision
 MCS-L1 (NTT) AND MCS-L2 SPEIFICATIONS

MCS-L1 (NTT) MCS-L2

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 870 – 885 MHz 870 – 885 MHz
Reverse Link 925 – 940 MHz 925 – 940 MHz
Bandwidth 30 MHz 30 MHz
Channel Spacing 25 kHz 12.5 kHz
Spacing Between Transmission and Reception 55 MHz 55 MHz
Number of Channels 600? 2 400?
Coverage Radius 5 km (urban) 2-20 km
10 km (suburbs)
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation FM PM
Frequency Deviation ± 5 kHz ± 2.5 kHz
Control Signal
Type of Modulation FSK FSK
Frequency Deviation ± 4.5 kHz ± 4.5 kHz
Message Protection Transmitted signal is Transmitted signal is
checked when it is sent checked when it is sent
back to the sender back to the sender

JTACS and NTACS SPEIFICATIONS

JTACS NTACS
Frequency Bands
Forward Link 870 – 885 MHz 870 – 885 MHz
Reverse Link 925 – 940 MHz 925 – 940 MHz
Bandwidth 30 MHz 30 MHz
Channel Spacing 50 kHz 25 kHz
Spacing Between Transmission and Reception 55 MHz 55 MHz
Number of Channels 600 2 400?
Coverage Radius 5 km (urban) 2 – 20 km
10 km (suburbs)
Audio Signal
Type of Modulation FM FM
Frequency Deviation ± 9.5 kHz ± 5 kHz
Control Signal
Type of Modulation FSK FSK
Frequency Deviation ± 6.4 kHz ± 4.5 kHz
Message Protection Principle of Majority Principle of Majority
Decision Decision
 GSM SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETER GSM 800 GSM 900 (850) GSM 1800 GSM 1900
Frequency Band
Forward Link (MHz) 869 – 894 935 – 960 1 805 – 1880 1930 – 1990
Reverse Link (MHz) 824 – 849 890 – 915 1 710 – 1 785 1850 – 1910
Duplex Distance 45 MHz 45 MHz 95 MHz 80 MHz
Number of Channels 124 (128 – 251) 124 (0 – 123) 374 (512 – 885) 299 (512 – 810)
Bandwidth 50 MHz 50 MHz 150 MHz 120 MHz
Channel Bandwidth 200 kHz
Multiple Access Method TDMA (8 slots)
Modulation GMSK
Detection Coherent
Speech Coding Regular Pulse
Excited-LPC
Speech Frame 20ms per frame
Speech Coding Rate 13 kbps
Channel Coding Convolutional
Code
Equalizer Equalize the
time delay
spread up to 16
µs
Transmission Rate 270 kbps
Duration of Slots 0.557ms (the
frame of 8 slots
is 4.615ms)
DAMPS OR NORTH AMERICAN DIGITAL CELLULAR (NADC) SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 869 – 894 MHz
Reverse Link 824 – 849 MHz
System Bandwidth 50 MHz
Channel Bandwidth 30 kHz
Number of Channels 832
416 channels for Band A
416 channels for Band B
21 analog set up channels for Band B
Multiple Access Method TDMA
Modulation π/4 Shifted QPSK
Detection Differential Detection
Speech Coding VSELP (Vector Sum Excited LPC)
Speech Frame 20 ms/frame
Speech Coding Rate 8 kbps
Channel Coding Interleaved Convolutional Code
Transmission Rate 48.6 kbps
Equalizer Equalize the time delay spread up to 60 µs
Duration of Time Slots 6.6 ms
 JAPANESE DIGITAL CELLULAR (JDC) SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 810 – 826 MHz / 1 477 – 1 489 MHz
1 501 – 1 513 MHz
Reverse Link 940 – 956 MHz / 1 429 – 1 441 MHz
1 453 MHz – 1 456 MHz
Channel Bandwidth 25 kHz
Number of Channels 640
Multiple Access Method TDMA
Modulation π/4 Shifted QPSK
Detection Differential Detection
Speech Coding VSELP (Vector Sum Excited LPC)
Traffic Channel Bit Rate 11.2 kbps
Transmission Rate 42 kbps

PCN SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETER PCN
Licenses Applied 3 licenses in UK
Frequency 50 – 100 MHz band in 1.8 GHz range
System Modified GSM

CDMA SPECIFICATIONS

Frequency Bands
Forward Link 869 – 894 MHz
Reverse Link 824 – 849 MHz
System Bandwidth 50 MHz
Channel Bandwidth 1.23 MHz
Number of Channels 20
Number of Users per Channel 798
Multiple Access Method CDMA/FDMA
Modulation QPSK
Speech Coding Rate 8 kbps
Channel Coding Convolutional Code
Detection Coherent Detection (Forward Channel)
Non-Coherent Detection (Reverse Channel)
Transmission Power
Cell Site 1.25 W
Mobile Unit 300 mW
Range 20 km

CORDLESS TELEPHONE – 2 (CT – 2)

PARAMETER CT – 2
Applied Country 4 Licenses issued in UK
Transmission Signal Format Time Division Duplex (TDD)
Number of Channels 40
Channel Bandwidth 100 kHz/TDD Channel
No Call Delivery Capability
No Handoffs
 DIGITAL EUROPEAN CORDLESS TELEPHONE (DECT) SPECIFICATIONS

PARAMETER DECT
Frequency 1 880 – 1900 MHz
Multiple Access TDMA/TDD
Transmission Rate 38.8 kbps/slot channel
Modulation GFSK
Channel Bandwidth 1.728 MHz/channel
TDD (Time Division Duplex)
Base-to-Portable 12 slots
Portable-to-Base 12 slots
Frame Length 10 ms/24 time slots
Number of Channels 5
Transmit Power 10 mW

MOBILE SUBSCRIBER UNIT (MSU) TYPES

MSU TYPE TYPICAL TRANSMIT POWER (W)

Mobile 4.0
Portable 0.6
Transportable 1.6

DATA RATES

GPRS 170 kbps

EDGE 384 kbps
3G 2 Mbps
Bluetooth 720 Kbps
Fiber Optics 10 Gbps

MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS – IEEE DESIGNATION

LETTER FREQUENCY BAND

HF 3 – 30 MHz
VHF 30 – 300 MHz
UHF 300 1 000 MHz
L 1 000 – 2 000 MHz
S 2 000 – 4 000 MHz
C 4 000 – 8 000 MHz
X 8 – 12 GHz
Ku 12 – 18 GHz
K 18 – 27 GHz
Ka 27 – 40 GHz
V 40 – 75 GHz
W 75 – 110 GHz
 MICROWAVE COMMUNICATIONS – OLD DESIGNATION

LETTER FREQUENCY BAND

L 1.12 – 2.70 GHz
S 2.60 – 3.95 GHz
G 3.95 – 5.85 GHz
C 4.90 – 7.05 GHz
J 5.85 – 8.20 GHz
H 7.05 – 10.0 GHz
X 8.20 – 12.4 GHz
M 10.0 – 15.0 GHz
P 12.4 – 18.0 GHz
N 15.0 – 22.0 GHz
K 18.0 – 26.5 GHz
R 26.5 – 40.0 GHz

LETTER DISGNATION FOR MICROWAVE FREQUENCY BANDS

LETTER FREQUENCY BAND

L 1 – 2 GHz
S 2 – 4 GHz
C 4 – 8 GHz
X 8 – 12 GHz
Ku 12 – 18 GHz
K 18 – 27 GHz
Ka 27 – 40 GHz
V 40 – 75 GHz
W 75 – 110 GHz

FREQUENCY BANDS FOR SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS

6/4 GHz 5.925 – 6.425 GHz Uplink Commercial

3.7 – 4.2 Downlink
8/7 GHz 7.9 – 8.4 GHz Uplink Military
7.25 – 7.75 Downlink
14/11 GHz 14.0 – 14.5 GHz Uplink Commercial
11.7 – 12.2 Downlink
30/20 GHz 27.5 – 30.5 GHz Uplink Commercial
17.7 – 20.2 Downlink
30/20 GHz 30.0 – 31.0 GHz Uplink Military
20.2 – 21.2 Downlink
44/20 GHz 43.5 – 45.5 GHz Uplink Military
20.2 – 21.2 Downlink
 SATELLITE TYPES

LEO MEO GEO

Orbit Height 100 - 300 mi 6,000 - 12,000 mi 22,300 mi
Orbital velocity 17,500 mph 9580 mph 6879 mph
Orbital time (period) 1.5 hours 5-12 mph 24 hours
Satellite Availability 15 min per orbit 2 - 4 hours per orbit 24 hours per orbit
Operating Frequency 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz 1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz 2 GHz - 18 GHz
Example Iridium GPS, NAVSTAR

SATELLITE PARAMETERS – C-BAND

Satellite Channel (Bandwidth) 500 MHz

Transponders 12
Bandwidth per Transponder 36 MHz
Guard Band 4 MHz per Transponder
10 MHz per Satellite Channel
Intermediate Frequency 70 MHz and 150 MHz

SATELLITE SIZE
Size Mass Cost
Large Satellite > 1,000 kg > $ 100 M
Small Satellite 500 - 1,000 kg $ 50 - 100 M
Mini Satellite 100 - 500 kg $ 5 - 20 M
Micro Satellite 10 - 100 kg $2-3M
Nano Satellite < 10 kg <$1M

AGILA II (MABUHAY I) SPECIFICATION

Year 1997
Orbital Location 146o E Longitude
Orbit Geostationary Orbit (Equatorial)
C-Band 20 Countries
24 Transponders
Extended C-Band 6 Transponders
36 MHz Bandwidth
Ku-Band 4 countries
24 Transponders
36 MHz Bandwidth
Satellite dry Mass 1 550 kg
Launch Mass 3 500 kg
Span (Solar Panel Deployed) 30 m
EIRP 54 dBW
Power Consumption 7.5 kW
Contractual Life Time 12 years
Launch Vehicle Long March
 AM BROADCAST STANDARDS

PARAMETERS PHILIPPINE STANDARDS INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS

Frequency Band 526.5 – 1 705 kHz 535 – 1 605 kHz
No. of Channels 118 107/106
Bandwidth per Channel 9 kHz 10 kHz
Permitted Bandwidth 30 kHz 30 kHz
Channel Spacing 36 kHz 30 kHz
(4 channels apart) (3 channels apart)
Center Frequency Stability ± 20 Hz ± 20 Hz
Baseband Frequency 50 – 15 000 kHz 50 – 15 000 kHz
Type of Modulation AM AM
Type of Emission A3E A3E
Guard Band 36 kHz 30 kHz
Antenna Polarization Vertical Vertical
Type of Receiver Superheterodyne Superheterodyne
Intermediate Frequency 455 kHz 455 kHz

AM CHANNEL CARRIER FREQUENCIES

CHANNEL CARRIER FREQUENCY

1 531 kHz
2 540 kHz
3 549 kHz
4 558 kHz
5 567 kHz
6 576 kHz
7 585 kHz
N 531 kHz + (N-1)*9 kHz
131 1 701 kHz

MAXIMUM POWER ALLOCATION (kW)

LOW BAND MID BAND HIGH BAND

AREA
(525 – 918 kHz) (919 – 1 312 kHz) (1 313 – 1 705 kHz)
Metro Manila 10 20 30
Metro Cebu 10 20 30
Other Areas 5 10 15

AM TRANSMITTER DESIGN

PARAMETERS PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

Carrier Power Limits 10% of Full Power
Maximum Modulation for Satisfactory Operation 85%
Operating Frequency Limits ± 10 Hz of Assigned Frequency
Carrier Shift 5%
Carrier Hum and Extraneous Noise Level 45 dB below 400 Hz tone
Total Audio Frequency Distortion < 5% harmonics (at 0-84% modulation)
< 7.5% harmonics (at 85-95% modulation)
 SERVICE AREA

FADING INTERFERENCE
Primary Service Area
Secondary Service Area •
Intermittent Service Area • •

AM REGIONAL DESIGNATION

Luzon DW/DZ
Visayas DY
Mindanao DX

BROADCASTING TIME

Daytime 5 AM to 6 PM
Night Time 6 PM to 5 AM
Experimental Period 12 MN to 5 AM

AM AND FM COMMERCIAL LOAD WITHIN METRO MANILA

PROGRAM DURATION COMMERCIAL LOAD PROGRAM INTERRUPTION

60 minutes 15 minutes 6 breaks
30 minutes 7 minutes and 30 seconds
15 minutes 3 minutes and 30 seconds
5 minutes 1 minute and 15 seconds

AM AND FM COMMERCIAL LOAD OUTSIDE METRO MANILA

PROGRAM DURATION COMMERCIAL LOAD PROGRAM INTERRUPTION

60 minutes 17 minutes 6 breaks
30 minutes 8 minutes and 30 seconds
15 minutes 4 minutes
5 minutes 1 minute and 30 seconds
 FM BROADCAST STANDARDS

PARAMETERS PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

Frequency Band 88 – 108 MHz
No. of Channels 25
Bandwidth per Channel 200 kHz
Permitted Bandwidth 240 kHz (monophone)
Channel Spacing 800 kHz
Center Frequency Stability ± 2 kHz
Baseband Frequency 50 – 15 000 Hz
Type of Modulation FM
Type of Emission F3E
Guard Band 25 kHz above Upper Side Band
25 kHz below Lower Side Band
Frequency Deviation ± 75 kHz (for 100% modulation)
Pre-Emphasis 75 µs time constant
Pilot Subcarrier 19 kHz
Antenna Polarization Horizontal or Circularly Polarized
Type of Receiver Superheterodyne
Intermediate Frequency 10.7 MHz

FM CHANNEL CARRIER FREQUENCIES

CHANNEL CARRIER FREQUENCY

201 88.1 MHz
202 88.3 MHz
203 88.5 MHz
204 88.7 MHz
205 88.9 MHz
206 89.1 MHz
207 89.3 MHz
N 88.1 MHz +(N-1)*0.2 MHz
400 107.9 MHz

CLASSES OF STATIONS

STATION AUTHORIZED POWER ERP

Class A Not exceeding 15 kW 125 kW
Class B Not exceeding 10 kW 30 kW
Class C Not exceeding 1 kW 1 kW
Class D Not exceeding 10 W 10 W

FM STEREO BROADCASTING

PARAMETERS PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

Pilot Subscriber 19 kHz ± 2 Hz
Stereophonic Subcarrier 38 kHz (2nd Harmonic of Pilot Subcarrier)
Stereophonic Subcarrier Suppression Level < 1% modulation of the main carrier
 RADIO-FREQUENCY PROTECTION RATIO (dB)

MONOPHONIC STEREOPHONIC
FREQUENCY
STEADY TROPOSPHORIC STEADY TROPOSPHORIC
SPACING (kHz)
INTERFERENCE INTERFERENCE INTERFERENCE INTERFENCE
0 36 28 45 37
25 31 27 51 43
50 24 22 51 43
75 16 16 45 37
100 12 12 33 25
150 8 8 18 14
200 6 6 7 7
250 2 2 2 2
300 –7 –7 –7 –7
350 –15 –15 –15 –15
400 –12 –20 –20 –20

STUDIO-TO-TRANSMITTER LINK (STL) ADVERTISING PRIMETIME (RADIO)

FREQUENCY BAND ALLOCATION
6:00 AM – 9:00 AM
BAND FREQUENCY (MHz) 4:00 PM – &:00 PM
Band A 310 – 315
Band B 734 – 752
860 – 880 COMMUNICATIONS, COORDINATION AND
942 – 952 CONTROL LINKS BAND ALLOCATION

REMOTE PICKUP BAND ALLOCATION BAND FREQUENCY (MHz)

Band A 4 – 12
BAND FREQUENCY (MHz) Band B 26.10 – 26.48
Band A 305 – 310 Band C 162.235 – 162.615
Band B 450 – 451 166.250
Band C 455 – 456 170.150
Band D 880 – 890

PHILIPPINE MAJOR CITIES FREQUENCY ASSIGNMENTS

CHANNEL NO. FREQUENCY (MHz)

FM2 88.3
FM6 89.1
FM10 89.9
FM14 90.7
FM18 91.5
FM22 92.3
FM26 93.1
FM30 93.9
FM34 94.7
FM38 95.5
FM42 96.3
FM46 97.1
FM50 97.9
 FM54 98.7
FM58 99.5
FM62 100.3
FM66 101.1
FM70 101.9
FM74 102.7
FM78 103.5
FM82 104.3
FM86 105.1
FM90 105.9
FM94 106.7
FM98 107.5

PRIMETIME SCHEDULES

AM FM
Metro Manila 5 AM to 9 AM 6 AM to 8 AM
4 PM to 8 PM
Outside MM 5 AM to 9 AM 6 AM to 8 PM
12 NN to 2 PM
4 PM to 7 PM

TV BROADCAST STANDARDS

PARAMETERS PHILIPPINE STANDARDS

Frequency Band Ch. 2 to 4 (54 – 72 MHz) VHF Low Band
Ch. 5 to 6 (76 – 88 MHz)
Ch. 7 to 13 (174 – 216 MHz) VHF High Band
Ch. 14 to 83 (470 – 890 MHz) UHF
Bandwidth per Channel 6 MHz
Channel Spacing 2 Channels Apart
Base Band Frequency 15 – 15 000 Hz (Audio)
0 – 4 MHz (Video)
Type of Modulation FM (Aural)
AM (Visual)
Type of Emission C3F
Old Designation: A5C
Guard Band 2 Channels Apart
Antenna Polarization Horizontal
Type of Receiver Superheterodyne
Intermediate Frequency 41 – 47 MHz
 TV SYSTEMS STANDARDS

PARAMETERS NTSC (AMERICAN SYSTEM) PAL (EUROPEAN SYSTEM)

No. of lines per frame (N) 525 625
No. of frames per sec (P) 30 25
Field frequency (fv) in Hz 60 50
Line frequency (fh) in Hz 15 750 15 625
Channel bandwidth in MHz 6 7
Video bandwidth in MHz 4.2 5
Color subcarrier in MHz 3.58 4.43
Sound system FM FM
Max. sound deviation in kHz 25 50
Intercarrier frequency in MHz 4.5 5.5

SYNCHRONIZING PULSES

PULSE PULSE DURATION NO. OF PULSES

Equalizing Pulse 2.7 µs 31 500
Horizontal Sync Pulse 5.4 µs 15 750
Horizontal Blanking Pulse 10 µs 15 750
Vertical Sync Pulse 190 µs 60
Vertical Blanking Pulse 830 to 1 330 µs 60

UTC

Daytime 2200 to 1000

Night time 1000 to 22000
Experimental 1600 to 2100
TV CHANNEL BAND

CHANNEL FREQUENCY (MHz)

Low-Band VHF 2 54 – 60
(ERP = 350 kW) 3 60 – 66
4 66 – 72
5 76 – 82
6 82 – 88
FM Broadcast 88 – 108
Aircraft 118 – 135
Ham Radio 144 – 148
Mobile or Marine 150 – 173

High-Band VHF 7 174 – 180

(ERP = 1000 kW) 8 180 – 186
9 186 – 192
10 192 – 198
11 198 – 204
12 204 – 210
13 210 – 216

UHF 14 470 – 476

15 476 – 482
CHANNEL FREQUENCY (MHz)
16 482 – 488
17 488 – 494
18 494 – 500
19 500 – 506
20 506 – 512
21 512 – 518
22 518 – 524
23 524 – 530
24 530 – 536
25 536 – 542
26 542 – 548
27 548 – 554
28 554 – 560
29 560 – 566
30 566 – 572
31 572 – 578
32 578 – 584
33 584 – 590
34 590 – 596
35 596 – 602
36 602 – 608
37 608 – 614
38 614 – 620
39 620 – 626
40 626 – 632
41 632 – 638
42 638 – 644
43 644 – 650
44 650 – 656
45 656 – 662
46 662 – 668
47 668 – 674
48 674 – 680
49 680 – 686
50 686 – 692
51 692 – 698
52 698 – 704
53 704 – 710
54 710 – 716
55 716 – 722
56 722 – 728
57 728 – 734
58 734 – 740
59 740 – 746
60 746 – 752
61 752 – 758
62 758 – 764
63 764 – 770
64 770 – 776
65 776 – 782
 66 782 – 788
67 788 – 794
68 794 – 800
69 800 – 806
Cellular Telephone 806 – 902

CATV CLASSES

Class I TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds

Class II Without auxiliary equipment – scrambling
Class III With auxiliary equipment
Class IV Provides signalling path CATV, PPV

CABLE TV SPECIFICATIONS

Matching (RF) 16 dB
Terminal isolation 28 dB
Sound carrier isolator 40 dB
Spurious radiation rejection 60 dB
Cross modulation 80 dB
Adjacent channel isolation -60 dB
Audio signal level 1 dB
Video SNR for modulator 36 dB

HDTV STANDARDS

PARAMETERS NTSC (AMERICAN SYSTEM) MUSE (JAPANESE SYSTEM)

No. of lines per frame (N) 1 125 625
Line frequency (fh) in Hz 33 750 15 625
Video bandwidth in MHz 4.2 7.5
Aspect ratio 4:3 16 : 9

MAXIMUM POWER GAMMA

Studio-to-Transmitter Link 15 W Picture Tube 2.2

Pick-up 35 W Camera Tube 0.4545

TRANSMISSION

SYNC BLANKING BLACK WHITE

0 CAMERA SIGNAL

– 40 – 7.5 – 92.5
 NAVIGATIONAL AIDS

SYSTEM FREQUENCY OF OPERATION

Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) 190 – 1860 kHz
Amplitude Modulation
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) 108 – 117.95 MHz
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) 1 025 – 1 150 kHz (Transmitter)
962 – 1 213 kHz (Receiver)
Instrument Landing System (ILS)
a. Localizer 108 – 111.95 MHz
Amplitude Modulation
90 Hz – Left
150 Hz – Right
b. Glideslope 329.3 – 335 MHz
90 Hz – Up
150 Hz – Down
c. Marker Beacons 75 MHz
400 Hz – Outer Marker (Blue)
1 300 Hz – Middle Marker (Amber)
3 000 Hz – Inner Marker (White)
Non-Directional Beacon 190 – 535 kHz
SYSTEM FREQUENCY OF OPERATION RANGE AND ACCURACY
Long Rang Navigation 1 750 kHz 1900 kHz RANGE: 700 miles (day)
LORAN A 1 850 kHz 1 950 kHz 1 400 miles (night)
LORAN C 90 – 110 kHz (LF) ACCURACY: 0.1 – 0.25 nautical mi. (at
100 kW – 4 MW Powerpeak)
E-LORAN ACCURACY: ± 8 meters
OMEGA 10 – 14 kHz (VLF) ACCURACY : 4 miles

DECCA NAVIGATION SYSTEMS

STATION HARMONIC FREQUENCY (kHz) LANE

MASTER 6f 85
PURPLE 5f 70.833 50 – 79
RED 8f 113.333 0 – 23
GREEN 9f 127.5 30 – 47

GROUND PROXIMITY WARNING SYSTEM

MODE WARNING
Mode 1 – Excessive Sink Rate “Sink Rate” or “Pull Up”
Mode 2 – Excessive Closure Rate “Terrain, Terrain, Pull Up”
Mode 3 – Excessive Altitude Loss “Don’t Sink”
Mode 4 – 1 “Too Low, Terrain”
Mode 4 – 2 “Too Low, Gear”
Mode 4 – 3 “Too Low, Flaps
Mode 5 – Below Glideslope “Glideslope”
 NAVSTAR GPS SYSTEM GPS SERVICES ACCURACY

No. of Satellites 24 PPS SPS

No. of Orbital Planes 6 Horizontal 22 m 100 m
Separation of Orbital Planes 60o Vertical 27.7 m 156 m
No. of Satellites per Orbital 4 Time interval 200 ns 340 ns
Plane
Angle of Inclination 55o
Altitude 20 200 km
Orbital Period 12 hrs.

NAVSTAR GPS SERVICES

STANDARD POSITIONING SERVICES (SPS) PRECISE POSITIONING SERVICES (PPS)

 Available to all GPS users worldwide  Highly accurate military positioning, velocity, and
 Provide a predictable positioning accuracy that timing service
95% of the time is to within:  Available to users authorized by DOD
o 100 m horizontally  Provide a predictable positioning accuracy that
o 156 m vertically 95% of the time is to within:
o 185 m 3D o 22 m horizontally
o Time transfer accuracy to UTC within 340 ns o 27.7 m vertically
o 35.4 m 3D
Time transfer accuracy to UTC within 200 ns

GLONASS SYSTEM GALILEO SYSTEM

No. of Satellites 24 No. of Satellites 30

No. of Orbital Planes 3 No. of Orbital Planes 3
o
Separation of Orbital 120 Separation of Orbital 120o
Planes Planes
No. of Satellites per 8 No. of Satellites per Orbital 10
Orbital Plane Plane
Angle of Inclination 64.8o Angle of Inclination 56o
Altitude 19 100 km Altitude 23 222 km
Orbital Period 11.25 hrs. Satellite Lifetime 12 years

APPARENT LOUDNESS AND LOUDNESS LEVELS

LOUDNESS LEVEL APPARENT LOUDNESS

0 – 15 dB Very Faint
15 – 30 dB Faint
30 – 60 dB Moderate
60 – 80 dB Loud
80 – 130 dB Very Loud
130 dB Deafening
 SOUND PRESSURE LVELS OF COMMON SOUND SOURCES

SOURCE SPL (dB)

Faintest audible sound 0
Whisper 20
Quiet residence 30
Soft stereo in residence 40
Speech range 50-70
Cafeteria 80
Pneumatic jack hammer 90
Loud crowd noise 100
Accelerating motorcycle 100
Rock concert 120
Jet engine (75 feet away) 140

OPTIMUM REVERBERATION (@ 500 TO 1 000 Hz)

ROOM FUNCTION REVERBERATION TIME (s)

Recording and broadcast studios 0.45 – 0.55
Elementary classrooms 0.6 – 0.8
Playhouses, intimate drama production 0.9 – 1.1
Lecture and conference rooms 0.9 – 1.1
Cinema 0.8 – 1.2
Small theaters 1.2 – 1.4
High school auditoriums 1.5 – 1.6
General purpose auditoriums 1.5 – 1.6
Churches 1.4 – 3.4

OPTIMUM VOLUME PER PERSON FOR VARIOUS TYPES OF HALL

TYPES OF HALL OPTIMUM VOLUME PER OERSON (m3)

Concert Halls 7.1
Italian- Type Opera Houses 4.2 – 5.1
Churches 7.1 – 9.9
Cinemas 3.1
Rooms for Speech 2.8

SOUND ABSORPTION PER UNIT VOLUME OF AIR (m2/m3) PER m3 AT A TEMPERATURE OF 20oC

RELATIVE HUMIDITY (RH)

FREQUENCY
30 % x 10-3 40 % x 10-3 50 % x 10-3 60 % x 10-3 80 % x 10-3
1 000 Hz 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28 3.28
2 000 Hz 11.48 8.2 8.2 6.56 6.56
4 000 Hz 39.36 29.52 22.96 19.68 16.4
 MPEG

MPEG 1 CD/internet 26 : 1, 6 : 1
MPEG 2 (DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper
MPEG 3 HDTV
MPEG 4 DivX – Bluray 55 : 1 (Interleaved)
MPEG 7 Multimedia content Description Interface
MPEG 21 Multimedia Framework

USB

USB 1.0 Low Speed 1.5 Mbps

USB 1.1 Full Speed 12 Mbps
USB 2.0 High Speed 480 Mbps
USB 3.0 Super Speed 5.6 Mbps

CCTV

HEIGHT WITH RESPECTO TO MONITOR APPLICATION

5% Monitor and Control
10 % Detect
25 % Observe
50 % Recognize
100 % Identify

CURRENT EFFECTS

AC 60 Hz (mA) DC (mA) EFFECTS

0–1 0–4 Perception
1–4 4 – 15 Surprise
4 – 21 15 – 80 Reflex Action
21 – 40 80 – 160 Muscular Inhibition
40 – 100 160 – 300 Respiratory Failure
100 Over 300 Usually Fatal

UNIVERSAL SERIAL BUS

USB SPEED
Low Speed (USB 1.0) 1.5 Mbps
Full Speed (USB 1.1) 12 Mbps
Hi-Speed (USB 2.0) 480 Mbps
Super Speed (USB 3.0) 5.0 Gbps
 TELEVISION - TYPICAL ANODE VOLTAGE

3 kV For 1-inch monochrome picture tube

10 kV For 12-inch monochrome picture tube
20 kV For 19-inch monochrome picture tube
30 kV For 25-inch monochrome picture tube

INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION PARAMETERS

Brightness Approximately 4 (Less than Venus)

Launch Window 5 – 10 minutes
Orbital Altitude Perigee – 361 km
Apogee – 437 km
Mass Approximately 420 000 kg
Dimensions 111.08m x 89.2m
Speed Approximately 26 720 kph
Orbital Inclination 51.5947o
Estimated Cost 28 Billion
Orbital Period Approximately 90 minutes
Observational Visibility Between 60 N and 60 S
Orbital Type Elliptical

CLASS OF LASERS

CLASS DESCRIPTION
Class 1 Safe
Class 1M Safe provided optical instruments are not used.
Class 2 Visible lasers. Safe for accidental exposure ( < 0.25 s )
Class 2M Visible lasers. Safe for accidental exposure ( < 0.25 s ) provided optical
instruments are not used
Class 3R Not safe. Low risk.
Class 4 Hazardous. Viewing of diffuse reflection is also hazardous. Fire risk.
 INDEX OF PROTECTION

1st SYMBOL
0 No special protection
1 Protected against solid objects over 50 mm, e.g. accidental touch by person’s hands
2 Protected against solid objects over 12 mm, e.g. person’s fingers
3 Protected against solid objects over 2.5 mm (tools and wires)
4 Protected against solid objects over 1 mm (tools, wires, and small wires)
5 Protected against dust limited ingress (no harmful deposit)
6 Totally protected against dust.

1st SYMBOL
0 No special protection
1 Protection against vertically falling drops of water, e.g. condensation
2 Protection against direct sprays of water up to 15o from the vertical
3 Protection against direct sprays of water up to 60o from the vertical
4 Protection against water sprayed from all directions – limited ingress permitted.
5 Protected against low pressure jets of water from all directions – limited ingress
6 Protected against temporary flooding of water, e.g. for use on ship decks – limited ingress
permitted
7 Protected against the effect of immersion between 15 cm and 1 m.
8 Protect against long periods of immersion under pressure.

BLUETOOTH

VERSION DATA RATE

Version 1.2 1 Mbit/s
Version 2.0 + EDR 3 Mbit/s
Version 3.0 + HS 24 Mbit/s

PHOSPHOR

PHOSPHOR NUMBER COLOR

P1 Green
P4 White
P22 RGB
P31 Green

CABLES

1000BASE-CX Twinaxial cabling 25 meters

1000BASE-SX Multi-mode fiber 220 to 550 meters
1000BASE-LX Multi-mode fiber 550 meters
1000BASE-LX Single-mode fiber 5 km
1000BASE-LX10 Single-mode fiber 10 km
1000BASE-ZX Single-mode fiber ~ 70 km
1000BASE-BX10 Single-mode fiber 10 km
1000BASE-T Twisted-pair cabling 100 meters
1000BASE-TX Twisted-pair cabling 100 meters
 CARD SIZES

ID-1 85.60 x 53.98 mm Most banking cards and ID cards

ID-2 105 x 74 mm German ID cards issued prior to November 2010
ID-3 125 x 88 mm Passports and visas
ID-000 25 x 15 mm SIM cards