14.

Differentials, Errors and Approximations

Exercise 14.1
1. Question

If y = sin x and x changes from to , what is the approximate change in y?

Answer

Given y = sin x and x changes from to .

Let so that

On differentiating y with respect to x, we get

o m
. c
We know

s e
c b
When , we have
l y
.

o n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and

∴ Δy = 0

Thus, there is approximately no change in y.

2. Question

The radius of a sphere shrinks from 10 to 9.8 cm. Find approximately the decrease in its volume.

Answer

Given the radius of a sphere changes from 10 cm to 9.8 cm.

Let x be the radius of the sphere and Δx be the change in the value of x.

Hence, we have x = 10 and x + Δx = 9.8

⇒ 10 + Δx = 9.8
⇒ Δx = 9.8 – 10

∴ Δx = –0.2

The volume of a sphere of radius x is given by

On differentiating V with respect to x, we get

We know

o m
When x = 10, we have .

. c
s e
c b
l y
n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

o
Here, and Δx = –0.2

⇒ ΔV = (400π)(–0.2)

∴ ΔV = –80π

Thus, the approximate decrease in the volume of the sphere is 80π cm3.

3. Question

A circular metal plate expands under heating so that its radius increases by k%. Find the approximate
increase in the area of the plate, if the radius of the plate before heating is 10 cm.

Answer

Given the radius of a circular plate initially is 10 cm and it increases by k%.

Let x be the radius of the circular plate, and Δx is the change in the value of x.

Hence, we have x = 10 and

∴ Δx = 0.1k

The area of a circular plate of radius x is given by

A = πx2

On differentiating A with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 10, we have .

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

o m
. c
Here, and Δx = 0.1k

⇒ ΔA = (20π)(0.1k)
s e
∴ ΔA = 2kπ
c b
y
Thus, the approximate increase in the area of the circular plate is 2kπ cm2.

l
4. Question

o n
Find the percentage error in calculating the surface area of a cubical box if an error of 1% is made in
measuring the lengths of the edges of the cube.

Answer

Given the error in the measurement of the edge of a cubical box is 1%.

Let x be the edge of the cubical box, and Δx is the error in the value of x.

Hence, we have

∴ Δx = 0.01x

The surface area of a cubical box of radius x is given by

S = 6x2

On differentiating A with respect to x, we get

We know
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.01x

⇒ ΔS = (12x)(0.01x)

∴ ΔS = 0.12x2

The percentage error is,

⇒ Error = 0.02 × 100%

∴ Error = 2%

Thus, the error in calculating the surface area of the cubical box is 2%.
o m
5. Question
. c
error in the calculation of the volume of the sphere.
s e
If there is an error of 0.1% in the measurement of the radius of a sphere, find approximately the percentage

Answer

c b
y
Given the error in the measurement of the radius of a sphere is 0.1%.

l
Hence, we have
o n
Let x be the radius of the sphere and Δx be the error in the value of x.

∴ Δx = 0.001x

The volume of a sphere of radius x is given by

On differentiating V with respect to x, we get

We know

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as
Here, and Δx = 0.001x

⇒ ΔV = (4πx2)(0.001x)

∴ ΔV = 0.004πx3

The percentage error is,

⇒ Error = 0.003 × 100%

∴ Error = 0.3%

Thus, the error in calculating the volume of the sphere is 0.3%.

6. Question

m
The pressure p and the volume v of a gas are connected by the relation pv1.4 = const. Find the percentage

o
error in p corresponding to a decrease of in v.

. c
Answer

s e
Given pv1.4 = constant and the decrease in v is

c b .

Hence, we have

l y
∴ Δv = –0.005v

We have pv1.4 = constant

o n
Taking log on both sides, we get

log(pv1.4) = log(constant)

⇒ log p + log v1.4 = 0 [∵ log(ab) = log a + log b]

⇒ log p + 1.4 log v = 0 [∵ log(am) = m log a]

On differentiating both sides with respect to v, we get

We know
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δv = –0.005v

⇒ Δp = (–1.4p)(–0.005)

∴ Δp = 0.007p

The percentage error is,

⇒ Error = 0.007 × 100%

o m
∴ Error = 0.7%

. c
7. Question
s e
Thus, the error in p corresponding to the decrease in v is 0.7%.

c b
The height of a cone increases by k%, its semi-vertical angle remaining the same. What is the approximate
percentage increase in (i) in total surface area, and (ii) in the volume, assuming that k is small.

Answer
l y
o n
Given the height of a cone increases by k%.

Let x be the height of the cone and Δx be the change in the value of x.

Hence, we have

∴ Δx = 0.01kx

Let us assume the radius, the slant height and the semi-vertical angle of the cone to be r, l and α
respectively as shown in the figure below.

From the above figure, using trigonometry, we have

∴ r = x tan(α)

We also have
∴ l = x sec(α)

(i) The total surface area of the cone is given by

S = πr2 + πrl

From above, we have r = x tan(α) and l = x sec(α).

⇒ S = π(x tan(α))2 + π(x tan(α))(x sec(α))

⇒ S = πx2tan2α + πx2tan(α)sec(α)

⇒ S = πx2tan(α)[tan(α) + sec(α)]

On differentiating S with respect to x, we get

o m
. c
s e
We know

c b
l y
o n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.01kx

⇒ ΔS = (2πxtan(α)[tan(α) + sec(α)])(0.01kx)

∴ ΔS = 0.02kπx2tan(α)[tan(α) + sec(α)]

The percentage increase in S is,

⇒ Increase = 0.02k × 100%

∴ Increase = 2k%

Thus, the approximate increase in the total surface area of the cone is 2k%.

(ii) The volume of the cone is given by

From above, we have r = x tan(α).

On differentiating V with respect to x, we get

We know

o m
. c
s e
c b
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

l y
Here,
o n
and Δx = 0.01kx

⇒ ΔV = (πx2tan2α)(0.01kx)

∴ ΔV = 0.01kπx3tan2α

The percentage increase in V is,

⇒ Increase = 0.03k × 100%

∴ Increase = 3k%

Thus, the approximate increase in the volume of the cone is 3k%.

8. Question

Show that the relative error in computing the volume of a sphere, due to an error in measuring the radius, is
approximately equal to three times the relative error in the radius.

Answer
Let the error in measuring the radius of a sphere be k%.

Let x be the radius of the sphere and Δx be the error in the value of x.

Hence, we have

∴ Δx = 0.01kx

The volume of a sphere of radius x is given by

On differentiating V with respect to x, we get

We know

o m
. c
s e
– f(x), is approximately given as

c b
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)

l y
Here,
o n
and Δx = 0.01kx

⇒ ΔV = (4πx2)(0.01kx)

∴ ΔV = 0.04kπx3

The percentage error is,

⇒ Error = 0.03k × 100%

∴ Error = 3k%

Thus, the error in measuring the volume of the sphere is approximately three times the error in measuring its
radius.

9 A. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 25 so that x + Δx = 25.02

⇒ 25 + Δx = 25.02

∴ Δx = 0.02

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

o m
When x = 25, we have

. c
s e
c b
l y
o n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.02

⇒ Δf = (0.1)(0.02)

∴ Δf = 0.002

Now, we have f(25.02) = f(25) + Δf

⇒ f(25.02) = 5 + 0.002

∴ f(25.02) = 5.002

Thus,

9 B. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(0.009)1/3

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 0.008 so that x + Δx = 0.009

⇒ 0.008 + Δx = 0.009

∴ Δx = 0.001

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 0.008, we have

o m
. c
s e
c b
l y
o n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.001

⇒ Δf = (8.3333)(0.001)

∴ Δf = 0.0083333

Now, we have f(0.009) = f(0.008) + Δf

⇒ f(0.009) = 0.2 + 0.0083333

∴ f(0.009) = 0.2083333

Thus, (0.009)1/3 ≈ 0.2083333

9 C. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(0.007)1/3

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 0.008 so that x + Δx = 0.007

⇒ 0.008 + Δx = 0.007

∴ Δx = –0.001

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

o m
. c
s e
When x = 0.008, we have

c b
l y
o n

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.001

⇒ Δf = (8.3333)(–0.001)

∴ Δf = –0.0083333

Now, we have f(0.007) = f(0.008) + Δf

⇒ f(0.007) = 0.2 – 0.0083333

∴ f(0.007) = 0.1916667

Thus, (0.007)1/3 ≈ 0.1916667

9 D. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 400 so that x + Δx = 401

⇒ 400 + Δx = 401

∴ Δx = 1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

o m
. c
s e
We know

c b
l y
o n
When x = 400, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 1

⇒ Δf = (0.025)(1)

∴ Δf = 0.025

Now, we have f(401) = f(400) + Δf

⇒ f(401) = 20 + 0.025

∴ f(401) = 20.025

Thus,

9 E. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(15)1/4

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 16 so that x + Δx = 15

⇒ 16 + Δx = 15

∴ Δx = –1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

o m
. c
We know
s e
c b
l y
o n
When x = 16, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = –1
⇒ Δf = (0.03125)(–1)

∴ Δf = –0.03125

Now, we have f(15) = f(16) + Δf

⇒ f(15) = 2 – 0.03125

∴ f(15) = 1.96875

Thus, (15)1/4 ≈ 1.96875

9 F. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(255)1/4

Answer

Let us assume that

o m
Also, let x = 256 so that x + Δx = 255
. c
⇒ 256 + Δx = 255

s e
∴ Δx = –1

c
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we getb
l y
We know
o n

When x = 256, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = –1

⇒ Δf = (0.00390625)(–1)

∴ Δf = –0.00390625

Now, we have f(255) = f(256) + Δf

⇒ f(255) = 4 – 0.00390625

∴ f(255) = 3.99609375

Thus, (255)1/4 ≈ 3.99609375

o m
9 G. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

. c
s e
c b
Answer

l y
Let us assume that

o n
Also, let x = 2 so that x + Δx = 2.002

⇒ 2 + Δx = 2.002

∴ Δx = 0.002

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 2, we have
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.002

⇒ Δf = (–0.25)(0.002)

∴ Δf = –0.0005

Now, we have f(2.002) = f(2) + Δf

⇒ f(2.002) = 0.25 – 0.0005

o m
∴ f(2.002) = 0.2495

. c
Thus,

s e
9 H. Question

c b
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

l y
loge4.04, it being given that log10 4 = 0.6021 and log10 e = 0.4343

Answer

o n
loge4.04, it being given that log10 4 = 0.6021 and log10 e = 0.4343

Let us assume that f(x) = logex

Also, let x = 4 so that x + Δx = 4.04

⇒ 4 + Δx = 4.04

∴ Δx = 0.04

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 4, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as
Here, and Δx = 0.04

⇒ Δf = (0.25)(0.04)

∴ Δf = 0.01

Now, we have f(4.04) = f(4) + Δf

⇒ f(4.04) = loge4 + 0.01

⇒ f(4.04) = 1.3863689 + 0.01

∴ f(4.04) = 1.3963689

Thus, loge4.04 ≈ 1.3963689

9 I. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

o m
loge10.02, it being given that loge10 = 2.3026

. c
Answer

s e
loge10.02, it being given that loge10 = 2.3026

Let us assume that f(x) = logex

c b
l y
Also, let x = 10 so that x + Δx = 10.02

⇒ 10 + Δx = 10.02

∴ Δx = 0.02 o n
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 10, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.02

⇒ Δf = (0.1)(0.02)

∴ Δf = 0.002

Now, we have f(10.02) = f(10) + Δf

⇒ f(10.02) = loge10 + 0.002

⇒ f(10.02) = 2.3026 + 0.002

∴ f(10.02) = 2.3046

Thus, loge10.02 ≈ 2.3046

9 J. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

log10 10.1, it being given that log10 e = 0.4343

Answer

log10 10.1, it being given that log10 e = 0.4343

Let us assume that f(x) = log10 x

Also, let x = 10 so that x + Δx = 10.1

⇒ 10 + Δx = 10.1

∴ Δx = 0.1

o m
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

. c
s e
c b
l y
o n
We know

When x = 10, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.1

⇒ Δf = (0.04343)(0.1)

∴ Δf = 0.004343
Now, we have f(10.1) = f(10) + Δf

⇒ f(10.1) = log10 10 + 0.004343

⇒ f(10.1) = 1 + 0.004343 [∵ logaa = 1]

∴ f(10.1) = 1.004343

Thus, log10 10.1 ≈ 1.004343

9 K. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

cos 61°, it being given that sin 60° = 0.86603 and 1° = 0.01745 radian

Answer

cos 61°, it being given that sin 60° = 0.86603 and 1° = 0.01745 radian

Let us assume that f(x) = cos x

Also, let x = 60° so that x + Δx = 61°

⇒ 60° + Δx = 61°

∴ Δx = 1° = 0.01745 radian
o m
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get
. c
s e
We know
c b
l y
When x = 60°, we have
o n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.01745

⇒ Δf = (–0.86603)(0.01745)

∴ Δf = –0.0151122

Now, we have f(61°) = f(60°) + Δf

⇒ f(61°) = cos(60°) – 0.0151122

⇒ f(61°) = 0.5 – 0.0151122

∴ f(61°) = 0.4848878

Thus, cos 61° ≈ 0.4848878

9 L. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 25 so that x + Δx = 25.1

⇒ 25 + Δx = 25.1

∴ Δx = 0.1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

o m
. c
s e
c b
l y
When x = 25, we have
o n

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.1

⇒ Δf = (–0.004)(0.1)

∴ Δf = –0.0004

Now, we have f(25.1) = f(25) + Δf

⇒ f(25.1) = 0.2 – 0.0004

∴ f(15) = 0.1996

Thus,

9 M. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that f(x) = sin x

Let so that
o m
. c
s e
c b
y
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

l
We know o n
When , we have .

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and

∴ Δf = 0

Now, we have
Thus,

9 N. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that f(x) = cos x

Let so that

o m
. c
s e
c b
l y
n
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

o
We know

When , we have .

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and

⇒ Δf = (–0.86603)(–0.0873)

∴ Δf = 0.07560442

Now, we have
Thus,

9 O. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(80)1/4

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 81 so that x + Δx = 80

⇒ 81 + Δx = 80

∴ Δx = –1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

o m
. c
s e
We know

c b
l y
o n
When x = 81, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as
Here, and Δx = –1

⇒ Δf = (0.00926)(–1)

∴ Δf = –0.00926

Now, we have f(80) = f(81) + Δf

⇒ f(80) = 3 – 0.00926

∴ f(80) = 2.99074

Thus, (80)1/4 ≈ 2.99074

9 P. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(29)1/3

o m
Answer

Let us assume that

. c
Also, let x = 27 so that x + Δx = 29
s e
⇒ 27 + Δx = 29

c b
∴ Δx = 2

l y
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

o n
We know

When x = 27, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 2

⇒ Δf = (0.03704)(2)

∴ Δf = 0.07408

Now, we have f(29) = f(27) + Δf

⇒ f(29) = 3 + 0.07408

∴ f(29) = 3.07408
o m
Thus, (29)1/3 ≈ 3.07408
. c
9 Q. Question

s e
(66)1/3
c b
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer
l y
Let us assume that

o n
Also, let x = 64 so that x + Δx = 66

⇒ 64 + Δx = 66

∴ Δx = 2

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 64, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 2

⇒ Δf = (0.02083)(2)

∴ Δf = 0.04166

o m
Now, we have f(66) = f(64) + Δf

. c
s e
c b
⇒ f(66) = 4 + 0.04166

∴ f(66) = 4.04166
l y
Thus, (66)1/3 ≈ 4.04166

9 R. Question o n
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 25 so that x + Δx = 26

⇒ 25 + Δx = 26

∴ Δx = 1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know
When x = 25, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

o m
Here, and Δx = 1

. c
⇒ Δf = (0.1)(1)

∴ Δf = 0.1
s e
Now, we have f(26) = f(25) + Δf
c b
l y
⇒ f(26) = 5 + 0.1

∴ f(26) = 5.1
o n
Thus,

9 S. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 36 so that x + Δx = 37

⇒ 36 + Δx = 37

∴ Δx = 1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know
When x = 36, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

o m
. c
Here, and Δx = 1

s e
⇒ Δf = (0.08333)(1)

c b
∴ Δf = 0.08333

Now, we have f(37) = f(36) + Δf

l y
⇒ f(37) = 6 + 0.08333
o n
∴ f(37) = 6.08333

Thus,

9 T. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 0.49 so that x + Δx = 0.48

⇒ 0.49 + Δx = 0.48

∴ Δx = –0.01

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 0.49, we have

o m
– f(x), is approximately given as

. c
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)

s e
Here, and Δx = –0.01

c b
⇒ Δf = (0.7143)(–0.01)

l y
∴ Δf = –0.007143

o n
Now, we have f(0.48) = f(0.49) + Δf

⇒ f(0.48) = 0.7 – 0.007143

∴ f(0.48) = 0.692857

Thus,

9 U. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(82)1/4

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 81 so that x + Δx = 82

⇒ 81 + Δx = 82

∴ Δx = 1

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know
When x = 81, we have

o m
. c
s e
– f(x), is approximately given as

c b
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)

l y
Here,

⇒ Δf = (0.00926)(1)
o n
and Δx = 1

∴ Δf = 0.00926

Now, we have f(82) = f(81) + Δf

⇒ f(82) = 3 + 0.00926

∴ f(82) = 3.00926

Thus, (82)1/4 ≈ 3.00926

9 V. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let so that

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When , we have
o m
. c
s e
c b
l y
o n

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and

∴ Δf = 0.0104166

Now, we have
Thus,

9 W. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(33)1/5

Answer

Let us assume that

o m
Also, let x = 32 so that x + Δx = 33
. c
⇒ 32 + Δx = 33

s e
∴ Δx = 1

c
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get
b
l y
We know
o n

When x = 32, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 1

⇒ Δf = (0.0125)(1)

∴ Δf = 0.0125

Now, we have f(33) = f(32) + Δf

⇒ f(33) = 2 + 0.0125

∴ f(33) = 2.0125

Thus, (33)1/5 ≈ 2.0125

o m
9 X. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

. c
s e
Answer

c b
Let us assume that

l y
⇒ 36 + Δx = 36.6

∴ Δx = 0.6
o n
Also, let x = 36 so that x + Δx = 36.6

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 36, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.6

⇒ Δf = (0.0833333)(0.6)

∴ Δf = 0.05

Now, we have f(36.6) = f(36) + Δf

⇒ f(36.6) = 6 + 0.05

∴ f(36.6) = 6.05

Thus,

o m
9 Y. Question

. c
251/3
s e
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer
c b
Let us assume that

l y
⇒ 27 + Δx = 25 o n
Also, let x = 27 so that x + Δx = 25

∴ Δx = –2

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 27, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 2

⇒ Δf = (0.03704)(–2)

∴ Δf = –0.07408

Now, we have f(25) = f(27) + Δf

o m
. c
⇒ f(25) = 3 – 0.07408
s e
∴ f(25) = 2.92592

c b
Thus, (25)1/3 ≈ 2.92592

l y
9 Z. Question

o n
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 49 so that x + Δx = 49.5

⇒ 49 + Δx = 49.5

∴ Δx = 0.5

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know
When x = 49, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.5

⇒ Δf = (0.0714286)(0.5)
o m
∴ Δf = 0.0357143
. c
Now, we have f(49.5) = f(49) + Δf

s e
c b
⇒ f(49.5) = 7 + 0.0357143

∴ f(49.5) = 7.0357143
l y
Thus,

9 A1. Question o n
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(3.968)3/2

Answer

Let us assume that

Also, let x = 4 so that x + Δx = 3.968

⇒ 4 + Δx = 3.968

∴ Δx = –0.032

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know
When x = 4, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = –0.032

⇒ Δf = (3)(–0.032)

∴ Δf = –0.096

Now, we have f(3.968) = f(4) + Δf

o m
. c
s e
⇒ f(3.968) = 23– 0.096
c b
⇒ f(3.968) = 8 – 0.096

l y
∴ f(3.968) = 7.904

Thus, (3.968)3/2 ≈ 7.904

o n
9 B1. Question

Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

(1.999)5

Answer

Let us assume that f(x) = x5

Also, let x = 2 so that x + Δx = 1.999

⇒ 2 + Δx = 1.999

∴ Δx = –0.001

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know
When x = 2, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = –0.001

⇒ Δf = (80)(–0.001)

∴ Δf = –0.08

Now, we have f(1.999) = f(2) + Δf

⇒ f(1.999) = 25 – 0.08

o m
⇒ f(1.999) = 32 – 0.08

. c
∴ f(1.999) = 31.92

Thus, (1.999)5 ≈ 31.92

s e
9 C1. Question

c b
y
Using differentials, find the approximate values of the following:

l
Answer
o n
Let us assume that

Also, let x = 0.09 so that x + Δx = 0.082

⇒ 0.09 + Δx = 0.082

∴ Δx = –0.008

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 0.09, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = –0.008

⇒ Δf = (1.6667)(–0.008)

∴ Δf = –0.013334

Now, we have f(0.082) = f(0.09) + Δf

o m
⇒ f(0.082) = 0.3 – 0.013334
. c
∴ f(0.082) = 0.286666

s e
Thus,

10. Question
c b
l y
Find the approximate value of f(2.01), where f(x) = 4x2 + 5x + 2.

Answer

o
Given f(x) = 4x2 + 5x + 2
n
Let x = 2 so that x + Δx = 2.01

⇒ 2 + Δx = 2.01

∴ Δx = 0.01

On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know and derivative of a constant is 0.

When x = 2, we have
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.01

⇒ Δf = (21)(0.01)

∴ Δf = 0.21

Now, we have f(2.01) = f(2) + Δf

⇒ f(2.01) = 4(2)2 + 5(2) + 2 + 0.21

⇒ f(2.01) = 16 + 10 + 2 + 0.21

∴ f(2.01) = 28.21

Thus, f(2.01) = 28.21

o m
11. Question

Find the approximate value of f(5.001), where f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 15.

. c
Answer
s e
Given f(x) = x3 – 7x2 + 15

c b
Let x = 5 so that x + Δx = 5.001

⇒ 5 + Δx = 5.001
l y
∴ Δx = 0.001
o n
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know and derivative of a constant is 0.

When x = 5, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.001

⇒ Δf = (5)(0.001)

∴ Δf = 0.005

Now, we have f(5.001) = f(5) + Δf

⇒ f(5.001) = 53 – 7(5)2 + 15 + 0.005

⇒ f(5.001) = 125 – 175 + 15 + 0.005

⇒ f(5.001) = –35 + 0.005

∴ f(5.001) = –34.995

Thus, f(5.001) = –34.995

12. Question

Find the approximate value of log10 1005, given that log10 e = 0.4343.
o m
Answer
. c
Let us assume that f(x) = log10 x

s e
Also, let x = 1000 so that x + Δx = 1005

c b
⇒ 1000 + Δx = 1005

∴ Δx = 5
l y
n
On differentiating f(x) with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 1000, we have

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 5

⇒ Δf = (0.0004343)(5)

∴ Δf = 0.0021715

Now, we have f(1005) = f(1000) + Δf

⇒ f(1005) = log10 1000 + 0.0021715

⇒ f(1005) = log10 103 + 0.0021715

⇒ f(1005) = 3 × log10 10 + 0.0021715

⇒ f(1005) = 3 + 0.0021715 [∵ logaa = 1]

∴ f(1005) = 3.0021715

Thus, log10 1005 = 3.0021715

o m
13. Question
. c
calculating its surface area.
s e
If the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 m, find the approximate error in

Answer

c b
y
Given the radius of a sphere is measured as 9 cm with an error of 0.03 m = 3 cm.

l
o n
Let x be the radius of the sphere and Δx be the error in measuring the value of x.

Hence, we have x = 9 and Δx = 3

The surface area of a sphere of radius x is given by

S = 4πx2

On differentiating S with respect to x, we get

We know

When x = 9, we have .

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as
Here, and Δx = 3

⇒ ΔS = (72π)(3)

∴ ΔS = 216π

Thus, the approximate error in calculating the surface area of the sphere is 216π cm2.

14. Question

Find the approximate change in the surface area of cube of side x meters caused by decreasing the side by
1%.

Answer

Given a cube whose side x is decreased by 1%.

Let Δx be the change in the value of x.

Hence, we have

∴ Δx = –0.01x
o m
The surface area of a cube of radius x is given by

. c
S = 6x2

s e
On differentiating A with respect to x, we get

c b
l y
We know
o n

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = –0.01x

⇒ ΔS = (12x)(–0.01x)

∴ ΔS = –0.12x2

Thus, the approximate change in the surface area of the cube is 0.12x2 m2.

15. Question

If the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02m, find the approximate error in calculating
its volume.

Answer

Given the radius of a sphere is measured as 7 m with an error of 0.02 m.

Let x be the radius of the sphere and Δx be the error in measuring the value of x.

Hence, we have x = 7 and Δx = 0.02

The volume of a sphere of radius x is given by

On differentiating V with respect to x, we get

We know

o m
When x = 7, we have .

. c
s e
c b
l y
n
Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

o
Here, and Δx = 0.02

⇒ ΔV = (196π)(0.02)

∴ ΔV = 3.92π

Thus, the approximate error in calculating the volume of the sphere is 3.92π m3.

16. Question

Find the approximate change in the volume of a cube of side x meters caused by increasing the side by 1%.

Answer

Given a cube whose side x is increased by 1%.

Let Δx be the change in the value of x.

Hence, we have

∴ Δx = 0.01x

The volume of a cube of radius x is given by

V = x3

On differentiating A with respect to x, we get

We know

Recall that if y = f(x) and Δx is a small increment in x, then the corresponding increment in y, Δy = f(x + Δx)
– f(x), is approximately given as

Here, and Δx = 0.01x

⇒ ΔV = (3x2)(0.01x)

∴ ΔV = 0.03x3

Thus, the approximate change in the volume of the cube is 0.03x3 m3.
o m
MCQ
. c
1. Question
s e
Mark the correct alternative in the following:

c b
is:

l y
If there is an error of 2% in measuring the length of a simple pendulum, then percentage error in its period

A. 1%

B. 2%
o n
C. 3%

D. 4%

Answer

given (ΔL/L)×100 = 2 (if we let the length of pendulum is L)

we all know the formula of period of a pendulum is T=2π×√(l/g)

By the formula of approximation in derivation ,we get-

=1%

2. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If there is an error of a% in measuring the edge of a cube, then percentage error in its surface is:

A. 2a%

B.
C. 3a%

D. none of these

Answer

given that

% Error in measuring the edge of a cube [(ΔL/L)×100] is = a (if L is edge of the cube)

We have to find out (ΔA/A)×100 = ? (IF let the surface of the cube is A)

By the formula of approximation of derivation we get,

=2×a

=2a

3. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

m
If an error of k% is made in measuring the radius of a sphere, then percentage error in its volume is

o
A. k%

B. 3k%
. c
C. 2k%
s e
D.
c b
Answer
l y
o n
given % error in measuring the radius of a sphere Δr/r×100 =k (if let r is radius)

Find out : (Δv/v)×100 = ?

We know by the formula of the volume of the sphere

So,

=3×k

=3k%

4. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The height of a cylinder is equal to the radius. If an error of α% is made in the height, then percentage error
in its volume is:

A. α%

B. 2α%
C. 3α%

D. none of these

Answer

let height of a cylinder=h=radius of that cylinder=r

% error in height Δh/h×100 = a (given)

Volume of cylinder= v =(1/3)×πr2h

We have given that h=r

Then

So,

Finally

o m
=3×a

. c
=3a%

5. Question
s e
Mark the correct alternative in the following:

c b
A. k%
l y
While measuring the side of an equilateral triangle an error of k% is made, the percentage error in its area is

B. 2k%
o n
C.

D. 3k%

Answer

we know that the area of a equilateral traiangle is =A =(√3/4)×a2

Where a= side of equilateral triangle

So by the formula of approximation of derivation, we get,

=2×k

=2k% ans

6. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If loge 4 = 1.3868, then loge 4.01 =

A. 1.3968

B. 1.3898

C. 1.3893
D. none of these

Answer

let y=f(x)=logx

Let x=4,

X+Δx=4.01,

Δx=0.01,

For x=4,

Y=log4=1.3868,

y=logx

Δy=dy

o m
. c
Δy=0.0025

So, log(4.01)=y+Δy
s e
=1.3893
c b
7. Question

l y
o n
Mark the correct alternative in the following:

A sphere of radius 100 mm shrinks to radius 98 mm, then the approximate decrease in its volume is

A. 12000π mm3

B. 800π mm3

C. 80000π mm3

D. 120π mm3

Answer

we know that volume of sphere = v = (4/3)×πr3 (r is radius of sphere)

r = 100mm

=4πr2Δr

Δr = (98-100)

=-2

Δv=4π(100)2×(-2)

Δv = - 80,000π mm3ans

8. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If the ratio of base radius and height of a cone is 1 : 2 and percentage error in radius is λ%, then the error in
its volume is:

A. λ%

B. 2λ%

C. 3λ%

D. none of these

Answer

given that the radius is half then the height of the cone so

Let h = 2r (where r is radius and h is height of the cone)

Volume of the cone = v

(because h = 2r )

o m
Δv = 2πr2Δr
. c
So finally ,

s e
c b
= 3×λ

l y
= 3λ%

9. Question
o n
Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The pressure P and volume V of a gas are connected by the relation PV1/4 = constant. The percentage
increase in the pressure corresponding to a deminition of 1/2% in the volume is

A.

B.

C.

D. none of these

Answer

let pv 1/4=k (constant)

Pv1/4=k

P=k.v-1/4

log(p) = log(k.v-1/4)

log(p) = log(k) – (1/4)log(v)

10. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

If y = xn, then the ratio of relative errors in y and x is

A. 1 : 1

B. 2 : 1

C. 1 : n

D. n : 1

Answer

given y=xn
o m
Δy = n.xn-1.Δx = x
. c
s e
c b
l y
o n
So finally ratio is = n:1

11. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The approximate value of (33)1/5 is

A. 2.0125

B. 2.1

C. 2.01

D. none of these

Answer

f(x) = x1/5

F’(x) = (1/5).x-4/5

F(a+h) = f(a) + h×f’(a)

Now
Let a = 32 & h=1

=2.0125

12. Question

Mark the correct alternative in the following:

The circumference of a circle is measured as 28 cm with an error of 0.01 cm. The percentage error in the
area is

A.

o m
B. 0.01

. c
C.

s e
D. none of these
c b
Answer

l y
That’s mean r=14/π
o n
given that circumference is = C = 2πr = 28 cm

ΔC = 2πΔr = 0.01

Δr = (0.01/2π)

We all know that area of a circle is = A =πr2

ΔA= 2πr×dr

So finally,

= 1/14

Very short answer

1. Question

For the function y = x2, if x = 10 and Δx = 0.1. Find Δy.

Answer

by the formula of differentiation we all know that-

……….eq(1)

Ify=x2 then
 ,so put the value of in eq(1),we get-

Δy=2×10×(0.1)

Δy=2

2. Question

If y = loge x, then find Δy when x = 3 and Δx = 0.03.

Answer

given that

Y=logx then y’=1/x

Δy=?

X=3

Δx=0.03

By putting the values of above in the formula we get

o m
. c
s e
c b
Δy=0.01

l y
3. Question

o n
If the relative error in measuring the radius of a circular plane is α, find the relative error measuring its area.

Answer

given that

(if let r is radius)

(if let A is area of circle)

We know that the area of a circle(A)=πr2 then

dA=2πr×dr

now

we know that if there is a little approximation in variables then,

=2×a

=2a

4. Question

If the percentage error in the radius of a sphere is α, find the percentage error in its volume.

Answer

given that

(if let r is a radius of a sphere)

We know that

Then, dv = (4πr2)×dr

Finally

=3×a
o m
=3a%

. c
5. Question

s e
A piece of ice is in the from of a cube melts so that the percentage error in the edge of cube is a, then find
the percentage error in its volume.

c b
Answer

l y
given that cube edge error %[(Δx/x)×100]=a

Volume %=?

o
Let the edge of cube is x,
n
Volume; v=x3

Then, dv=3x2.dx

So finally

=3×a

=3a