FEED BACK SYSTEM

Basic model of feedback amplifier consist of

S in

So
• Forward amplifier: The input signal to the forward amplifier is Sin and the output signal
from the amplifier is So . The gain of the amplifier is A.
• Feedback network: The input signal to the feedback network is So and the output
signal from the feedback network is the feedback signal Sf . The gain of the feedback
network is β.
• Signal sampler: Signal sampler is taping the output signal for feedback.
• Signal mixer: Signal mixer is mixing the feedback signal Sf with the primary input signal
Ss to generate the input signal to the amplifier Sin . The mixer is multiplying the input
signals with +1 or -1 and then mix it.
Types of Feedback system
1) Negative feedback system 2) Positive feedback system
Negative Feedback System
• For a change at a point in
the system/ circuit if the
created effect coming back to
the point through the
feedback path negate the
original change then the
feedback system is called
negative feedback system.
• Assume Sin is increased. If A
is positive So also increases. If
β is positive Sf also increases.
When the signal is going
through the mixer, if it is
negative the signal coming
back to the input of the
amplifier is in the opposite
direction [negating the original
change]. Hence it is called as
the negative feedback system.
• Based on the sign of mixer,
A and βwe will get neagative
feedback.
 Positive Feedback System

• For a change at a point in the system/circuit if the created effect coming back
to the point through the feedback path aggravate the original change then the
feedback system is called as positive feedback system.
• Assume Sin is increased. If A is positive So also increases. If β is positive Sf also
increases. When the signal is going through the mixer, if it is positive the signal
coming back to the input of the amplifier is in the same direction or phase
[aggravate the original change]. This is known as positive feedback system.
• Based on the sign of mixer, A and βwe will get positive feedback system.
Parameters of negativeFeedback system

So
Gain with feedback A f 
Ss

So  ASin  A(S s  S f )  A(S s  S o )  AS s  AS o

S o (1  A )  AS s

So A
  Af
S s 1  A

Loop gain = - A
Without feedback gain is A
With feedback gain is reduced by ( 1   A)
(1  A) is known as the Desensitivity factor.
 1) Voltage-series feedback:
• The input signal is voltage and the output signal is voltage. Voltage is sampled at the output and
feedback in the form of voltage at the input. Forward amplifier converts voltage to voltage. So the
gain of the amplifier is voltage gain Av. The feedback path converts voltage to voltage and its gain
is β.
Av
• The voltage gain with feedback is Avf 
1  Av
1
• The voltage gain with feedback reduces the gain Av by the factor (1+β Av). When β Av>>1, Avf 

1
• The voltage gain is stabilized to Avf 

 2) Voltage-Shunt Feedback
• The input signal is current and the output signal is voltage. Voltage is sampled at
the output and feedback in the form of current at the input. Forward amplifier
converts current to voltage. So the gain of the amplifier is trans impedance Zm . The
feedback path converts voltage to current and its gain is β.
Zm
Z mf 
• The trans impedance with feedback is 1  Z m 1
• The gain with feedback reduces the gain Z m by the factor (1   Z m ) . When  Z m >>1, Z mf 

1
• The trans impedance with feedback is stabilized to Z mf 

 3)Current-shunt feedback
• The input signal is current and the output signal iscurrent. Current is sampled
at the output and feedback in the form of current at the input. Forward
amplifier converts current to current. So the gain of the amplifier is current
gain Ai. The feedback path converts current to current and its gain is β.
• The current gain with feedback
• The current gain with feedback reduces the gain Av by the factor (1+β Av). When >>1,
Ai
Aif 
• The current gain with feedback is stabilized to 1   Ai 1
 Ai Aif 

1
Aif 

 4) Current-Series Feedback:
• The input signal is voltage and the output signal is current. Current is
sampled at the output and feedback in the form of voltage at the input.
Forward amplifier converts voltage to current. So the gain of the amplifier is
trans conductance. The feedback path converts current to voltage and its
gain is β.
Gm
• The trans conductance with feedback Gmf 
1   Gm
1
• The gain with feedback reduces the gain by the factor ( 1   Gm ) . When  Gm>>1, Gmf 

1
•
G 
The trans conductance with feedback is stabilized to mf 
Summary
Summary of effects of negative feedback
 Effect of negative feedback on
frequency response
• The gain of the forward amplifier is A.

A
• The gain of the feedback amplifier is Af 
1  A

• The reduction in gain of the amplifier is (1  A )

• The bandwidth increases by the same factor (1  A )

• Hence the gain bandwidth product remain the same.

• Unity gain frequency is remaining the same.