Basic Assumptions: Comparative Psychology

Basic Assumptions
All behavior is learned from the environment:

Behaviorism emphasizes the role of environmental factors in influencing behavior, to the near
exclusion of innate or inherited factors. This amounts essentially to a focus on learning.
We learn new behavior through classical or operant conditioning (collectively known as 'learning
theory').
Therefore, when born our mind is 'tabula rasa' (a blank slate).
Psychology should be seen as a science:
Theories need to be supported by empirical data obtained through careful and controlled observation
and measurement of behavior. Watson (1913) stated that:
'Psychology as a behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its
theoretical goal is … prediction and control.' (p. 158).
The components of a theory should be as simple as possible. Behaviorists propose the use of
operational definitions (defining variables in terms of observable, measurable events).
Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like
thinking and emotion:
While behaviorists often accept the existence of cognitions and emotions, they prefer not to study them
as only observable (i.e., external) behavior can be objectively and scientifically measured.
Therefore, internal events, such as thinking should be explained through behavioral terms (or
eliminated altogether).
There is little difference between the learning that takes place in humans and that in other animals:
There's no fundamental (qualitative) distinction between human and animal behavior. Therefore,
research can be carried out on animals as well as humans (i.e., comparative psychology).
Consequently, rats and pigeons became the primary source of data for behaviorists, as their
environments could be easily controlled.
Behavior is the result of stimulus-response:
All behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced to a simple stimulus-response association).
Watson described the purpose of psychology as:
'To predict, given the stimulus, what reaction will take place; or, given the reaction, state what the
situation or stimulus is that has caused the reaction.' (1930, p. 11).
Types of Behaviorism
Historically, the most significant distinction between versions of behaviorism is that between Watson's
original 'methodological behaviorism,' and forms of behaviorism later inspired by his work, known
collectively as neobehaviorism (e.g., radical behaviorism).
Methodological Behaviorism
Watson's article 'Psychology as the behaviorist views it' is often referred to as the 'behaviorist
manifesto,' in which Watson (1913, p. 158) outlines the principles of all behaviorists:
'Psychology as the behaviorist views it is a purely objective experimental branch of natural
science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no
essential part of its methods, nor is the scientific value of its data dependent upon the
readiness with which they lend themselves to interpretation in terms of consciousness.
The behaviorist, in his efforts to get a unitary scheme of animal response, recognizes no
dividing line between man and brute. The behavior of man, with all of its refinement and
complexity, forms only a part of the behaviorist's total scheme of investigation'.
Radical Behaviorism
Radical behaviorism was founded by B.F Skinner and agreed with the assumption of methodological
behaviorism that the goal of psychology should be to predict and control behavior.
Skinner, like Watson, also recognized the role of internal mental events, and while he agreed such
private events could not be used to explain behavior, he proposed they should be explained in the
analysis of behavior.
Another important distinction between methodological and radical behaviorism concerns the extent to
which environmental factors influence behavior. Watson's (1913) methodological behaviorism asserts
the mind is tabula rasa (a blank slate) at birth.
In contrast, radical behaviorism accepts the view that organisms are born with innate behaviors, and
thus recognizes the role of genes and biological components in behavior.
The History of Behaviorism

 Pavlov (1897) published the results of an experiment on conditioning after originally studying
digestion in dogs.
 Watson (1913) launches the behavioral school of psychology, publishing an article, Psychology
as the behaviorist views it.
 Watson and Rayner (1920) conditioned an orphan called Albert B (aka Little Albert) to fear a
white rat.
 Thorndike (1905) formalized the Law of Effect.
 Skinner (1936) wrote The Behavior of Organisms and introduced the concepts of operant
conditioning and shaping.
 Clark Hull’s (1943) Principles of Behavior was published.
 B.F. Skinner (1948) published Walden Two, in which he described a utopian society founded
upon behaviorist principles.
 Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior begun in 1958.
 Chomsky (1959) published his criticism of Skinner's behaviorism, "Review of Verbal Behavior."
 Bandura (1963) publishes a book called the Social Leaning Theory and Personality
development which combines both cognitive and behavioral frameworks.
 B.F. Skinner (1971) published his book, Beyond Freedom and Dignity, where he argues that free
will is an illusion.
Behaviorism Summary
Key Features
Stimulus-Response
Operant Conditioning Schedules of Reinforcement Classical Conditioning Nomothetic Reductionism
Methodology / Studies
Contolled Experiment Little Albert Bobo Doll Study Skinner Box Pavlov's Dogs Ethical
Considerations
Basic Assumptions
Psychology should be seen as a science, to be studied in a scientific manner.
Behaviorism is primarily concerned with observable behavior, as opposed to internal events like
thinking.
Behavior is the result of stimulus–response (i.e., all behavior, no matter how complex, can be reduced
to a simple stimulus – response features).
Behavior is determined by the environment (e.g., conditioning, nurture).
Areas of Application
Gender Role Development
Behavioral Therapy Phobias Education Behavior-Modification Psychopathology Depression
Relationships
Moral Development
Aggression
Addiction
Strengths
The behaviorist approach provides clear predictions. This means that explanations can be scientifically
tested and support with evidence.
Real life applications (e.g., therapy)
Emphasizes objective measurement
Many experiments to support theories
Identified comparisons between animals (Pavlov) and humans (Watson & Rayner - Little Albert)
Limitations
Ignores mediational processes
Ignores biology (e.g., testosterone)
Too deterministic (little free-will)
Experiments – low ecological validity
Humanism – can’t compare animals to humans
Reductionist
Critical Evaluation
An obvious advantage of behaviorism is its ability to define behavior clearly and to measure changes in
behavior. According to the law of parsimony, the fewer assumptions a theory makes, the better and the
more credible it is. Behaviorism, therefore, looks for simple explanations of human behavior from a
very scientific standpoint.
However, behaviorism only provides a partial account of human behavior, that which can be
objectively viewed. Important factors like emotions, expectations, higher-level motivation are not
considered or explained. Accepting a behaviorist explanation could prevent further research from other
perspective that could uncover important factors.
In addition, humanism (e.g., Carl Rogers) rejects the scientific method of using experiments to measure
and control variables because it creates an artificial environment and has low ecological validity.
Humanistic psychology also assumes that humans have free will (personal agency) to make their own
decisions in life and do not follow the deterministic laws of science. Humanism also rejects the
nomothetic approach of behaviorism as they view humans as being unique and believe humans cannot
be compared with animals (who aren’t susceptible to demand characteristics). This is known as an
idiographic approach.
The psychodynamic approach (Freud) criticizes behaviorism as it does not take into account the
unconscious mind’s influence on behavior, and instead focuses on externally observable behavior.
Freud also rejects the idea that people are born a blank slate (tabula rasa) and states that people are born
with instincts (e.g., eros and thanatos).
Biological psychology states that all behavior has a physical/organic cause. They emphasize the role of
nature over nurture. For example, chromosomes and hormones (testosterone) influence our behavior
too, in addition to the environment.
Cognitive psychology states that mediational processes occur between stimulus and response, such as
memory, thinking, problem-solving, etc.
Despite these criticisms, behaviorism has made significant contributions to psychology. These include
insights into learning, language development, and moral and gender development, which have all been
explained in terms of conditioning.
The contribution of behaviorism can be seen in some of its practical applications. Behavior therapy and
behavior modification represent one of the major approaches to the treatment of abnormal behavior and
are readily used in clinical psychology.
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How to reference this article:
McLeod, S. A. (2017, Febuary 05). Behaviorist approach. Simply Psychology.
https://www.simplypsychology.org/behaviorism.html
APA Style References

Bandura, A., & Walters, R. H. (1963). Social learning and personality development. New York: Holt,
Rinehart, & Winston.
Chomsky, N. (1959). A review of BF Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language, 35(1), 26-58.
Hull, C. L. (1943). Principles of behavior: An introduction to behavior theory. New York: Appleton-
Century-Crofts.
Pavlov, I. P. (1897). The work of the digestive glands. London: Griffin.
Skinner, B. F. (1948). Walden two. New York: Macmillan.
Skinner, B. F. (1971). Beyond freedom and dignity. New York: Knopf.
Thorndike, E. L. (1905). The elements of psychology. New York: A. G. Seiler.
Watson, J. B. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Psychological Review, 20, 158-178.
Watson, J. B. (1930). Behaviorism (revised edition). University of Chicago Press.
Watson, J. B., & Rayner, R. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. Journal of Experimental
Psychology, 3, 1, pp. 1–14.
Terminology
Classical Conditioning
Classical conditioning refers to learning by association, and involves the conditioning of innate bodily
reflexes with new stimui.
Stimulus
Any feature of the environment that affects behavior. E.g. in Pavlov’s experiments food was a stimulus.
Response
The behavior elicited by the stimulus. E.g. in Pavlov’s experiments salivation was a response.
Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behavior.
Positive Reinforcement
Presenting the subject with something that it likes. e.g., Skinner rewarded his rats with food pellets.
Negative Reinforcement
Reward – in the sense of removing or avoiding some aversive (painful) stimulus. e.g., Skinner's rats
learned to press the lever in order to switch off the electric current in the cage.
Punishment
Imposing an aversive or painful stimulus. e.g., Skinner’s rats were given electric shocks.
Social Learning Theory
Social Learning Theory posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and
modeling.
The theory has often been called a bridge between behaviorist and cognitive learning theories because
it encompasses attention, memory, and motivation.
Reductionism
Reductionism is the belief that human behavior can be explained by breaking it down into smaller
component parts.
Reductionists say that the best way to understand why we behave as we do is to look closely at the very
simplest parts that make up our systems, and use the simplest explanations to understand how they
work.
Behaviorism reduces all behavior (no matter how complex) to stimulus-response associations.

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Basic Assumptions

All behavior is learned from the environment:

The History of Behaviorism

APA Style References

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