CIVIL ENGINEERING STRUCTURE LABORATORY

REPORT

CIVIL ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT POLITEKNIK
UNGKU OMAR

CODE & COURSE : BCT4133 & STRUCTURAL

ANALYSIS
LABORATORY : STRUCTURE LABORATORY

SESSION : MAC
2020
NO. OF : 1
EXPERIMENT
EXPERIMENT TITTLE : DETERMINE THE REACTIONS AND
FINAL MOMENTS FOR CONTINUOUS
BEAM.
LECTURER’S NAME : PN MAZZIYATOL FARIZZA BINTI MAT

NAM : ASYRAF HAFIFFUDDIN BIN ABD RAHIM

E
STUDENT’S REG. : 01BCT19F3012
NO.
 TABLE OF CONTENT

CONTENT PAGE
Objective Experiment 1
Theory of Experiment 1
Apparatus and Equipment 2
Procedure 2
Results 3
Data Analysis and Calculation 4-5
Discussion 6
Conclusion 7
References 8
Attachment 9-12
No Experiment 1
Title: Determine the Reactions and Final Moments for Continuous Beam

1.0 INRODUCTION

A beam is generally supported on a hinge at one end and a roller bearing at the other end. The
reactions are determined by using static equilibrium equations. Such as beam is a statically
determinate structure. If the ends of the beam are restrained/clamped/encastre/fixed then the
moments are included at the ends by these restraints and this moments make the structural
element to be a statically indeterminate structure or a redundant structure. These restraints
make the slopes at the ends zero and hence in a fixed beam, the deflection and slopes are zero
at the supports. A continuous beam is one having more than one span and it is carried by
several supports (minimum of three supports). Continuous beams are widely used in bridge
construction

1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE EXPERIMENT

1. To demonstrate the relationship between applied loads and the reactions for
continuous beam.
2. To demonstrate the relationship between applied loads and the moments for
continuous beam.
3. To manipulates the experimental and theoretical data using Slope
Deflection Method in order to determine the reactions and final moments
for continuous beam.

1
1.2 APPARATUS
The apparatus consists of:

1. Continuous beam frame apparatus 2. Spring balance

3. Vanier Calipers 4. Load bracket and the brackets

(Triangular ears)

5.Concentrated load of 5N, 10N, 20N, 40N

and distributed load (5N x 6)

1.1 PROCEDURE

1. The Model Beam Frame are in good condition. The two outside brackets are
placed at 0mm, 400mm and 1000mm. Tighten with a screwdriver. three spring
balance are hung at three sections.
2. Put the triangle brackets (as necessary) to the beam and every attached brackets
to spring balance. The spring need to adjust until the beam in a uniform
condition and the spring in an upright condition. The initial reading of the
result table are recorded as (Column X)
3. A load had been applied.to make the beam horizontally uniform, adjust the spring
balance. In the coordinate scale, use brackets to assist with the same reading
on the horizontal beam.
4. Readings are recorded as in Result Table (Column Y).
2
 1.2 THEORY

The simple and basic idea of the slope deflection method is to write the equilibrium
equations for each node in terms of the deflections and rotations. Solve for the generalized
displacements. Using moment- displacement relations moments are then known. The
structure is thus reduced to a determinate structure.

To determine the reaction forces at the pinned supports of the continuous beam under
concentrated and uniformly distributed load based on the experiment in theory by using
Slope Deflection Method (SDM).

The slope-deflection method uses displacements as unknowns and is referred to as a

displacement method. In the slope-deflection method, the moments at the ends of the
members are expressed in terms of displacements and end rotations of these ends.

For SDM, the steps can be followed in solving the reactions:

1. Draw the separate the parts of the beam in between support.
2. Compute the fixed end moments
3. Write the moment equations for each beam segment.

MAB=2EI/L[2θA+θB−3ΨAB] + FEMAB

4. Write the compatibility condition/boundary conditions. The joints are combined to get
zero moment, end conditions (moment = 0 or slope, = 0).
5. Write the equations in matrix form and solve for the components.
6. Solve the moment equations.
7. Solve for the reactions for the beam/frame. By using the forces and the moments to
find the individual components.

Assumptions in the slope- deflection method:

i. The material of the structure is linearly elastic.

ii. The structure is loaded with in elastic limit.
iii. Axial displacements, Shear displacements are neglected.
Only flexural deformations are considered

3
1.3 RESULT

First Trial

Width of beam, b (m) 25.79 x 10-3

Thickness of beam, d (m) 6.32 x 10-3
Span, I (m) 1
Load W1 (N) 20
Load W2 (N) 40
Young Modulus, E = 210GPa 210 x 109
N/m2

a) Reaction at the support

1st Trial
Spring Initial reading End Reaction Different in
Position X Reading Experiment Theory Percentage
Y Y-X Z

A 2N 13N 11N 3.168 -247.222%

B 6N 28N 22N 16.832 -30.703%
17.888 -22.987
C 3N 30N 27N 22.112 -22.105%

b) Deflection of the beam

Deflection Initial reading Final Reading Different

a b (b-a)
(mm)
DA 145 131 -14
DB 147 113 -34
DC 136 102 -34

4
1.4 ANALYZE DATA

5
1.5 DISCUSSION

i. Who does introduce Slope Deflection Method?

The slope deflection method is a structural analysis method for beams and frames
introduced in 1914 by George A. Maney. The slope deflection method was widely
used for more than a decade until the moment distribution method was developed.

ii. Comments the differences between Experiment and theory.

iii. State the errors occur and suggestion how to overcome the errors.
Error may occur when take the reading and lack of knowledge to handle the
apparatus it can be overcome by:
• Careful reading of data from the group members and confirmation from a
second group member.
• Ensuring that a well-qualified laboratory assistant guides in the setting up of
the apparatus.

6
1.6 CONCLUSION

In conclusion the reaction at the span continuous beam will increase with an increase load, Other
factor like the distance of the load from the support, type of material and width will also affect the
reaction.
Because of the laboratory equipment was fixed value such the load is fixed 5N 10 N and 20 N the
precise reaction value can’t be achieved. Furthermore, the value of load is taken without any
information of the theoretical value. Due to that the error or the different of reaction at theory and
experiment is huge.
For recommendation, students need to do the theoretical calculation first in order to minimize the
error. When doing the experiment put load based on the calculation been done.

7
REFFERENCE
• Ismail Right (2010),
"Experiment 3: Fixed end moment for a fixed end beam"
• http://www.scribd.com/doc/39481794/Experiment-3-Fixed-End-Moment-for-a-Fixed-
End-Beam ( Accessed: 23 October 2013)

• Ye, Stress Analysis: Theory, tutorials and example[1]

• T.H.G. Megson, Structural and Stress Analysis Rattan,Strength of materials.

Video URL: https://youtu.be/_LiuwhtQihQ