MAPUA UNIVERSITY

School of Graduate Studies

4th Quarter S.Y. 2018-2019

PROJECT REPORT

In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the course of

CE231 – ADVANCE FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
For the degree
Master of Science in Civil Engineering
Major in Structural Engineering

Submitted by:

PADUNAN, Kenneth Roy R.

PADURA, Alyssa Mae J.
SUGUE, Karen Grace T.
TUMANENG, Berna Jane A.

Submitted to:

Dr. Gilford B. Estores

 Table of Contents

I. Boring log data

II. Calculation of Allowable bearing capacity

a. Terzhagi
b. Meyerhof
c. Hansen
d. Terzaghi and Peck
e. Meyerhof
f. Bowles
g. Schmertmann

III Summary of data

IV Discussion and Conclusion

 I. BORING LOG DATA

Depth Plasticity
Soil Description N-Blows N-corr. Specific Gravity
(m) Index
5 Clayey Silt 10 24 2.6
Grayish silty
6 29 NP 2.7
sand
8.5 Fat clay 19 34 2.63
11.5 Fat clay 19 32 2.63
13.5 Fat clay 19 35 2.63
15.5 Fat clay 18 37 2.63
18 Fat clay 15 38 2.63
Brown silty fine
20 30 NP 2.68
sand

Water table located at 1.37 m

1. What is the ultimate and allowable bearing capacity based on soil strength up to 2B
below the base using Terzaghi, Meyerhof, and Hansen equations for each given size of
isolated footing? Use factor of safety = 2.5

a. B = 2m, L = 2m, Df = 3m
b. B = 6m, L = 6m, Df = 3m

2. What is the allowable bearing capacity based on soil compressibility up to 2B below the
base using Terzaghi & Peck, Meyerhof, and Bowles equations for each given size of
isolated footing? Use allowable settlement = 30 mm.
Assume for time of creep = 10 years

a. B = 2m, L = 2m, Df = 3m
b. B = 6m, L = 6m, Df = 3m

3. Calculate the total settlement of each isolated footing. Use Schmertmann’s method for
immediate settlement and assume all clay layers to overconsolidated. Disregard the
secondary consolidation

a. B = 2m, L = 2m, Df = 3m
b. B = 6m, L = 6m, Df = 3m
1.
I.TERZHAGI
For General Shear Failure
qu = 1.3 c 𝑁𝑐 + q 𝑁𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾𝑒 B 𝑁𝛾
For Local Shear Failure
qu = 1.3 𝑐̅ 𝑁′𝑐 + q 𝑁′𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾𝑒 B 𝑁′𝛾

where:
qu = ultimate bearing capacity
𝛾𝑒 = unit weight of soil in kPa of psf
B = width of footing in meter or feet
c = cohesion of soil in kPa of psf
𝑁𝛾 = factor for unit weight of soil
𝑁𝑐 = factor of soil cohesion
𝑁𝑞 = factor of overburden pressure
q = overburden pressure (effective stress) at base of footing
𝐷𝑓 = depth of footing in meter or feet

SOLUTION FOR Problem 1a.

a. Determine e, void ratio using the following table,

Layer 1: Clayey Silt

 Inorganic Silts with High Plasticity, MH void ratio ranges from 1.14 to 2.10, the median
value is
𝑒 = 1.62
Layer 2: Grayish Silty Sand
Silty Sands, SM void ratio ranges from 0.33 to 0.98 , the median value is
𝑒 = 0.65
Layer 3 to Layer 7 : Fat Clay
Inorganic clays of High Plasticity, CH void ratio ranges from 0.63 to 1.45 , the median
value is
𝑒 = 1.04
Layer 8 : Brown Silty Fine Sand
Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fine sands, w/ slight plasticity, ML void ratio ranges from
0.26 to 1.28 , the median value is
𝑒 = 0.77

b. Determine the saturation.

Layer 1: above water level
G=2.6, Specific gravity of Soil Solids
W= 40% , assumed value
S= ___,

𝐺 ∗ 𝑀𝐶
𝑆=
𝑒
2.6 ∗ 0.40
𝑆=
1.62

𝑆 = 64.1975%
Layer 2:
G=2.7, Specific gravity of Soil Solids
S= 100% , below water level
e= 0.655
W= ___,

𝑆∗𝑒
𝑀𝐶 =
𝐺
𝑀𝐶 = 24.26%
Layer 3-7:
G=2.63, Specific gravity of Soil Solids
S= 100% , below water level
e= 1.04
W= ___,

𝑆∗𝑒
𝑀𝐶 =
𝐺
𝑀𝐶 = 39.54%
Layer 8:
G=2.68, Specific gravity of Soil Solids
S= 100% , below water level
 e= 0.77
W= ___,

𝑆∗𝑒
𝑀𝐶 =
𝐺
𝑀𝐶 = 28.73%

c. Solve for the 𝛾𝑚 , unit weight of soil mass.

Layer 1:

𝐺 + 𝑆𝑒
𝛾𝑚 = 𝛾
1 + 𝑆𝑒 𝑤
2.6 + 0.641975(1.62)
𝛾𝑚 = ∗ 9.81
1 + 0.641975(1.62)
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑚 = 17.5041176 𝑐𝑢.𝑚

d. Solve for 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 , saturated unit weight

Layer 1:
G=2.6 , Specific gravity of Soil Solids
MC or w = 40%, moisture content
S= 100% , below water level
e= 1.62

𝐺+𝑒
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝛾
1+𝑒 𝑤
2.6 + (1.62)
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 9.81
1 + (1.62)
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 15.8008
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Layer 2:
G=2.7 , Specific gravity of Soil Solids
MC or w = 24.26%, moisture content
S= 100% , below water level
e= 0.655

𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.8867
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Layer 3-7:
G=2.63 , Specific gravity of Soil Solids
MC or w = 39.54%, moisture content
S= 100% , below water level
e= 1.04

𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 17.6484
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Layer 8:
G=2.68 , Specific gravity of Soil Solids
 MC or w = 28.73%, moisture content
S= 100% , below water level
e= 0.77

𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 19.1212
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
e. Solve for 𝛾𝑒 , effective unit weight
𝛾𝑒 = 𝛾𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝛾𝑤
Layer 1:
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑒 = 5.9908
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Layer 2:
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑒 = 10.0767
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Layer 3-7:
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑒 = 7.8384
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚
Layer 8:
𝑘𝑁
𝛾𝑒 = 9.3112
𝑐𝑢. 𝑚

f. Determine Friction Angle Using the following table:

 Layer 1:
Using table above, clayey silt,MH assuming compacted, soil friction angle ∅= 25 °
̅ = 2 tan ∅
tan ∅ 3
̅ = 17.26899457
∅
Layer 2:
Using table above, Silty Sands, SM, taking the median of max and min values,soil friction
angle ∅= 33.5 °
̅ = 2 tan ∅
tan ∅ 3
Layer 3-7:
Using table above, Inorganic clays of High Plasticity, CH, taking the median of max and
min values,soil friction angle ∅= 24 °
2
̅ = tan ∅
tan ∅ 3
̅ = 16.53189564
∅
Layer 8:
Using table above, Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fine sands, w/ slight plasticity, ML, taking
the median of max and min values,soil friction angle ∅= 34 °
2
̅ = tan ∅
tan ∅ 3
̅ = 24.21213153
∅

g. Determine soil cohesion from the following table:

Layer 1:
Using table above,for Clay Loam, Silty Clay Loam-Compacted ,
ML,OL,CL,MH,OH,CH cohesion ranges from 60-105, taking the median
𝑐 = 80.5 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2
𝑐̅ = 𝑐
3
𝑐̅ = 55 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Layer 2:
Using table above, Silty Sands, SM cohesion is 22 kPa
𝑐 = 22 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2
𝑐̅ = 𝑐
3
𝑐̅ = 14.67 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 Layer 3-7:
Using table above, Inorganic clays of High Plasticity, CH cohesion is 25 kPa
𝑐 = 25 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2
𝑐̅ = 𝑐
3
𝑐̅ = 16.67 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Layer 8:
Using table above, Inorganic silts, silty or clayey fine sands, w/ slight plasticity, ML
cohesion is 7 kPa
𝑐 = 7 𝑘𝑃𝑎
2
𝑐̅ = 𝑐
3
𝑐̅ = 4.67 𝑘𝑃𝑎

h. Determine the overburden pressure q at base of footing

 For Problem 1A:
𝑞 = 𝛾𝑚 (1.37) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓1 (3.63) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓2 (1) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓 3−7 (1)
𝑞 = 63.642508 𝑘𝑃𝑎

i. Determine Bearing Capacity Factors for General and Local shear failure from the
table
Layer 1:
For friction angle , ∅=25°
𝑁𝑐 =25.13
𝑁𝑞 =12.72
𝑁𝛾 = 8.34

̅ =17.26899457° , by linear interpolation

For friction angle , ∅
𝑁′𝑐 =10.5857
𝑁′𝑞 =3.1919
𝑁′𝛾 = 0.7923
Layer 2:
For friction angle , ∅=33.5°, by linear interpolation
 𝑁𝑐 =49.3139
𝑁𝑞 =33.3786
𝑁𝛾 = 33.5809

̅ =23.8098° , by linear interpolation

For friction angle , ∅
𝑁′𝑐 =13.6795
𝑁′𝑞 =4.9222
𝑁′𝛾 = 1.8019
Layer 3-7:
For friction angle , ∅=24°
𝑁𝑐 =23.36
𝑁𝑞 =11.40
𝑁𝛾 = 7.08

̅ =16.5319° , by linear interpolation

For friction angle , ∅
𝑁′𝑐 =10.1703
𝑁′𝑞 =2.9765
𝑁′𝛾 = 0.6942
Layer 8:
For friction angle , ∅=34°
𝑁𝑐 =52.64
𝑁𝑞 =36.5
𝑁𝛾 = 38.04

̅ =24.2121° , by linear interpolation

For friction angle , ∅
𝑁′𝑐 =14.3175
𝑁′𝑞 =5.3076
𝑁′𝛾 =2.0453
j. Solve for the ultimate and allowable bearing capacity
Problem 1A:

For General Shear Failure

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 c 𝑁𝑐 + q 𝑁𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾𝑒 B 𝑁𝛾
𝑞𝑢 = 1529.121198 kPa
𝑞
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹𝑆𝑢
1529.121198
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.5
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 611.6484791 kPa

For Local Shear Failure

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝑐̅ 𝑁′𝑐 + q 𝑁′𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾𝑒 B 𝑁′𝛾
𝑞𝑢 = 414.1406372 kPa
𝑞
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹𝑆𝑢
414.1406372
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
2.5
 𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 165.6562549 kPa

Problem 1B:

For General Shear Failure

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 c 𝑁𝑐 + q 𝑁𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾𝑒 B 𝑁𝛾
𝑞𝑢 = 2332.774864kPa
𝑞
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹𝑆𝑢
2332.774864
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.5
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 933.1099455 kPa

For Local Shear Failure

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3 𝑐̅ 𝑁′𝑐 + q 𝑁′𝑞 + 0.4 𝛾𝑒 B 𝑁′𝛾
𝑞𝑢 = 609.4938665 kPa
𝑞
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐹𝑆𝑢
609.4938665
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.5
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 243.7975466 kPa

II.MEYERHOF

Problem 1A:
9.842519685
19 ∗ 6.561679 ∗ (1 + 6.56167979 )
𝑞𝑠 =
30
𝑞𝑠 = 10.38932508 𝑡𝑠𝑓
𝑞𝑠 = 994.88177 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢 = 994.88177 ∗ 3
𝑞𝑢 = 2984.645 𝑘𝑃𝑎
 2984.64531
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
2.5
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 1193.8581 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Problem 1B:
9.842519685
18 ∗ 19.685 ∗ (1 +
𝑞𝑠 = 19.685 )
30
𝑞𝑠 = 17.71653543 𝑡𝑠𝑓
𝑞𝑠 = 1696.5354 𝑘𝑃𝑎
𝑞𝑢 = 1696.5354 ∗ 3
𝑞𝑢 = 5089.606299 𝑘𝑃𝑎
5089.606299
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
2.5
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2035.8425 𝑘𝑃𝑎

III.HANSEN

Depth
Factors

Shape Factors
Terzaghi and Peck

8q
s= Cw Cd (B≤ 4𝑓𝑡)
N

12q B
s= (B+1)2 Cw Cd (B> 4𝑓𝑡
N

12q
s= Cw Cd (for rafts)
N

These expressions can also be stated in a general form as

3q 2B
s= (B+1)2 Cw Cd
N

where:

s = settlement
q = net footing stress
N = uncorrected (field) blowcounts
B = footing width
Cw = water correction
W
= 2- (2B) ≤ for surface footings
D
= 2 – 0.5 (B) ≤ for fully submerged;
embedded footing W≤D

Cd = embedded correction
D
= 1 – 0.25 (B)

Where

W = depth of water table

D = footing depth

For uncorrected SPT blowcount data that used dense sand, saturated, very fine, or silty the
equation below is used to correct the blowcount:

Nc = 15 + 0.5 (N-15) for N > 15

For letter a:

B = 2m = 6.56 ft
L = 2m = 6.56 ft
Df = 3m = 9.87 ft

Since B > 1.2 m, equation to be used in the equation

12q B
s= (B+1)2 Cw Cd
N

For Cw , the fat clay sample is already fully submerged so equation to be used in the equation

D
Cw = 2 – 0.5 (B)
W≤D

and Equation 7 for embedded correction;

D
Cd = 1 – 0.25 (B)

Given allowable settlement is 30 mm so it will be substituted to Equation together with the other
given values wherein all data will be converted to metric system of unit

12q 6.56
0.03 = (6.56+1)2 Cw Cd
19

To compute for Cw, values will be substituted:

D
Cw = 2 – 0.5 (B)
22.99
Cw = 2 – 0.5 ( 6.56 )
Cw = 0.24

Next is the embedded correction:

D
Cd = 1 – 0.25 (B)
22.99
Cd = 1 – 0.25 ( 6.56 )
Cd = 0.124
 By substituting to
12q 2
0.098 = ( )2 Cw Cd
19 2+1
12q 6.56 2
0.098 = (6.56+1) (0.24)(0.124)
19

qnet = 2.12 tsf

` qnet = 202.99 kpa

Meyerhof

In year 1956, Meyerhof suggested that the allowable bearing pressure can be calculated using
SPT blowcounts

N
qa = 8 (B≤ 4𝑓𝑡)

1+1 2
N( )
B
qa = (B> 4𝑓𝑡)
12

N
qa = (for rafts)
10

where:

qa = allowable bearing pressure

N = SPT blowcount
B = footing width

To calculate the allowable for letter a wherein the values are

B = 2m = 6.56 ft
L = 2m = 6.56 ft
Df = 3m = 9.87 ft

1+1 2
N( )
B
qa = 12

since B > 1.2

1+1 2
19( )
6.56
qa = 12

qa = 1.77 tsf

qa = 169.12 kpa
Then in 1965 Meyerhof made a slight modification to increase the allowable bearing capacity

4q
s= (B≤ 4𝑓𝑡)
N

6q B
s= (B+1)2 (B> 4𝑓𝑡)
N

6q
s= (for rafts)
N

s = settlement
q = net footing stress
N = uncorrected (field) blowcounts
B = footing width

Then the values are then substituted to the modified equations:

6q 6.56
0.03 = 19 (6.56+1)2

q = 0.126 tsf
q = 12.08 kpa

𝟏𝟐.𝟎𝟖
qall = 𝟐.𝟓

qall = 4.83 kpa

Bowles

1− μ2s
Se = qo (αB’) ( )IsIf
Es

where:

s = settlement
qo = net applied pressure
Es = average modulus of elasticity measured from z = 0 up to z = 4B
B’ = B /2 for center of foundation
B for corner of foundation
Is = shape factor such that
1− 2μs
= F1 +( )F2
1−μs

1
F1 = (A0 + A1)
𝜋

𝑛′
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

2
(1+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A0 = m’ln 2
m′(1+√m′ +n′2 +1)

2
(m′+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A1 = ln 2
m′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

m′
A2 = 2
n′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

Df L
If = ,B
B

α = a factor that depends on the location on the foundation where settlement is being
calculated
 To calculate the allowable for letter a wherein the values are

B = 2m = 6.56 ft
L = 2m = 6.56 ft
Df = 3m = 9.87 ft

1− μ2s
Se = qo (αB’) ( )IsIf
Es

2 1− 0.52
0.09m = qo(4(2))( ( )IsIf
4

1− 2μ
Is= F1 + ( 1−μ s )F2
s

1
F1 = (A0 + A1)
𝜋

𝑛′
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

2
(1+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A0 = m’ln 2
m′(1+√m′ +n′2 +1)

2
(m′+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A1 = ln 2
m′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

Solving for settlement at center of the foundation

L 6.56
m’ = B = 6.56 = 1

H 22.99
n’ = B = 6.56 =7
( ) ( )
2 2

(1+ √12 +1)(√12 +7)

A0 = 1ln
1(1+√12 +72 +1)

A0 = 0.1758
 2
(m′+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A1 = ln 2
m′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

(1′+ √12 +1)(√12 +7)

A1 = ln
1(√12 +72 +1)

A1 = -0.1758

1
F1 = (A0 + A1)
𝜋

1
F1 = (-0.1758 + -0.1758)
𝜋

F1 = -0.1119

𝑛′
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

7
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

m′
A2 = 2
n′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

1
A2 =
7(√1+72 +1)

A2 = 0.02

7
F2= (tan-) 0.02
2𝜋

F2= 𝟑𝟏𝟗𝟏.62

1− 2μ
Is= F1 + ( 1−μ s )F2
s

Use μs = 0.5

1− 2μ
Is= F1 + ( 1−μ s )F2
s

1− 0.5∗2
Is= -0.1119 + ( )3191.62
1−0.5
Is= 0.1119

Df L
If = ,B
B

Df 22.99
= = 3.5
B 6.56

L 6.56
= 6.56 = 1
B

6.56 1− 0.52
0.098 = qo(4( ))( ( )IsIf
2 4

6.56 1− 0.52
0.098 = qo(4( ))( ( )(0.1119)(3.5)
2 4

qo = 0.0311 tsf
qo = 2.98 kpa

102.132
qall = 2.5

qall = 40.8528 Kpa

Terzaghi and Peck

8q
s= Cw Cd (B≤ 4𝑓𝑡)
N

12q B
s= (B+1)2 Cw Cd (B> 4𝑓𝑡)
N

12q
s= Cw Cd (for rafts)
N

These expressions can also be stated in a general form as

3q 2B
s= ( )2 Cw Cd
N B+1

where:

s = settlement
q = net footing stress
N = uncorrected (field) blowcounts
B = footing width
Cw = water correction
W
= 2- (2B) ≤ for surface footings
D
= 2 – 0.5 ( ) ≤ for fully submerged;
B
embedded footing W≤D

Cd = embedded correction
D
= 1 – 0.25 (B)

Where

W = depth of water table

D = footing depth

For uncorrected SPT blowcount data that used dense sand, saturated, very fine, or silty the
equation below is used to correct the blowcount:

Nc = 15 + 0.5 (N-15) for N > 15

For letter b:

B = 6m = 19.68 ft
L = 6m = 19.68 ft
Df = 3m = 9.84

Since B > 1.2 m, equation to be used in the equation

12q B
s= (B+1)2 Cw Cd
N

For Cw , the fat clay sample is already fully submerged so equation to be used in the equation

D
Cw = 2 – 0.5 ( )
B
W≤D

and quation for embedded correction;

D
Cd = 1 – 0.25 (B)

Given allowable settlement is 30 mm so it will be substituted to Equation together with the other
given values wherein all data will be converted to metric system of unit
12q 19.68
0.098 = (19.68+1)2 Cw Cd
18

To compute for Cw, values will be substituted:

D
Cw = 2 – 0.5 (B)
49.2
Cw = 2 – 0.5 (19.68)
Cw = 0.75

Next is the embedded correction:

49.2
Cd = 1 – 0.25 (19.68)
49.2
Cd = 1 – 0.25 ( )
19.68
Cd = 0.375
By substituting to Equation 6
12q 19.68 2
0.098 = ( ) Cw Cd
19 19.68+1
12q 19.68 2
0.098 = ( ) (0.75)(0.375)
18 19.68+1

qnet = 0.56 tsf

qnet = 55.27 kpa

Meyerhof

In year 1956, Meyerhof suggested that the allowable bearing pressure can be calculated using
SPT blowcounts

N
qa = 8 (B≤ 1.2𝑚)

1+1 2
N( )
B
qa = (B> 1.2𝑚)
12

N
qa = (for rafts)
10

where:

qa = allowable bearing pressure

N = SPT blowcount
B = footing width

To calculate the allowable for letter a wherein the values are

B = 6m = 19.68 ft
L = 6m = 19.68 ft
Df = 3m = 9.84

1+1 2
N( )
B
qa = 12

since B > 4ft

1+1 2
18( )
19.68
qa = 12

qa = 0.0154 tsf

qa = 1.48 kpa
Then in 1965 Meyerhof made a slight modification to increase the allowable bearing capacity

4q
s= (B≤ 4𝑓𝑡)
N

6q B
s= (B+1)2 (B> 4𝑓𝑡)
N

6q
s= (for rafts)
N

s = settlement
q = net footing stress
N = uncorrected (field) blowcounts
B = footing width

Then the values are then substituted to the modified equations:

6q 19.68
0.098 = 18 (19.68+1)2

q = 0.32 tsf
q = 30.64 kpa

𝟑𝟎.𝟔𝟒
qall = 𝟐.𝟓

qall = 12.26 kpa

Bowles

1− μ2s
Se = qo (αB’) ( )IsIf
Es

where:

s = settlement
qo = net applied pressure
Es = average modulus of elasticity measured from z = 0 up to z = 4B
B’ = B /2 for center of foundation
B for corner of foundation
Is = shape factor such that
1− 2μs
= F1 +( )F2
1−μs

1
F1 = (A0 + A1)
𝜋

𝑛′
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

2
(1+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A0 = m’ln 2
m′(1+√m′ +n′2 +1)

2
(m′+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A1 = ln 2
m′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

m′
A2 = 2
n′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

Df L
If = ,B
B

α = a factor that depends on the location on the foundation where settlement is being
calculated
 To calculate the allowable for letter a wherein the values are

B = 6m = 19.68 ft
L = 6m = 19.68 ft
Df = 3m = 9.84 ft

1− μ2s
Se = qo (αB’) ( )IsIf
Es

19.68 1− 0.52
0.098m = qo(4( ))( ( )IsIf
2 4

1− 2μ
Is= F1 + ( 1−μ s )F2
s

1
F1 = (A0 + A1)
𝜋

𝑛′
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

2
(1+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A0 = m’ln 2
m′(1+√m′ +n′2 +1)

2
(m′+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A1 = ln 2
m′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

Solving for settlement at center of the foundation

L 19.68
m’ = B = 19.68 = 1

H 49.2
n’ = B = 19.68 =5
( ) ( )
2 2

(1+ √12 +1)(√12 +5)

A0 = 1ln
1(1+√12 +52 +1)

A0 = -0.046
 2
(m′+ √m′ +1)(√m′2 +n′2 )
A1 = ln 2
m′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

(1′+ √12 +1)(√12 +7)

A1 = ln
1(√12 +72 +1)

A1 = -0.0467

1
F1 = (A0 + A1)
𝜋

1
F1 = (-0.1758 + -0.1758)
𝜋

F1 = -0.029

𝑛′
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

5
F2= (tan-) A2
2𝜋

m′
A2 = 2
n′(√m′ +n′2 +1)

1
A2 =
7(√1+72 +1)

A2 = 0.038

5
F2= (tan-) 0.038
2𝜋

F2= 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝟎

1− 2μ
Is= F1 + ( 1−μ s )F2
s

Use μs = 0.5

1− 2μ
Is= F1 + ( 1−μ s )F2
s

1− 0.5∗2
Is= -0.1119 + ( )3191.62
1−0.5
Is= 0.029

Df L
If = ,B
B

Df 49.2
= 19.68 = 2.5
B

L 19.68
= 19.68 = 1
B

19.68 1− 0.52
0.098 = qo(4( ))( ( )IsIf
2 4

19.68 1− 0.52
0.098 = qo(4( ))( ( )(0.029)(2.5)
2 4

qo = 0.183 tsf
qo = 17.52 kpa
3. Calculate the total settlement of each isolated footing. Use Schmertmann's method
for immediate settlement and assume all clay layers be over consolidated. Disregard
the secondary consolidation.
a. B = 2m , L = 2m, Df =3m
b. B = 6m , L = 6m, Df =3m

Solution:

The Schmertmann's formula for settlement is:

q’=
Index Factor:

Depth Factor:

Creep Factor:
 Solution 3a:
a. B = 2m , L = 2m, Df =3m

Using Result in Problem 1a.

@4m below footing

𝑞′ = 𝛾𝑚 (1.37) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓1 (3.63) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓2 (1) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓 3−7 (1)

𝑞′ = 63.642508 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Allowable Pressure with F.S of 2.5

414.1406372
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 =
2.5
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 165.6562549 kPa

𝑞′ = 𝛾𝑚 (1.37) + 𝛾𝑒𝑓𝑓1 (2.63)

𝑞 ′ = 37.3997 𝑘𝑃𝑎
Index Factor:

=0.6652
Note that Factor For square footing :
z depth Iz (Strain Factor)
0 .1
B/2 0.5
2B 0.0
 Layer
Depth from Base q (Kn/m²) (q Es (Kn/m²) Iz Δz (m)
Thickness
Layer of Footing to No. of eff @ bot. of Iz (Ratio and
Layer Soil Description q sat q eff
Depth Center of Layer Blows footing to Proportion)
Δz (m) (m) center layer) Es= 300(N+6) Es (Kn/m²)

1 5 2 1 10 Clayey Silt 15.80 5.99 5.99 4800.00 0.5 0.000208333

Grayish Silty
2 6 1 2.5 29 19.89 10.08 25.19 10500.00 0.25 0.000023810
Sand
3 8.5 1 4 19 Fat Clay 17.65 7.84 31.35 7500.00 0.0833333 0.000011111
0.000243254

DepthFactor:

C1= 1-0.50 (63.642508 𝑘𝑃𝑎/(165.6562549 kPa − 63.642508 𝑘𝑃𝑎)

C1=1.0000005
Creep Factor

C2= 1+0.20log(10xt) @ 10 years

C2=1.40

Settlement = 1.0000005 x 1.40 x (165.6562549 kPa − 63.642508 𝑘𝑃𝑎)(

0.000243254)cu.m/KN
=0.03474m
=34.74mm
Solution 3b.
b. B = 6m , L =62m, Df =3m

Using Result in Problem 1b.

@12m below footing

𝑞′ = 126.3495676
Allowable Pressure with F.S of 2.5
609.4938665
𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 2.5
𝑞𝑜 = 𝑞𝑢 𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 243.7975466 kPa

𝑞′ =
Index Factor:

Note that Factor For square footing :

z depth Iz (Strain Factor)
0 .1
 B/2 0.5
2B 0.0
Layer
Depth from Base q (Kn/m²) (q Es (Kn/m²) Iz Δz
Thickness
Layer of Footing to No. of eff @ bot. of Iz (Ratio and
Layer Soil Description q sat q eff
Depth Center of Layer Blows footing to Proportion)
Δz (m) Es= 300(N+6) Es
(m) center layer)

1 5 2 1 10 Clayey Silt 15.80 5.99 5.99 4800.00 0.133333333 0.000055556

Grayish Silty
2 6 1 2.5 29 19.89 10.08 25.19 10500.00 0.2 0.000019048
Sand
3 8.5 2.5 4.25 19 Fat Clay 17.65 7.84 33.31 7500.00 0.5 0.000166667
4 11.5 3 7 19 Fat Clay 17.65 7.84 54.87 7500.00 0.430555555 0.000172222
5 13.5 2 9.5 19 Fat Clay 17.65 7.84 74.46 7500.00 0.27777777 0.000074074
6 15.5 2 11.5 18 Fat Clay 17.65 7.84 90.14 7200.00 0.138888888 0.000038580
7' 18 1.5 12 15 Fat Clay 17.65 7.84 94.06 6300.00 0.041666667 0.000009921
0.000536067

DepthFactor:

C1=.46
Creep Factor

C2= 1+0.20log(10xt) @ 10 years

C2=1.40

Settlement = .46 x 1.40 x (243.7975466 kPa − 126.3496 𝑘𝑃𝑎)( 0.000536067

m)
=.040546m
= 40.546mm
III.Summary of Data

Problem IA Problem IB
Qu Qall Qu Qall
Due to Soil Strength
Terzhagi 414.141 165.656 609.494 243.798
Meyerhof 2984.645 1193.858 5089.607 2035.843
Due to Compressibility
Terzhagi and Peck 202.99 55.27
Meyerhof 4.83 12.26
Bowles 40.85 17.52

Schmertmann 40.50mm

IV.Discussions and Conclusion

For the first problem, the above table shows an Ultimate Bearing Capacity of 414.141 with
Terzhagi and 2,984.645 with Meyerhof and an Allowable Bearing Capacity of 165.656, 1193.8581
respectively when the Soil Strength is considered. When compressibility is used, Terzhagi & Peck
formula results to an Allowable Bearing Capacity of 202.99, Meyerhof with 4.83 and Bowles with
40.85.

For the second problem, an Ultimate Bearing capacity of 609.494 is attained with Terzhagi’s
Equation while Meyerhof gives us 5,089.606 with soil strength in consideration. Allowable
Bearing Capacity of 243.798 and 2,035.843 respectively were also achieved. With compressibility,
Terzhagi & Peck results to an Allowable Bearing Capacity of 55.27, Meyerhof with 12.26 and
Bowles with 17.52

Lastly, Schmertmann gives us a settlement of 40.50mm.

Conclusion:

When the soil strength is considered, Meyerhof gives a value of Ultimate Bearing Capacity
and Allowable Bearing Capacity which is 7-8 times greater than Terzaghi’s. On the other
hand, when compressibility is considered, Meyerhof gives the most conservative value for
Allowable Bearing Capacity when compared to Terzhagi and Peck and Bowles.