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∆ = (−1) IJc'UV\E1:d'U ;
(n −. 2)sP P
CE-7=? P 13D @; P P P PCE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;kP<DB^
\Y/'6D 6Lx8\]C[<KE\#\Y/'6 h <KE1\E-*2C[. . . . P n P ∆ P x1 h xCE2-*9 . . K].-2U:x cB9
n D'. P P P P
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69 D2cBDBKL. /*. <7. DBp8x6^k
n P=Q/21:U36j6<7KL/l6D2\]C; 1 2 h -* . C. . n
@B6KY-*9S6.
x x s + p
∆i,i
= s − p
e -7=APB<^'^*1:DBpQCE-7=?. P P S 2 3 . . .
P ∆i,j\E-A\Y/'6?
n
i ¥6=C[.]j\
CE-7=pX1W*68. i j i,j j i
(n − 2)s (n − 2)s . . . (n − 2)s
s − p2 −p2 ... s − p2 e
∆ = .. .. ..
. . .
S
s − pn s − pn ... −pn
7- =·=Q6 h <7KE\]-*C h CE-*9\Y/'6¥C[.]\CE-7= Z .r-S\Y/*<H\\Y/'6¥C[.]\CE-7=q@'67K]-*9b68.<
CE-7=·- h (n − 2)s
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1
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1 0 0 ... 0
s − p2 −s 0 . . . 0 e
∆ = (n − 2)s .. .. .. ..
. . . .
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P P*<DB^
c
P*CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;kP7=Q6?p86X\
−a b+c b+c
= (a + b + c)3 e
c+a −b c+a
a+b a+b −c
Z\w=T1VU:UB.LcNMbKY6j\E-Ad'CE-W*6j\Y/21:.1Z^'6D2\E1\;e
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<7KE\]-*0C
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h \Y/'6
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+ c)
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f
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a b c a 1 a2 . . . a n S= ai
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D
f 6=T1VU:UB.0/'-7=\Y/*<H\
D = −a D = S − a i 6= j
ne
ii i ij i
n−1
|D| = (−1)
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= 0 D n
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a
P=Q/'6CE16 = 1
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6 1 −k
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=
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.
P
|C| = 1 + bi bi Cii = 1 + 1/bi Cij = 1
h -*C ew476H\[\E1:DBp ih -*C¤<8U:U 7P i=Q6?p86H\ e
i 6= j bi = −1 i k = (−1)n−1 (n − 2)
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e P (R) = 64 × 14 = 896
P (R) = P (B) + P (K)
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2
7 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 3 4 6 6 6 6 4 3
7 9 11 11 11 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 11 13 13 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 11 13 13 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 11 11 11 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 3 4 6 6 6 6 4 3
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2
e−a
f 0 (a) = a csch a − 21 a2 csch a coth a −
1 + e−2a
= a coth a sech a − sech a coth2 a − 21 sech a 1 2
2
a
2
= − 21 sech a a2 coth a − 2a coth a + 1
2 e
= − 21 sech a a coth a − 1
¤
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f (0, ∞)
2a π e
lim f (a) = lim + tan−1 (1) =
a→0+ a→0+ ea + e−a 4
Z\ h -2UVUZ-7=?. \Y/*<H\ π
h -*C¤<8U:U e
f (a) < a>0
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ω = e2πi/3
3
e
* X
2 6
q j p # e %
" ,
%
# e
g
f &
$ p
Q x
c c
e
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c
e
* q c + ωb + ω2 e = 0
2
d+ωc+ω
r5(aeQgc f =0 a+ωd+ω 2 g = 0 c
2 c 2 F.......
9e* e = −ωc − ω2 bqPr8f= −ωd − ω c ....... ................
....... .....................
g = −ωa − ω d .. .... .........
... ..
....... N
....... .... ....
....
........
........
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.... .. .......................................
P........................................................... ........... .... ............................
.
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2n = e + f ...
... ....
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.. C .......................... ........
........
.... .
................... ...... ...................................................................
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... ..
2 .... ..... .....................................
= −ω(c + d) − ω (b + c) .... . ..
.. . ...
. .
... . ...
e*
. . .....
. . . .
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...
..
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..
. ....
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G .......
.
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.
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.
... .. . .. . . ..
.. .
....
q
.. ..
....
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2 ..
.... ..
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= −ω(d + a) − ω (c + d)
.... . . . .. ..
.... . ... .. .
.... ... ... ... .. ......
.... ... .. ...
}~ p$#Q`WJW
... . ..
q r8!s3W!c
...... .
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2m = a + b A M B
_
2(m + ωn + ω 2 p) = a + b − ω 2 (c + d) − (b + c) − (d + a) − ω(c + d)
P
= −(1 + ω + ω 2 )(c + d) = 0
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1 1 1
(a1 a22 ) S2 (a1 a22 a33 ) S3 (a1 a22 · · · an
n)
Sn 2n q
1+ + +···+ ≤
a1 + 2a2 a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 a1 + 2a2 + · · · + nan n+1
X B:m7=#;BD-YC9?B O/9ABRBB:<;>==#:>4MHfet-(; c4gA @;m=&?B9@P4MTp;#-e/<H& 4T;&-/H X h
nM,d}~p#fpD%*Y
Y e9o(ae$SSM5c9ln JW
1 a1 + 2a2 + · · · + kak c
(a1 a22 · · · akk ) Sk ≤
Sk
l Sioaep$<)>M,<s5e*kW$ MSs q l W9lc(QR<e"
a1 = a 2 = · · · = a k
1 2 2 2 c
= = −
Sk k(k + 1) k k+1
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1 1 1
(a1 a22 ) S2 (a1 a22 a33 ) S3 (a1 a22 · · · an
n)
Sn
1+ + + ··· +
a1 + 2a2 a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 a1 + 2a2 + · · · + nan
2n c
n
1 1 1 2 2
X
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i i+1 n+1
l Sioaep$<)>M,<s5e*kW$ MSs q
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X (aα 1 α2
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≤
k=1
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α1 + α 2 + · · · + α k
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xbWQS! W !a p1$8aae2hk.Le.p.gq an!W<Wd|<s −1 c(p α
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+ + ··· + ≥
a1 + 1 a2 + 1 an + 1 α+1
q*^8BDC ? AB @R;>=>4
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.
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.
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n q
n
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n = n ≥ =
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