0% found this document useful (0 votes)
123 views64 pages

CRUXv 32 N 3

The document discusses improving the efficiency of data transmission over wireless networks. It proposes a new method that uses cooperative relaying, where nodes help transmit each other's data to extend transmission range. This method can enhance throughput and energy efficiency compared to traditional direct transmission schemes.

Uploaded by

Carlos Victor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
0% found this document useful (0 votes)
123 views64 pages

CRUXv 32 N 3

The document discusses improving the efficiency of data transmission over wireless networks. It proposes a new method that uses cooperative relaying, where nodes help transmit each other's data to extend transmission range. This method can enhance throughput and energy efficiency compared to traditional direct transmission schemes.

Uploaded by

Carlos Victor
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 64



 

  

! #" $%%'&(*)+

,'-*.0/213-547681:91 ;2<>=?<7.A@B-*CED513DF,B-'GH;*-
-*DJIF<CEKL/NMO'P 7 O*P=Q/213KL/R9S6<D'.T/'6?=T1:UVU
/*<XW*6>KY6HUZ6@'C[<H\]6^J/213. _X`Va @*1:C[\Y/'^*<H;J@; \Y/'6
\E1:9b6J\Y/21:.>13.L.Lc65<dBdB6<C[.egf /'68D/'6J=?<.
h -2cBCi\]66DS;*68<7C[.j-2UZ^Pk/'6lU36<C]DB6^R<7@B-2c*\m\Y/'6
,/'67-*CE689n- hFo ;2\Y/*<7p8-*C[<7.XPN<7DB^qdBCE-*9d*\EU ;
^213.rKY-8W*6CE6^DB6s=tdBCE-'- h .8evuw\R\Y/'6 <7p86 - h
.Y1 x8\]66DkPy/'6z^213.rKY-8W*6CE6^{\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp
\Y/'6-*CE69RP|<}p868DB6C[<8U:1~Y<8\E13-*D- h 481:9S.r-*Dk€ .
,/'67-*CE689 P=Q/213KL/‚@'67KE<79S6ƒGDB-7=?D‚<.
476H139A1;2<*€ .„,k/'6-*CE69Ne
…†*‡ˆ‰L‡HŠ e>‹6X\ <DB^ @'6dB-213D2\[.?-*D>\Y/'6
K]1:CEK]cB9bK]1:CEK]UZ6m- h P Q
PH<7DB^ŒU36H\ P PH<DB^
@'6?\Y/'6CE68Ž67KE4ABC
\E13-*D'.Œ- h =T1\Y/SD CE6.LdE6KE\„\E-
F P
\Y/'6UV13DB68. P P<7DB^ PCE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;e
‹6X\ P BC P*<DB^CA @'6j\Y/'AB 6j13D2\E6C[.r67KE\E13-*D'.- h
P P*<DB^ =T1\Y/ P P2<7DB^ X P*YCE68.rdB67KE\E1 Z W*68U ;‘e’,k/'68D P P*<DB^
QD
<7CE6?KY-2QE
UVU:1:DB6<CXe QF BC CA AB X Y Z

“”D 7 M 476H139A1;2<568D2\]68CE67^•\Y/'6–,'-'G8;*- “”9d68CE1:<UŒ—D*1W*68C[.L1\˜;%™3DB-7=š,B-'GH;*-


— D*1W*68C[.L1\˜;7›reœf /'6DR/'6lpHC[<^2cB<8\E67^b13D  MXPk/'6l@B6K]<9b6<A9<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE.\]68<KL/'68C

<8\Q\Y/'6–9A1:UV1V\[<7C”;#<7K]<7^B689l;P h CE-*9y=Q/21ZKL/•/'6–CE6X\E13CE6^#13D  'žBe“”D 7   /'6R=?<.
<7d'd-21:D2\]6^<7. o CE- h 68.r.r-*C<8\A,B-'GH;*-Ÿw<7G7cp86H1T—D*1W*68C[.L1\˜;P =Q/'68CE6#/'65CE689S<813DB6^
cBD2\E1:UCE6H\E1:CE1:DBpj1:D 72¡ M2P'< h \]68C¢=Q/213KL//'6Œ=?<7.mD'<9b6^ o CE- h 68.r.r-*Cm£*9S6C[1V\EcB.8e
f /21:U36R/'6>9S<X;F/*<XW*6RCE6X\E13CE6^–13D 72¡ M2P¤47681:91 ;2< /*<7.DB60W*68C?CE68<UVU;NUZ6 h \j\Y/'6
=Q-*CEU3^|- h 9S<H\Y/'69<8\E13K].XP.Ld6K]1:¥K]<8U:U ;•p86-*9b6X\]C”;‘e u¤.>£*^*1\]-*C]¦Y1:DB¦r§k/21Z6 h - hQ¨B©ª2«
¬„­¯®˜°%±²„³´Œµ'± P“j<8U=?<X;'.AU3-'-'G h -*C˜=?<7CE^5\E-#<NUZ6X\[\]68C h CE-*9¶/2139Ne£2<KL/5U36H\[\E6C
KY-*D2\[<1:D'.l681\Y/'6CT<>DB6X=}.06X\?- h dBCE-*dB-*.r<8U3.-*C?-*DB6R-*Cj9b-*CE6>.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.T\]-J68<7C[U:136C
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.ŒdB-*.06^R@;R-\Y/'6C[.8ej,/'6Ad'CE-*d-*.L<U:.Œ/'6l.Lc@*91\E. \E-ScB.œ13DW2<CE1:<@2U;R6HU:13K]1V\
pXUZ-7=T1:DBp¤CE69<7C]G. h CE-*9·-2cBC o CE-'@2UZ689S.w£*^*1\]-*C[.‘.LcKL/Œ<.¤¸H¹?-7=%^'-'6.’/'6^'-œ1\Yº2»Z¼P-*C
¸rf 6j/*<XW*6;*6X\¢<7pH<1:D< =Q-*DB^'6C h c'U'.r6H\¢- h -*C[1ZpX1:D'<U*<DB^TW*68C”;Q13D2\E6CE68.Y\E1:DBp dBCE-'@2UZ689S.
h CE-*9g47681:91 ;2<»Z¼F½mDS\Y/'6A-\Y/'68C /*<DB^kPk/213.œ.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.\]-A\Y/'6ld'CE-*d-*.L<U:.Œ- h -\Y/'6C[.
<7CE6<U =?<H;*.?KY-*CECE67KE\Œ<DB^–68U367pH<D2\EU; d'CE6.r6D2\E67^e>½„cBC o CE-'@2UZ689S.£*^*1\]-*C[.TDB676^R\E-
KY-*D2\E1:D*cB<UVU; 6Lx768CEK]13.r6K]<8c*\E1Z-*D>\Y/*<H\m=Q6^B->DB-\œ.Y139d'U ;>cB.06/213.j.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.j<8U:U\Y/'6
\E139S6*P21:DS-*CE^B68Cw\E-@B6 h <1:Cw\E-A<8U:U.r-2UW*68C[.e
“¢<9.YcBCE6A“’.Ld68<Gl-*D>@'67/*<8U h - h <8U:UU3-W*68C[.œ- h p86-*9b6X\]C”;l=Q/'68D “’.L<H; ¸8IF<H;
;*-2c–U:1 W*6UZ-*DBpP‘,B-*.r/21Z-P’<DB^JK]-*D2\E13D*c6A\]- .Lc@*91\jdBCE-'@2UZ689S. h -*C \Y/'6SCE6.]\T- h \Y/'6
=Q-*CEU3^l\E-68D¾”-;¢»Z¼
MO

 
 
$

!"$#%"'&(*)"
o UZ68<7.r6.r6DB^A;*-2cBC.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.\E-\Y/'6dBCE-'@2UZ689S. 13D\Y/213.Œ6^*1\E1Z-*D>@;,+.-
798:<;;>= eŒuK]-*d7; - h.?A@ 2… BDC ?A@ 2… EGF @IHJ?A@LK BMC ?ON ˆ PGQ*RQ=T1VU:U‘@B6ldBCE68.068D2\]®06/2^b14\E36- 5
-*DB6d'CE67¦]cBD*1W*68C[.L1\˜; CE68<^'6Cm=Q/'->.068DB^'.Œ13D .r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.T@'6 h -*CE6l\Y/'6^B68<^2U:1:DB6Be,/'6
^B6K]13.Y1Z-*DS- h \Y/'6Q6^*1\]-*Cw13.„¥BD'<Uie

S *T
-*. 2c6.]\E1Z-*D'.d'CE-W21Z68D'DB6D2\k^*cT§k-*DBKY-2cBC[.‘^B6 U”€ u¤.L.0-'K]1:<8\E13-*D?IF<H\Y/ 69<8\E1 *c6 U VT
XW U S
^*c „c 6@B6K  OOH|™3D*1W*68<c|.06KY-*DB^*<1:CE6X›Le -2cB.SCE689b68CEK]1Z-*D'. 68CE-*D*1 2c65¹jcB.L.L1:DkP YZU [T
\U ]U ^T
—D*1W*68C[.L1\ 6Q^'6AI5-*D2\]C 6<8U 2c'1.H€ -'KYK]cBdB6Q^'6.KY-*DBK]-2cBC[. ^'6TU˜€ u I %^2cb.r67K]-*DB^'<813CE6'e _W
`baZcedaMfgihkjmlon9prq_h.hsaed tvu w*t%aZcyx uw zJlI{ |}uw*t%~Mfl€jDfy‚fl{ ƒmld
„G… †[‡ ˆŠ‰Œ‹Žiˆ^ …. ‰Œ†’‘\ˆ4“”–•>ˆŒ— ‡ ‘]†GˆŠ‘˜^™*™Šš
› e™[‹68. W2<.068.j^k€ 6<8cN.L<U067U 6'e ›Mmœ 68cxW2<7.r6.XP A 6X\ B Pk^k€ cBDB6SKE<7d'<K]1\\6U ^'6A.Y1 xAUV1V\]CE68.
KL/*<K]cBDkP8K]-*D2\E1Z68D'DB6D2\KL/*<K]cBDe2 T cB<8\]CE6„UV1V\]CE68.¢^€ 68<cT.r<8U06U 6*PX.r68U3-*DŒU36.’KY-*DBK]6D2\]C[<H\E1Z-*D'.
.Lc'1 W2<7D2\E6.
^'<5D'ž .U36wW2<.06 DBp8ž 6BeH½mDW21Z^'6m68D'.Lc'1\]6 cBDŒUV1V\]CE6
KY-*D2\E136D2\ ^'6S.r68U¢6X\ KY-*D2\E136D2\ ^B6.r68Uie‘½mD>W21Z^'6AcBD UV1V\]CE6
^k€ 6<8cT.r<8U06U 6„^2AcœW2<.06 d*c'13.‘-*DŒ9,6HU U3<10
B
^*clW2<.06 ^*<7D'.„U36œW2A <.06 P2d'c'1:.-*DB9,68U U:<7DBp86J<T Ÿ DB-2c2W*6<8c’ei„W c68UVUZ6TKY-*DBK]6D2\]C[<H\E1Z-*D
B A
^B6.r68U™Z6D?dB-2cBCEKY68D2\E<7p86X›KL/*<K]cBDQ^'6.kW2<7.r6. 6H\ K]-*D2\E1Z68D'DB6D2\Y¦]1:U:.¢9<1:D2\]68D'<7D2\Bº
e>™i‹8< 9c'U\E13d*U:13K]<H\E1Z-*D^'6o   -*<UVUZ-e ›¡  -*<UVUZ-q/*<@21V\E6·UZ6¾”-2U:1W*1VU:U:<p86^€ ½„U3-'G7-P
A B
2 <c S 13pi6U C[13<Be §k-*9S9S6>1VU„<8139S6bUZ68.9S<H\Y/ 6U 9<8\E1V* T c68.HP’1VU„<RCE689S<C0*T c6RU C]6U KY689S9S6D2\0P
T c€ <HW*6KcBDB65K]-*C]CE68.rdB-*DB^'<DBKY6J<7d'dBCE-*d'CE1067U 6F68D2\]CE6–UZ68.>KL/21£¢ CE68.>6X\AU36.U36H\[\]CE68.>6X\
*
6D9Ac'UV\E1:d'UV13<D2\Sd'<7C UZ6FDB-*9t^'65.r-*D#W*1VU:U:<p862Pm1VUj-'@\]68D'<1\S.r-*DDB-*9»£¤ \E6.r¦
W*-2cB.bK]<dB<7@*U36F^'6 h <1:11 CE6JKY-*99b6NU:c'1Xº o U:cB.Sd'C]6U K]13.>6U 9S6D2\0P¤d-2c2W*6X~L¦EW*-2cB.A\]CE-2c2W*68C
UZ68.œKL/21rk ¢ CE6.œ^21r¢6U CE68D2\E.M*T c6l^'-21W*68D2\mCE6d'C]68U .068D2\]68C„U36.U36H\[\]CE68. P P 6X\ A dB-2cBC
T c6TU”€’6¥U *T cB<H\E1Z-*D OLOKO × 11 = KOALLO .0-21\¢W*C[<136Be7uwO\[\]68D2L\E1Z-*KDkP OLOKO
*
^B-21\ 6X¤ \]CE6>W*c|KY-*99b6 cBD•DB-*9S@'CE6–^B6–K]1:Di| T KL/21£¢ CE68.S6X\lDB-*D|K]-*9S9S6 UZ6 dBCE-'^2c'1V\
e“¯U68DlW2<Q^B6T9 68¤ 9b6Td-2cBC e
O×L×O×K ×O
¦ ew™[‹68.DB-*9S@'CE68.l^B6¨7§ 1Z@'-*D'<K]K]1„^*<7D'.l^'6.T\]CE1:<7DBpXU36.^B6 o ;2\Y/*<7p8-*CE6Be ›Q‹8<>.Lc'1\]6‚
KOALLO

P P P P P P P P P P P 68.Y\ U3<bK¥68U U067Ÿ @*CE6S.Lc'1\]6S^B6© § 13@B-*D'<7KYK]1ie


½mD?W*-21\.*
1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55 89 144 . . .
T c6Œ.L1'-*DlKY-*99b68DBKY6Œ<XW*67K 1 6H\ 2 PUZ68.¢\]68C]9S6.2T c'1'.Lc'1 W*6D2\¢.0-*D2\‘\E-2c2¾”-2cBC[.
-'@2\E6D*cB.?KY-*99b6AU:<S.0-*99b6^B68.Q^'68cxbDB-*9S@'CE68.?d'C]6U K¥67U ^'6D2\[.Q^'6U:<S.Yc'1V\E6Beu 13D'.Y1˜P
dB<C 6Yx769d'U36*P-*Dl< P P e2—DQ\]CE1:<7DBpXU36j^'6 o ;\Y/*<p8-*CE6
6.]\0P^* T cB<D2\<lŸ U:c'1”PcBDb3 =\]CE1:<72DB+pXU316ACE56KE=\E<DB3pX+UZ62^'-*8D2=\U35<l+U3-*DB3pXc68cBCœ^B6AKL/*<K]cBD ^B68.TK -¤ \]68U .
6.]\ cBDDB-*9b@*CE6Q6D2\E136Cse
½mDlCE69<7C02 T c6j<U3-*C[.*T c6Œ.L1'DB-2cB.¤dBCE68DB-*D'.I2T cB<8\]CE6œ\E6CE9b68.„KY-*D'.>67U K]c*\E1 h .„^B6œU3<
.Lc'1\]6^'6b7§ 1Z@'-*D'<K]K]1˜Pi* T c6HU[2T c6.œ-*d68U C[<8\E13-*D'. .Y139d'U36. DB-2cB. dB6CE9b6X\[\]68D2\^B6 h -*C]9S6C
^B68. \]CE1:<7DBpXU36.Œ^B6 o ;\Y/*<p8-*CE6'e o <C 6Lx7689Sd*UZ62P.r-21V\„UZ68.Z2 T cB<8\]CE6lDB-*9b@*CE6. P P 6X\
P’<8UZ-*C[.jcBD–dBCE689136CjK -¤ \\6 U ^*cN\]C[13<DBpXUZ6b68.Y\j-'@2\E6D*cF68D–dBCE68D'<7D2\T^B6Hc3x 5h -2138.jUZ6
13 dBCE-'^2c'1V\?^B68.l^'68cxRDB-*9b@*CE6.x^*cF91VU:1368cF™ ›]P’U36R^'68cx1068Ÿ 9b6
K -¤ \\6 U 68.Y\w-'@2\E6D*c68Dl9Ac'UV\E1:d'UV13<D2\¢U36ŒdBCE689 136Cw6H\’UZ6Œ^B68C]D*136Cw^B68.*
x = 2 × 5 × 8 = 80
T cB<H\]CE6jDB-*9S@'CE68.
y
M

™
^ y6Hc=
B x DB3-*×9S@'13 =^*cF
CE68.
›6X\ U36^'6CED*1Z68CŒK -\ 6
399A1:UV1Z6HcF™ z
68.Y\ 67pH<8U <AU:<.0-*99b6A^B68.TK]<C]C 6.T^'6.
›Leu 13D'.Y1˜P’-*D–<R@*136DJ-'@2\E6D*cJcBD
¤ ]U U Ÿ ]U
2 2
\]CE1:<7DBpXU36Q^'6 o ;2\Y/*<7p8-*CE6QKE<7C¤-*zD= < 5 2 + 8 2= 89 2 e
YmU T
80 + 39 = 89
™3<H› 6C[1:¥6H~ 2c6QKY6HU3<?9<7CEKL/'6?<8cB.r.Y1.L1-*Dd'CE6DB^AU36.mDB-*9S@'CE68. P P 6H\ e
2 3 5
™¯@7› o -2c2W*6H~L¦[W*-2cB.’9b-*D2\]CE68C *c6 K]68U:< 9<7CEKL/'6¤\]-2c*\kUZ6¤\E69dB.º o U:cB.’dBC 67K]1:. 689b68D2\0P *T 8
]U >U
.L1 P P 6H\ U
^ 68.L13pHDB6D2\ *cB<H\]CE6#DB-*9S@'CE68. KY-*D'. 67K]c*\E1 h . ^B6FU:<#.Yc'1V\E6#^B6 –T >U
a b §
c d
13@B-*D'<7KYK]1’6X\ *c6lU”€ -*DRdB-*.06 P MT 6X\ 2 P9b-*D2\]CE68C
T
*c6 P 6X\ h -*CE9b68D2\ UZ68.K -x\ 6= .682bc
D2\E1Z68C[y. ^=€ cBDA
ad\]C[13<DBzpXUZ= 2
6TCE67bKE\[<7+DBpXcU36Be ¤ \U
’W x y z

e™ „c6^'6KL/21 kCE6.¤» ›¢,BCE-2c2W*6X~mU36QDB-*9S@'CE6^'6KL/21 kCE6. 6H\¤U:<.r-*9S9S6^'6. KL/21 kCE6. r¢ r¢
^B6TU”€ 68D2\E1Z68C 8 30 e
16 × 5
 e ™i‹2€ -'KE\E-'p8-*DB6Be ›Œ481¤-*DJCE6HU:136R68D2\]CE6R6HcxRU36.Q.r-*9S9S6H\[.^k€ cBD
w
]U T
...........
............. ..............
-'KE\]-'p8-*DB6QC 67pXc'UV1Z68C 2c'1-*D2\„cBDb.r-*9S9S6H\wW*-213.Y13Db68D>KY-*99cBDkP
.......... ... ...........................
.......... ....
........................................................................................
. . .... ... ..
-*D-'@2\E136D2\N<8c KY68D2\]CE6 ^B6|U3<%¥pXcBCE6%cBD·DB-2c2W*68Ul-'KE\]-'p8-*DB6
.. ... ....

]U U 0U ZT
.. ... ... .... .. ..
.. ...... ....... ...
.. ...... ...... ..
....... ..
........ ....
C 6pXc'U:136CrP’^ 6K]<8U 6b6X\Œd'UVcB.?d6X\E1V\ *c6UZ6dBCE689136Cj™¯68DJpHCE1:.?.YcBC
*T
. . ... ........
....... .... ... ....
...... .. ... .....
.. ... .. ... .......
UZ6S^'6.L.L1:D›re‘481¢U”€ <813CE6S^'6AU˜€ -'KE\]-'p8-*DB6A1:D*1V\E1:<U¢6.]\ P *c6HU:U36S6.]\
.. ....... ...... ..
.. .... .. . .
.. ....... ... .... ...
.. .. ... .
1
.
.. .......
U˜€ <1:CE6Q^2cbDB-2c2W*6HUk-'KE\E-'p8-*DB6 º
.. .. ....

T
. . .. . ...
.... .
...........................................................................................
.......... ... . .
.............. .........................

 UZ-*C[. *c6b^B6Hcx>¥pXcBCE6.Q.r-*D2\j.0689b@2U3<7@*U36.XPU36SC[<7d'd-*Ci\?^'6SUZ6HcBC[.Q<813CE68.Q6.]\
U ]U ¤ ]U
......................
..

6pH<U<8cbK]<C]C 6Q^2cbC[<dBdB-*C[\„^B6jUZ6HcBC[. K -\ 68./'-*9b-2U3-'pXc6.8e


 e¤™˜£7\l/'-*deHe8eY.r<D'.AK]<8UZK]c'U:<8\]C[1ZK]6Œ» ›Q£x7d'UV1 2c6H~dB-2cBC *c-21„U˜€ 67pH<8U:1\ 6 .Yc'1W2<D2\]6 6.]\ [T 0T ’U \U
W'C[<81Z6
20042 20052 30042
2003×2005
+ 2004×2006
+ ··· + 3003×3005
 e
U 1001 + 21 2003
0U
1 1 1 1
= + 2004
− 3004
− 3005

 R-'@\]68D*13C cBDB6^ 6KY-*9d-*.Y1V\E13-*D <7d'dBCE-*d'CE1 676^B6KL/*<7K]cBDš^B68.\]68C]9S6.
2004 2 P 2005 2 P'6H\EKHeB6H\¤<7^B^21V\E13-*D'DB6CwUZ6Œ\E-2c*\Xe
2003×2005 2004×2006
 e>™[‹68.<79d-2c'U36. ^B6<-2c'Uie ›<7-2c'U .r6
KY-*D h 6KE\E1Z-*D'DB6|cBD·K]13CEK]c'1\ 68U367KE\]C[1 2c6 h -*CE9 6 ŽU [T ,U
iT >U
....... ......... ......
.......... .........
..........
....... ......... .............................. ......... .......
^B6 W213DBps\Y¦LK]13D <79d-2c'U36. ^*1:.rdB-*. 66. 68D
]U ]U
.......... .......... ....... ... ..........
.. ..
.. . .. ........ ..
....... ......... ............................. ......... ............................. ......... ......

K]<C]C 6.œ6X\^'6^*1 x1:D2\]68C]C[cBd*\E68cBC[.XPDB-\ 68.œ^'6


Ÿ
.......... .. ....... ....... ... .. ....... ....... ... .. .......
........................ ....................... ...............
........ ... ... ...... ..... ... ... ...... ..... ......... .......................... ......... .......
. . . .. . .. . .
.. . .... .
A
........................ ...................... ........................ ......................

< P‘K]-*9S9S6.LcBC U36S^B68.r.Y13D‘e‘4*€ 1:U¢<dBd*c'1Z6.LcBC


iT
. . .... . . . . .... . .
....... ......... ............................ ......... ............................ ......... ............................ ......... ............................ ......... ......
....................... ......... ........ ...................... .......... ........... ...........................
. . .. .. . . .. .
. . .. . .
J 1:D2\]68C]C[cBd*\E68cBCrPm<U3-*C[.U36.bK]1:D |<9SdB-2c'UZ68.
................ .. ...... .. .. .. ...... .. ..
........... .......... ........................ .......... ........................... .......... ........................ .......... ..........................
cBD|
.U
..
.
...... .................................... ..................................... .................................... .................................... ............
.... ...... ............ ...... ........... ...... ........... ...... ........... ................
...........................
.L1\Ec 6768.•.YcBCJU:<UV1ZpHDB6^B6 K]6H\J1:D2\]68C]C[cBd*\E68cBC A ...................................... .................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... ..................................... J
.
.. ... . .. .. ... . . . . .. ... . . . . .. ... . ...............

¨U >U  JT
....... ....... ... .. ....... ....... ... .. ....... ....... ... .. ....... .......

W*-21Z68D2\lU368cBC 6H\[<8\13DW*68C[. 6 KY6HU:U36. *c'1 .0-*D2\ B ................................. ................................................................................................ ................................. I


,U ’U
<UVU:cB9 6768. .H€ 6H\E6813pHDB6D2\¤\[<7DB^213. *c6KY6HU:U36. *c'1 MT T
C .................................... ................................................. ................................... H

ZU D .................................. G
...........
.......................
.0-*D2\ 6X\]6H13D2\E6.m.X€ <8U:UVcB9b68D2\Xe
T T VT ’U
E F
™3<H›>I5-*D2\]CE6C 2c6*P 2c68U *c6 .0-21\?U”€ 6X\E<H\Q1:D*1V\E1:<Um^'6.A<9SdB-2c'UZ68.™ZKY68C[\[<1:DB6.A<9b¦
¤
d-2c'U36.dB68c2W*68D2\ 6X\]CE6Q<8U:UVcB9 66.„\[<7DB^213. *c6Q^k€ <c*\]CE68.HP'DB-*D›YP*1VUk6.]\ \E-2c2¾”-2cBC[. ,U T
d-*.L.L13@*U36>^B6>9<7D*1:d'c'U36CjUZ68.?13D2\E6CECEcBd2\]6HcBC[.A^B6S\E68UVUZ6b.0-*Ci\]6 *c62Pw^'<D'.lKL/*<¦ ©T
4U
K]cBDB6j^B68.„^21 xjC[<7DBp 66.„K]-*C]CE68.rdB-*DB^'<D2\]68.HP1:U7;<81V\‘\E-2c2¾”-2cBC[.¤d'UVcB.„^€ <9SdB-2c'UZ68.
,U T ’U
<UVU:cB9 6768. *c€ 6H\E681:D2\]68.e
™¯@7›>£*.]\Y¦Y1VU8\]-2c2¾”-2cBC[.¢dB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ6^k€ <UVU:cB9S6C\E-2c*\]68.’UZ68.¢<9SdB-2c'UZ68.w6DT9 689b6„\E69dB.º
W ]U
„c6?W*-\]CE6AC 6dB-*D'.06l.0-21\ -2c'1¢-2cRDB-*DkP1:U h <8c*\œ^B-*D'DB68CU3<Ad'CE68c2W*6^'6K]6 2c6
¤ bT
W*-2cB.m<HW2<DBKY6X~He
M 

`baZcIw*lIhŠw!aJwzZl q_h.hsamdtvuwLt%amc a ‚flƒeldox uw zmlI|}uw*t%d h


„ Œˆ^ …. ‰Š‘^ˆi‡ ˆ r“
ˆ ‘]‹‰^‘ ”˜^™*™Šš
› e ™Z4<U\Y¦E=?<H\]68CjW2<7.r6.8e › ,2=Q-NW2<.068.HP <7DB^ Pm6<7KL/#/*<XW*1:DBpR<–K]<dB<7K]1V\”;#- h
U:1\]CE6.XP*<7CE6j¥BUVUZ6^=T1\Y/A.r<8UV\Y¦[=?<8\E6C .r-2U:c*\EA
13-*D'.„13Dl\YB/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBpTK]-*DBKY68D2\]C[<8\E13-*D'. 6 \
KY-*D2\[<1:D'.lž .r<8UV\Œ<DB ^ FKY-*D2\[<1:D'.
13D 13D2\E- ž 10 ž
.L<U\Xebf 6b69d*\”;–<SUV1V\]CE6S- h \Y/'6S.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*AD
PB<DB^l=Q6Q9A1 x?\Y/'6?CE6.Yc'UV\E1:DBpQK]-*D2\]68D2\E.œ- h e f 6j\Y/'6Db69d*\”;S<QUV1V\]CE6
- h A \Y/'6A.r-2U:c*B\E13-*D>1:D 1:D2\]- P<DB^S=Q6A91 xA\Y/'6ACE68.Lc'UB \E13DBplKY-*D2\E6D2\[.T- h eQf /*<H\
B A
KY-*DBK]6D2\]C[<H\E1Z-*DS- h .r<8UV\¤™:13Dd68CEKY68D2\i›w^B-'68. 68<KL/QW2<.06?K]-*D2\E<813DBº A
 G   
e–™ -*<UVUZ-€ .Q9c'U\E13d*U:13K]<H\E1Z-*D‘e › -*<8U:U3- U:1 W*6.T13D \Y/'6 *cB<813D2\ 1Zp868CE1:<7DRW*1VU:U:<p86b- h ©T S
½ UZ-'G7-e 4813DBK]6/'6TUV1ZG768.9<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE.HP'/'6QCE6KY68D2\EU;DB-\E1ZK]67^l\Y/*<H\0P=T1\Y/<DS<dBd'CE-'¦
„
dBC[13<H\]6SK]-*C]CE68.rdB-*DB^B68DBKY6S@B6X\i=Q6768DND*cB9S@B68C[.?<DB^ U36H\[\E6C[.XP‘9Ac'UV\E1:d'U ;*1:DBp\Y/'6AD'<79S6
- h /21:.TW*1VU:U:<p86R@; ;*1368U3^B6^F/213.l-7=?DJD'<79S6k»–u¤CE6;*-2cF<@2UZ6S\]-J^B- \Y/'6>.r<9b6º
I5-*CE6œdBCE6K]13.r68U ;kP7K]<11 £¢
DT;*-2cQ¥BDB^T\Y/'6Œ^*1 ‘68CE6D2\¢^21ZpX1\E.’\Y/*<8\\Y/'6 U36H\[\E6C[. P P P7<DB^
A
9cB.]\ CE68dBCE68.068D2\ 1:D-*CE^'6C’\Y/*<8\’\Y/'6?6 *cB<H\E1Z-*D ¥T OLOKO × 11 =
O L K
KOALLO
1:.
\]CEc6º>fR<8\EKL/>-2c*\0P 1:. cBDB^'6C[.]\]-'-'^\E-b@B6Q<¥2W*67¦L^*13pX1V\mD*cB9S@B68C<DB^bDB-\
OLOKO
\Y/'6?dBCE-'^2cKE\ e’,/'6?.r<9b6?p8-'68. h -*C e
¦ § O×L×O×K×O
eŒ™ 71Z@'-*D'<K]K]1D*cB9b@'6C[. 13D o ;2\Y/*<7p8-*CE6<DS\]CE1:<7DBpXU36.8e ›l,/'6.06 *c68DBKY6
KOALLO
P P P P ¥T <
P P P P P P P I§ >T
13.¢\Y/'6 h <79S-2cB. 13@B-*D'<7KYK]1*.r6 2c6DBK]6Be’f 16œ.r26763\Y/*5 <H\
8 1 h =Q 136?.]21 \E<C[\¢34=T1V\Y55 / 89 <DB^ 144 P2\Y/'. 6Q ¥T
. .-\Y/'68C¤D*cB9b@'6C[.m13Dl\Y/'6?.06 *c68DBKY6?<7CE6Q-'@\E<813DB6^S@;
<^'^*1:DBpQ\E-'p86H\Y/'68Cm1\Y/'6\i=Q 2-bdBCE60W21Z-2cB.ŒD*cB9b@'6C[.8e?,k/2cB.XP h -*C 6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P P
P eu o ;\Y/*<p8-*CE68<7D\]CE1:<7DBpXU36j1:.m<TCE13p8/\w\]C[13<DBpXUZ6j<3UVU= - h 1
=Q/'+-*.r26
5 .L13^B=68.m 2<7+ CE6j313D28\E67= p868C[5.+ e 3
©§
“ h =Q6A\[<G76<7D; h -2cBCjK]-*D'.06K]c*\E1W*6 71Z@'-*D'<K]K]1wD*cB9S@B68C[.HPk=Q6SKE<7D cB.r6S< h 6s=
.L1:9Sd*UZ6-*dB6C[<H\E1Z-*D'. \]- h -*C]9g< o ;\Y/*<p8-*CE68<7D>\]C[13<DBpXUZ6'e *-*Cœ6Yx<79d'U36*Pk1 h =Q6\[<G76 b§
\Y/'6 h -2cBCŒD*cB9S@B68C[. P P P¢<DB^ P‘\Y/'68D \Y/'6S¥BC[.Y\Œ.Y1Z^'6 - h \Y/'6 o ;\Y/*<p8-*CE68<7D
\]CE1:<7DBpXU36Q13.œ-'@\E<813DB6^> 3 @5;\[8<G13DBpj\i=T 131ZK]6?\Y/'6QdBCE-'^2cKE\ - h \Y/'6?x\i=Q-913^B^2UZ6QD*cB9b@'6C[.
™ ›]P2\Y/'6Q.r67K]-*DB^.L13^B6 1:. -'@\E<813DB6^b@;9c'U\E13d*U;213DBpœ\Y/'6T¥C[.]\
<7xDB^? =U3<2.Y\’ ×- h5\Y× /'6 8h -2=cBC’80 D*cB9S@B68C[.„™ y ›k<7DB^T\Y/'6 U:<7.]\’.L13^B6 1:. 6 2cB<U\E- >T
'T
\Y/'6Q.LcB9- h \Y/'6?. 2cB<7CE68.œ- h \Y/'6jy\i=Q =-39A ×1Z^'13 =D*39
^*U36Q cB9b@'6C[.Ϫ
z = 5 2
+ 8 2
z
= 89
›Le¤f 6
/*<HW*6œ\Y/2cB.„-'@2\[<1:DB67^< o ;2\Y/*<7p8-*CE6<DQ\]CE1:<7DBpXU36*P.L1:DBKY6=Q6j/*<XW*6 e
802 + 392 = 892
™3<H›47/'-7=\Y/*<H\¢\Y/21:.„d'CE-'KY68.r.„<8U3.r-T=Q-*CYG7.¤1 h =Q6œcB.06œ\Y/'6jD*cB9b@'6C[. P P P2<DB^ e
2 3 5 8
™¯@7›S§k<D>;*-2c–.r/'-7=\Y/*<8\ 1V\m=Q-*CYG7.T<8U=?<X;'.rºI5-*CE6dBCE6K]13.r68U ;kPk1 h P P P‘<DB^
§
<7CE6 h -2cBCjK]-*D'.06K]c*\E1W*6SD*cB9S@B68C[.- h \Y/'6 71Z@'-*D'<K]K]1w.r6 2c6DBK]6ba<DBb^N1ch =Q6AUZ6Xd\ >T
P <DB^ 2 2 P7.0/'-7=%\Y/*<8\ P P<DB^ <CE6 \Y/'6 13D2\E67p868C
x
.L13^B=68.2bc - h <?yCE13= p8/\wad \]CE1:<7DBpXU3z6Be = b + c x y z


ew™:,k/*<H\¢¥pXcBCE68.2» › 1:DB^Q\Y/'6ŒD*cB9S@B68C - h ^21ZpX1\E.¤<DB^Q\Y/'6Œ.LcB9 - h \Y/'6j^*13pX1V\[. h -*C’\Y/'6
13D2\E67p868C e
168 × 530
 ew™:,k/'6T-'KE\E<7p8-*D‘e ›T“ h =Q6T^*C[<H=<jU:1:DB6T@B6X\i=Q6768D\i=Q-TW*6Ci\E1ZK]6.
.....................

- h <lCE67pXc'U:<7C-'KE\[<p8-*DA=Q/213KL/>/*<XW*6<AK]-*9S9S-*Db<^7¾¯<K]6D2\ W*6C]¦
............. ..........................
.......... .... . .
..........................................................................................
...... ...... .... ......

\]6YxBP=Q6-'@2\[<1:DS<DB6s= CE6pXc'U3<Cm-'KE\E<7p8-*D13DA\Y/'6KY68D2\]CE6- h \Y/'6


..
.. ... .... .... ... ..
.... .. ..
... ........... ...... ...
.
.. ..... ....... ..

¥pXcBCE62P’.L9S<8U:U36C\Y/*<DR\Y/'6A¥C[.]\j™:13D–pHCE60;R13DR\Y/'6S^*C[<H=T1:DBp0›reR“ h ....................
...... ... ... ......
....... .....
.
... .......
... ....
... ......

\Y/'6Œ1:D*1V\E1:<UB-'KE\[<p8-*Dl/*<7.¤<7CE68< P=Q/*<H\¢1:.w\Y/'6j<CE6<T- h \Y/'6ŒDB6X=


. . ....... ...
.. .... ...... ...
.. ...... ..
.. .. .... .. ... ...
1
.. ... ... .. .

-'KE\E<7p8-*DBº
.... .... ..... .......
.... .
...............................................................................................
.......... .... .
............. ........................
.. . . .. ..............
M7M

 œ
f /'6DR\i=Q->¥pXcBCE68.?<CE6S.Y139A1:U:<7CrPk\Y/'6SC[<H\E1Z- - h \Y/'6H13Cœ<7CE68<7.j1:.?6 2cB<U‘\]->\Y/'6 >T
'T
 
. 2cB<7CE6Q- h \Y/'6TC[<8\E13-- h \Y/'6?KY-*CECE6.Ld-*DB^213DBpj.L13^B68.e
 e’™ o CE6.]\]-e8eHeE=T1\Y/'-2c*\kK]<8UZK]c'U:<8\E-*C[.2» ›œ£x7d'U:<1:D =Q/7; \Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp¤6 *cB<8U:1\˜;j/'-2U3^'.8e ¥T
20042 20052 30042
2003×2005
+ 2004×2006
+ ··· + 3003×3005
 e
= 1001 + 21 2003
1
+ 1
− 1
− 1

œ
  m6KY-*9d-*.r6m6<7KL/j- h \Y/'6¤\E6CE9S. 20042 P 20052
2004 3004
P6X\]KHe<7d'dBCE-*d'CE1:<8\E68U ;kP
3005

\Y/'6D<^'^l\Y/'69q<UVU[e 2003×2005 2004×2006


....... ......... .......
.......... .........
..........
....... .......... .......................... .......... .......
 e>™ <-2c'U”€ .jU:13p8/\j@*c'U3@'.8e 
› <7-2c'U /*<.Q@2c'1:U\
......... .. ...... ....... .. .. ......
......................... ............
....... ......... ............... ......... ............................. ......... ......

<7DN68U367KE\]C[1ZKE<U’DB6X\i=Q-*CYGbK]-*D2\E<813D*1:DBp @*c'U3@'.
.......... .. ....... ....... ... .. ....... ....... ... .. .......

T
.. ....... ........... ..........
....... ........ .......................... ......... .......................... ........ ............................ ......... .......
.......... ......... ....... ... .. ...... ....... ... .. ...... ....... ... .. ......

<7CEC[<7DBp86^A1:DA<?. *cB<CE6œ=T1\Y/Q\]68D.E=T1V25 \EKL/'6.XP2<.


........................... ........................ ......................... ...........
....... ......... ............ ......... .............. ......... .............. ......... ............................. ......... ......
. . . .
.......... ......... ....... ... ......... ....... ... ......... ....... ... ......... ....... ... .........
....................... ........ .. ........... ........ .. ...........
........... ......... ......................... ......... ............................ ......... ......................... ......... ............................
13DŒ\Y/'6 ^'C[<X=T13DBp*ew“ h /'6d*cB.0/'68.¢< .E=T1V\EKL/PH\Y/'68D

. . . .
...... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ........................................ ............
. . .
.... ....... ............ ....... ............ ....... ............ ....... ............ .................
.......................... .. ... . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . . . .. .. . . ...............

\Y/'6R¥*W*6 @*c'U3@'.l1:DF\Y/*<H\QCE-7= KL/*<7DBp86 .Y\[<8\E6. A


....... ....................................... ....................................... ....................................... ............. ..
J .... ......
........................... .
. . .
..... .....
................. ............. ....................... ............. .......................
..... ...
..........................
I
.
B
.. ...................... ........................ .......

\Y/'-*.06\Y/*<H\ =Q6CE6SUV1V\j<CE6bDB- UZ-*DBp868CŒU:1\0P¢<7DB^
.... ....... ....... ........ ................
......................... ............ ......... ............ ................
...... ....................................... ............. ..
C H .... ......
........................... ............... ..............

W*13KY6œW*6C[.L<e
.
..
. . .. .. ..
...... ..
.
..... ...........
D G ..
...
.... .. .................
........................... ...............
F
™3<H›47/'-7=%\Y/*<8\0PH=Q/*<8\E60W*6C\Y/'6 1:D*1V\E1:<U2.Y\[<8\E6Œ- h \Y/'6Œ@2c'UZ@*.¤E
™Z.r-*9b6 UV1V\0P7-\Y/'6C[. DB-\i›]P
1V\œ13.?<8U=?<X;'.Td-*.L.L13@*U36A\E->=Q-*CYGS\Y/'6S.]=T1\]KL/'68.?.0- <.T\E-Nd'CE-'^*cK]6b<>.]\E<H\]61:D
=Q/21ZKL/68<KL/- h \Y/'6j\]68DCE-7=?./*<7.m9b-*CE6?@*c'U3@'.„U:1\w\Y/*<DSDB-\ UV1V\Xe
™¯@7›>“”.¢1V\‘<U =?<H;*.wdB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ6„\]-T<7CECE1 W*6 <8\‘<œ.Y\[<8\E6„=Q/'6CE6m\Y/'60;Q<CE6œ<8U:U7U:1\Yº?f /*<H\]60W*68C
;*-2cBC¤<D'.]=Q68C„™;*6.-*C DB-7›YP7;*-2cS9cB.]\¤dBCE-8W*6T1\Xe

S
6Yx\m=Q6pX1W*6\Y/'6CE6.]\Œ- h \Y/'6.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.œ\]-b\Y/'6  O7O2ž §F§-2UVUZ6p86.YcBD*13-*C
Œ§ b
¹j13p8/S47KL/'-'-2U‘IF<H\Y/'69<8\E13K].§-*D2\E6.]\E.XP 1:D'<U k-2cBDB^e   _ 2¡ O
*e
O Ož 2
` `baZn0n%l lIhXt zdszZaeaDnJx uw zmlI|}uw*t%d h `baZcIw*lIhŠw  

 fcDt%amgDtvcmuI n baDfecej ZugwXq



‘]†G ‰  y‰ ! I˜^™*™”
› eLœm68cx-*dB6C[<H\E1Z-*D'. ? <DB^  .r-*D2\„^ 68U ¥BD*1Z68.d'<7CwUZ68.^B6Hcx?\[<@2UZ68..Yc'1W2<D2\]68.m
 M  M
? 
M    M
 M  M _ ž
M M M M  _ 
o <7C¤6Lx7689Sd*UZ62P
12=2
e‹8<ŒW2<U368cBC¤^B6
2  (3 ? 3)
6.]\ M
™Vu¢›
6

™*
5
™Z§B›
4
œ
™ w›
3
™”£7›
2
"$#&%('   # *)+-,. /+021-,3+ 5 4 # 768 /9 6  % :762; :9  ' <+ =<;?> #&%7%- /@ A CB # ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >=L
“¯U.LcNMA\„^B6TCE6pH<7CE^'6C U36 . \E<7@*U36<8cx6H\¤^B6 h <:1 CE6jUZ68.-*d 6C[<H\E1Z-*D'.XP U 6X\
21=3
]U
e‹8<?C 68d-*D'.r6Q68.Y\ jeœ 3?3 =1
MX

e,BCE-213.Œd68C[.0-*D'DB68.ŒU3<813.L.068D2\UZ6HcBC[.j9<7D2\E6<8cxS<cbW*6.]\E13<813CE6'ew‹-*C[. 2c€ 1VU3.Œ.0-*Ci\]68D2\0P 'T


.U
\]CE-213. 9<7D2\E6<8cxT.0-*D2\¢^*1:.Y\]C[1Z@2c 6. <cA/*<7.L<7CE^QdB<C]9A1B68cxe‹8<ŒdBCE-'@*<@21:UV1V\ 6 *c€ + ' '  ]DU T
^k€ 68cxDB6TCE6KL-21W*6?.r-*D9S<D2\]68<cb68.Y\ M
™Vu¢› 1
6

™* 1
3
™Z§B› 1
2
œ
™ w› 2
3
™”£7› 5
6

"$#&%('   # * )+-,. /  4 # 7 68 /9 6  % :762; :


+021-,3+ 5 9  ' <+ =<;?> #&%7%- /@ A CB # ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >=L
]¨U T
‹8<NdBCE-'@*<@21:UV1V\ 6 2c6 U36 dBCE689136CQDB6 CE6KL-21W*6 dB<.A.0-*D59S<D2\]68<c|68.Y\^'6 2 P
]U T
U3<RdBCE-'@*<@21:UV1V\ 6 2c€ cBD#^B68.l^B6HcxN<c*\]CE68.DB6RCE6KL-21W*6>dB<.l.r-*DF9<7D2\E6<8c•68.Y\?^B6 3
'T 0Ÿ eT
d'c'1:. 2c6?Ks€ 68.Y\¢U3<TdBCE6891 6CE6jd68C[.0-*D'DB6 2c'1BU”€ <?6X\wU3<Td'CE-'@'<7@*1VU:1\ 6 *c6jU36T^B68C]D*136CwDB16 \mU T
CE
6 KL-21W*68D2\„d'<7.„UZ6T.L136D6.]\„^'6 1 e
œ \U
m-*DBKsP2U3<?d'CE-'@'<7@*1VU:1\ 6?CE62KL/'6CEKL/ 6686 .Y\ 2 1 *U
1 e‹8<?C 68d-*D'.r6Q68.Y\ ¢e
×1× =
]U
¦
3 2 3

U Ÿ .Ÿ ¥U
>U ¤ ’U
e2—D 6d*1ZK]136C‘c*\E1VU:1:.06 cBDB6Œ@'<8U3<DBKY6 <Œd*U3<H\]68<cxT- cA^'6. d-213^'. dB68c2W*68D2\ 6X\]CE6Œd*U3<7K 6.
¥T U
.LcBC Dk€ 1:9SdB-*C[\E6TUZ6 *c6HUk^€ 68D2\]CE66HcxQ1:DB^ 68d68DB^'<9S9S6D2\m^'6TU”€ -'@7¾”6H\¤dB6. 6Be‹2€ 6d*1ZK]136C
sT ¤ >U
< \]CE-21:.wd-213^'. 2c'1*dB68c2W*68D2\ 6X\]CE6 c*\E1VU:1:. 68.wd-2cBC‘d68.068C’d'C 6K]13.r69S6D2\’Dk€ 139d-*Ci\]6 *c6HU ]U MT
d-213^'.w6DQG71VUZ-'pHC[<9S9S6.¢<UVU3<D2\’^'6 G7p < Ÿ 13
G7p*e'‹6.‘\]CE-213.¢dB-21Z^*. ^'6U”€ 68d'13K]1Z68C‘.0-*D2\
1
’U s
™Vu¢› P
2 5 6
P ›
™* P
3 4 6
P ™Z§B›
1 5 7
P P œ
™ w› P
2 4 7
P ™”£7› P
1 3 9
P

"$#&%('   # *)+-,. /+021-,3+ 5 4 # 768 /9 6  % :762; :9  ' <+ =<;?> #&%7%- /@ A C B # ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >=L
“¯U.YcNM\„^k€ 6.L.r<X;*6C¤^B6 h <1:CE6QKL/*< *c6?DB-*9S@'CE6Q^'6 >T
< 86 D<^'^*1\E1Z-*D'D'<D2\m6X\ Ÿ
r¢ >U
.0-2cB.]\]C[<H;2<D2\ UZ68.KL/21 kCE6.mdBCE-*dB-*. 68.e o -2cBC U:<Q@B-*D'DB6?.r-21U:c*\E1313
-*D
(1, 3, 9)
P'-*D< b
1 = 1 2 = 3−1 3 = 3 4 = 3+1
5 = 9−3−1 6 = 9−3 7 = 9−3+1 8 = 9−1
9 = 9 10 = 9 + 1 11 = 9 + 3 − 1 12 = 9 + 3
13 = 9 + 3 + 1
]U
‹8<QC 6dB-*D'.06?6.]\£ke

bT
e ‹6 DB-*9S@'CE6N^B6 K]<C[\E6. 2c'1^B-21 W*6D2\ 6X\]CE6 d'13p 6.A^k€ cBD#dB< *c6X\DB-*C]9<Um^B6 ¤ iU >T
¤ ¤
K]<C[\E6.jd-2cBC 6X\]CE6. cBCŒ^€ <XW*-213C <cN9b-21:D'.T^B6Hcxb<7KY68.?-2cR\]CE-21:.T^k€ cBDB69 689b6A.0-*Ci52
6.]\ M
\]6 ¤
™Vu¢›
9

™*
13
™Z§B›
27
œ
™ w›
49
™”£7›
50
"$#&%('   # *
 )+-,. /  4 # 7 68 /9 6  % :762; :
+021-,3+ 5 9  ' <+ =
 <;?> #&%7%- /@ A C
B # 
 ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >=L
½mD dB68c*\Jd*1Zp868C K]<C[\E6.#^'6KL/*< 2c6.r-*C[\E6.XPQ^B-*DBK eS‹8< T
 ]K <C[\E66.]\
-'@*UV1ZpH<H\]-21:CE69S6D2\TcBDB6N^'26. .0-*Ci\]68.HPw^'-*DBKl-*DF< <7.L.LcBCE9b68D2\Q8<8c#9S-2913D'. K]<C[\E6.
¤
^k€ cBDB6Q9 69S6?.r-*C[\E6?6D KE<74Ci\]68.ek‹8<QC 6dB-*D'.06?6.]\¢uŒe
9
]U 3
M7ž

 ew,k/'6QpH<79S6- h 47-2U:1\E<813CE6 YcB9Sd“Z\„1:.d*U3<X;*67^S-*DS< pHC[1Z^e¢u


L. 1:DBpXUZ6Sd*U3<X;*6CŒd*U3<7KY68.j\i=Q-N-*CŒ9S-*CE6bpH<79S6b^*1:.0KE.Q-*DR 3 \Y×
/'6b3 pHCE13^‘e “ h
\i=Q- ^*1:.0KE.HP <DB^ P‘<CE6<^7¾¯<K]6D2\Œ/'-*CE1~L-*D2\E<8U:U ;kPW*68C[\E13K]<8U:U ;kP‘-*C
B
^*1:<p8-*D'<8U:U ;SA<7DB^A\Y/'6BCE6?13. <D>-*dB6Db.LdB<7KY6-*D\Y/'6Q.Y1Z^'6- h <H=?<X;
h CE-*9 P\Y/'6D K]<DQ¾ZcB9d <7DB^l^*1:.0K B
13.¤CE689b-8W*67^ew™¯4766 \Y/'6 A
^*1:<pHC[<A 9–e › ,/'6jAd'U:<H;*68Cw9S<7G76B.¢¾ZcB9Sd'.„<7. B UZ-*DBpœ<7.¤d-*.L.L13@*U36Be,k/'6jd*U3<X;*6C‘=T1:D'.¤1 h /'6
-*Cœ.0/'6SK]<D–K]-*D2\E13D*c6AcBD2\E1:Uw-*D*U;N-*DB6S^213.rKjCE689S<813D'.8eA,k/'69S<sx71:9cB9 D*cB9S@B68Cj- h
^*1:.0KE.„\Y/*<H\„K]<DS@B6Td'U:<K]67^S-*D\Y/'6QpHCE13^A1:D<j=?<X;\Y/*<8\w\Y/'6Td'U:<H;*68C¤.Y\E1VU:U2=T13D'.„1:. \
™Vu¢›
3

™*
4
™Z§B›
5
œ
™ w›
6
™”£7›
7
 <+ % 6 #&%('   # N ;D #  :F  ( # ,L
u¤D;S^213.rK„d*U3<7KY6^A1:D<K]-*C]DB68C„KE<7D'DB-\„@'6Œ¾ZcB9d6^‘e¢,/2cB.HP\Y/'6CE6T<7CE6T<8\¤9S-*.Y\
d -*.Y1V\E13-*D'.l-*D–\Y/'6 @B-*<CE^N=Q/'6CE6R< ^*1:.0KKE<7D5@B6>d'U:<K]67^F<DB^F.Lc@*.06 *c68D2\EU;5@B6
 ¥T
¾Z5cB9SdB67^P'D'<79S68U ;\Y/'6 dB-*.L1\E1Z-*D'.„DB-\ 1:Dl\Y/'6?KY-*CEDB6C[.8e¢,/213.m<8U:U3-7=?.¤cB.„\E-Ad*U3<7KY6T<
`Va ^213.rKw1:DA-*DB6T- h \Y/'6T5K]-*C]DB68C[.„<DB^cB.06œ1\’\E-T¾ZcB9Sd\Y/'6j-\Y/'6C[.8e’,/213.„KE<7DA@'6T^'-*DB6
6
@;NKi;*K]UV1ZKE<UVU;¾ZcB9Sd*13DBpA<8UZ-*DBp?\Y/'6S6^Bp868.T<DB^N-*DB6l¥D'<8Uk¾ZcB9SdN<7KYCE-*.r.œ\Y/'6K]6D2\]C[<8U
'T . 2cB<7CE6'e¢,/213.m.0/'-7=?.¤\Y/*<H\w\Y/'6?d*U3<X;*6C¤K]<Dl=T1:D=T1\Y/ ^213.rK].md'CE-*d68CEU ;d'U:<K]67^e
613.rK].¤13D\Y/'6?K]-*C]DB68C[. =T1:UVUBDB-\
½mDB6?K]<DS68<7.Y1:U ;l.066Œ\Y/*<H\ d'U:<K]1:DBpj<D; h cBC[\Y/'68C„^2
UZ68<^j\E-T<„=T13D‘e,k/'68.06œ^213.rK].wKE<7DQ-*D*U;œ¾ZcB9Sd-\Y/'6C‘^*1:.0KE.¢<7DB^QKE<7D?DB60W*6C’@'6„¾ZcB9SdB67^
@B6K]<8cB.06l\Y/'60;b=T1:UVU¢<8U=?<X;'.T@'6A13D <bKY-*CEDB6CrP=T1V\Y/b\Y/'6CE6.Yc'UV\\Y/*<8\\Y/'6SpH<79S6=T1:UVU
6DB^=T1\Y/A<8\wUZ68<7.]\w\i=Q-A^*1:.0KE.mCE69<1:D*13DBpT-*Dl\Y/'6Q@'-*<7CE^e

   
!"$%# & ('*) &
+ ,- +"./0-+ ,21- 

53 4/(67 8+ 9: !; %  ,2</5
,>=1?
 e ,/'6„dBCE-'^2cKE\ 

¥T ^
1 1 1 1 1 1
      
1+ 1− 1+ 1− ··· 1 − 1+
13.6 *cB<8UB\]- 2 3 4 5 n−1 n

™Vu¢›
1
› 1
™* ™Z§B› n + 1 œ
™ w›
−1
™”£7› S -*DB6?- h \Y/'68.06
n n
 <+ % 6 #&%('   #  L
4813DBK]6S\Y/'6 h <7KE\]-*C[.?1:DN\Y/'6bdBCE-'^2cKE\T<U\]68C]D'<H\]6>@'6H\i=Q66DJ<7^B^21V\E13-*DJ<DB^J.Yc@B¦
\]C[<KE\E13-*DkP<DB^\Y/'6?¥C[.]\m<DB^SU:<7.]\ \]68C]9.Œ@'-\Y/b/*<HW*6Q<7Db<7^B^21V\E13-*DkP*\Y/'6CE6?13. <D>-'^'^
D*cB9b@'6C„- hh <KE\E-*C[.e £*<7KL/AdB<813C¤- h <^7¾¯<K]6D2\ h <KE\E-*C[. pX1 W*6. ]

1

1

1 1 1 i+1−i−1 e
1+ 1− = 1+ − + = 1+ = 1
i i+1 i i + 1 i(i + 1) i(i + 1)
84 13DBK]6\Y/'6Ad'CE-'^*cKE\œ- h 68<KL/>.YcKL/Rd'<1:C1:. P\Y/'6A-*D*U; h <7KE\]-*C„\Y/*<8\ CE689S<813D'.œ13. \Y/'6
U3<.Y\¤-*DB6Be’,/'6CE6 h -*CE6*P\Y/'6?dBCE-'^2cKE\m6 *cB<8U3.
1
1 ¥T
n + 1 e’,k/'6T<7D'.E=Q6Cw13.§we
1+ =
@A&  % 9ABC
D+E  
.F+ &D *G H!; % 5&D-? n n

 e‹6¤DB-*9S@'CE6„^k€ 6D2\E136C[.‘6D2\]CE6
500
6H\
600
^B-*D2\BU3<„.r-*9S9S6„^B68.‘KL/21 kCE6.‘68.Y\ r¢ 12
6.]\ 
™Vu¢›
6

™*
7
™Z§B›
8
œ
™ w›
10
™”£7›
12
"$#&%('   # *
 )+-,. /  4 # 7 68 /9 6  % :762; :
+021-,3+ 5 9  ' <+ =
 <;?> #&%7%- /@ A C
B # 
 ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >=L
S
-2cB.ldB<C[\E-*D'.A<XW*67KQcBD ^'<D'.ADB-\]CE6 <7^B^21V\E13-*DkPwd'c'1:. 2c6NKs€ 68.Y\?U36NKL/21 CE6 'T £¢

^B68.K]6D2\[<1:DB6.8e m-*DBKsP¢1:U h <8c*\?5\]CE-2c2W*68C^'6.AKY-2cBd*UZ68.^'6NKL/21 CE68. 2c'1^'-*D'DB6D2\ £¢ bT 7
M _

U ¤ >U
< ^'^*1\E1Z-*D'D 68. 6D'.r69S@*U36.8eB§68. K]-2cBd'U36.md-2cBCECE-*D2\ 6X\]CE6Tc*\E1:UV13. 6.^'68cx h -21:.md'c'1:. 2c6 'T
£¢
U˜€ -*DSdB68c*\mKL/*<DBp86C U3<?d-*.Y1V\E13-*DS^'6. KL/21 CE68. ^*<7D'.mU36?DB-*9S@'CE6'e‘‹6.KY-2cBd*UZ68.
T
\]6HU3. *c6
x + y = 7
.r-*D2\
(0, 7)
DP
(1, 6)
P
(2, 5)
P
(3, 4)
6X\„U368cBCmK]-*D2\]C[<1:CE6*P'(x,
.0-21\ y)
KY-2cBd*UZ68.<c\E-\E<8U[e“¯U';<^'-*DBK DB-*9S@'CE68. 6D2\]CE6 6H\ ^'-*D2\¤U3<?.0-*99b6Q^'68.

KL/21 kCE6. W2<c*\
12
e 8 500 600

e—DTd-21:D2\‘68D2\E1Z68C‘^2cQd*U3<D T
6.]\\]6HU *c6 6X\ .0-*D2\6D2\E136C[.8e*‹6mDB-*9b@*CE6 ^B6
MT
d-21:D2\E.œ68D2\E1Z68C[. 2c'1pX13.r6D2\ <Q(x, eŸ
U”€ 1:D2y) \U
\ 6C[1Z6HcBC-2cb.YcBC¤ xU3< h y 0Ÿ ]U
CE-*D2\E1 68CE6^B6?U:<C 67pX13-*DSUV139A1V\ 66 ]U
dB<C U3<?d'<7C[<7@B-2U36
y=x 2 X
6 \ :
U ?
< V
U Z
1 H
p B
D 6
y = 50
8
6 Y
. \ 
™Vu¢›
470

™*
485
™Z§B›
490
œ
™ w›
750
™”£7›
765
"$#&%('   # *)+-,. /+021-,3+ 5 4 # 768 /9 6  % :762; :9  ' <+ =
 <;?> #&%7%- /@ A C
B # 
 ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >$;=D #  9 )+&, % , 9 J+ 2
' ,L
§-*99b68D KL-*D'.dB<Cw\]CE-2c2W*6C U36.md-21:D2\E.6D2\E136C[.m.LcBC U:<K]-2cBCY@'6 68D2\]CE6
6X\  P P P P P y P = x2 6X\
y = 0P 6X\TyUZ6HcB=C[. 50 ¨>U T 6 2c'1W2(0,
<8UZ680)
D2\E.l(1, 1)CTUZ68(2,
dB-2cB .TW24)
<U368cB(3,
C[.l9) U
D 6pH(4,
<8\E1 W*16)
6.A^'(5, 6 25) e -2cB(6, S
.l.r36)
<XW*-*D'.
U $ZŸ T
(7,
^ 6s¾ < 49)
*c€ 1:U7;Q< ]U
dB-213D2\[.¤68D2\E1Z68C[. .YcBC‘U˜€ <Xx76œ^'6. ^*<7D'.wU:<œC 6pX1Z-*D‘e xo -2cBC‘cBDB6mW2<8UZ6HcBC
^B6 51 ]U
P U36NDB-*9S@'CE6–^'6Nd-21:D2\E.6D2\E13y6C[.^'<D'.AU3<NC 6pX1Z-*D#.YcBCQU3<–^'CE-21\]6
x =
W*6Ci\E1ZKE<U36 k =
6 0 W2<c*\ >T
e o -2cBCŒKL/*< *c6W2<U368cBCœ^B6 r¢U
^21 6CE68D2\]6S^'6 .LcBC
_U 0U
UZ6>^B-*9<1:DBx6 = 6X\Eck^*1 6*P¢-*DF 51 − k2
KY-*9d*\E6 h -21:.?UZ68.Qd-21:D2\E.6D2\E136C[.Q x
d-2cBCTKY-*D'.Y1Z^ 6CE680CjUZ68. U
U
W2<U368cBC[. D 67pH<H\E1W*68.œKY-*CECE6.Ld-*DB^*<7D2\E26.œ^B6 ™3.r<8c h dB-2cBC ›Le*u 13D'.Y1˜P*U36QDB-*9b@*CE6

^B6?dB-213D2\[.6.]\ x x=0

e
51 + 2(50 + 47 + 42 + 35 + 26 + 15 + 2) = 485
]U  e
‹8<QC 6dB-*D'.06?6.]\ ¢
 
e  #   % % 13.m<pH<9b6?d*U3<X;*67^S-*D< KL/'6KLG76C„@'-*<7CE^e -\Y/Ad'U:<H;*68C[. /*<XW*6
7< D H¦L.r/*<7dB67^Jd*1Z6KY6A=Q/21ZKL/JK]-W*68C[. h -2cB4CT× T
. *cB4<CE6.<DB^J< ^213.rKŒ=Q/213KL/FK]-W*68C[.l-*DB6'e
,k/'6Td*U3<X;*6C[.„<U\]68C]D'<H\]6j9b-8W*6.XP*-*DB6Td*U3<X;*1:DBp=Q/21V\E6Td*1Z6KY68.m<DB^\Y/'6T-\Y/'6Cwd'U:<H;213DBp
@*U:<KLGewu•9b-8W*6K]-*D'.L1:.Y\[. - h d'13KLG71:DBpTcBd\Y/'6 H¦Y.0/*<d6^Sd*1Z6KY62PBdB-*.r.Y1Z@2U;l\EcBC]D*1:DBpT1\
-W*68C0P’<7DB^Nd*U3<7K]13DBpl1V\j@'<7KLGR-*D \Y/'6b@'-*<7CE^ 1:D–<bDB6s=dB-*.L1\E1Z-*D‘e,k/'68D \Y/'6bd*U3<X;*6C
CE69S-W*68. /21:.^213.rGQ<7DB^Ad'c*\[.„1V\¤@'<7KLG-*Dl\Y/'6?@B-*<CE^™:\Y/'6?^*1:.0GQ9<H;@'6TCE6H\EcBCEDB67^l\E-
S
=Q/'6CE6?1\mKE<79S6 h CE-*9l›Le 681\Y/'6Cw\Y/'6 H¦L.r/*<7dB67^d'1367K]6QDB-*C \Y/'6Q^*1:.0KKE<7Db@'6Qd*U3<7KY6^
'T
.0-T\Y/*<H\¢1\wKY-8W*6C[.¤<D;. 2cB<7CE6 \Y/*<8\’13. <8U3CE68<^7;l-'KYK]cBd*1Z6^A@;<T^213.rK -*C¢< D H¦Y.0/*<d6^
d'1367K]6Beu#d*U3<X;*6C’=Q/'-l13.„cBD'<7@*U36j\]-l9b-8W*6TU3-*.068.e
,k/'6Q-*DB6?- h \Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBpj@B-*<CE^'.-*D=Q/21ZKL/Q=Q/21\]6?K]<Dd'U:<H;A<7DB^=T1:DA1:. \
™Vu¢› ›
™* ™Z§B›

™ w›œ ™”£7›
M ¡

 <+ % 6 #&%('   #  L
,k/'6 <D'.]=Q68C1:.¤£e8f /21\]6 K]<DQd*U3<X; h CE-*9\Y/'6
d-*.Y1V\E13-*Dj1:D£Œ<.’.0/'-7=?Dœ\]- \Y/'6mCE13p8/\0P< h \]68CB=Q/21ZKL/
@*U:<KLGbK]<D'DB-\œd'U:<K]6l\Y/'6 H¦L.r/*<7dB67^Rd'1367K]6A1:D <D;
-\Y/'6Cmd-*.Y1V\E13-*D\Y/*<7DS1V\[.ŒK]cBC]CE68D2\d-*.Y1V\E13-*DA=T1V\Y/'¦ ==⇒
'T
-2c*\¤K]-W*68CE1:DBpŒ<T. 2cB<7CE6œ\Y/*<8\¢13.„<8U3CE68<^7;A-'KYK]cBd*1Z6^
@;<^213.rKm-*C¢\Y/'6Q-\Y/'68C H¦Y.0/*<d6^d*1Z6KY6'e
› VT ’T
 e'“¯U2;<ŒcBDB6j/*<c*\E68cBC KYC[1V\E1 *c6j™ 2c'168.Y\’cBDlDB-*9b@*CE6T68D2\E1Z68Cw^k€ 6H\[<p868.„<8c¦r^'6.L.LcB. ’U
T U
^ c5.0-2U ›YP\]6HU:U36 *c€ cBD#-'68c h U:<7CEpXc 6R^B6RKY6X\[\]6R/*<c*\E68cBCQ™Z-2c5<c¦L^B68.r.YcB.]›mW2<NKE<7.L.068C0P
*
IT ’T ŠT
9S<813. 2c6T.Y1-*DlU36ŒU3<CEpXc6?^€ cBDB6?/*<8c*\]6HcBC d'UVcB.@*<7.L.06j™ 2c68U 2c€ 68D.r-21V\¢U36jDB-*9b@*CE6
^B6 h -213.E›¢DB6KE<7.L.068C[<QdB<.eB½mDlW*-2cB.dBCE-'K]cBCE6Q^B6HcxA-'6Hc h . 6H\„-*DlW*-2cB. ^*1\ 2c6KY6X\[\]6 IT
/*<c*\E68cBC„68.Y\¤6D2\]CE6 6H\ U Y U U
6H\[<p868.™31:DBK]U:cB.Y1W*689b68D2\i›re w-2cB.wW*-2c'UZ6X~m^ 6XW*6HUZ-*d'd68C cBD
©T
d'U:<7D 2c'1kd68C]9S6H\m^B16?U”€ 13^B37 0Ÿ
68D2\E1:¥6Cm^'6?U3<Q9S<D*1 68CE6QU:<d*U:cB.œ6 M>KE<K]6Be £7W21Z^'69S6D2\0PB-*D
U !U
d-2cBCEC[<1\lKY-*99b68DBKY68C<8c•dBCE689136C 6H\[<p86N6X\9S-*D2\]68CQcBD 6H\[<p86 < U:< h -213.8e¤§6X\[\]6 Ÿ
\U [T
.Y\]C[<H\ 67pX136AdB-2cBC]C[<81V\ d'CE6DB^*CE6AcBD KY-2cBdR.L1U:</*<c*\E68cBCœKYCE1\E1 2c668.Y\mcBD 6X\E<7p86*P9<1:. U
VT 'T ’Ÿ
KY6X\[\]6Œ\E67KL/*D*1 *c6TdBCE68DB^'C[<81V\’¾ZcB. 2c€ < K]-2cBdB.m.Y1KY6HU:c'13¦rK]16.]\wU:<Q/*<8c*\]6HcBC„KYC[1V\E1 *c6'e VT
\U U ¥U
‹8<.Y\]C[<H\ 67pX136-*d2\E139<U36 W2<D 6K 6.L.L1\]68C37UZ6„DB-*9b@*CE69A13D*1:9S<8U^B6KL/2c*\E6.8e „<D'.‘UZ6„d'1:CE6 <œ
\U U
.0K 68D'<7C[1Z-PUZ6SDB-*9b@*CE6R^'6>KL/2c*\]6bD 67K]6.L.r<813CE6Sd-2cBCŒ1Z^'6D2\E1V¥68CŒU3<>/*<c*\E68cBC?KYC[1V\E1 *c6 VT
\U
<HW*6K¤U3<?.Y\]C[<H\ 67pX136?-*d*\E1:9S<8UZ6?68.Y\ 
™Vu¢›
8

™*
9
™Z§B›
12
œ
™ w›
19
™”£7›
35
"$#&%('   # *  )+-,. / +021-,3+ 5  4 # 7 68 /9 6  % :762; :
9  ' <+ =
 <;?> #&%7%- /@ A CB # ED # ,  GF&;?H&+JI/+ % ;
K >=L
\U AŸ
IF<J.Y\]C[<H\ 67pX136JK]-*D'.L1:.Y\E6 <NU3<DBKY68CU”€ -'6Hc h ^2c    P    P    P    P
U ŠœmŸ T
 
    P     P     6H\     6X\E<7p86.¤^'<D'.„K]6H\w-*CE^'CE6'e
8 15
68. * c 6œU”21
€ -'6Hc h @*CE261:.062P-*D
30
CE60W*136D2\ 33 mŸ ’U
<?U”€ 6X\E<7p835
6TU36?d*U:cB.36 U ]U U .U
@'<.mDk€ <X;2<7D2\„d'<7. 6H\ 6œW 6C[1:¥ 676?6H\„-*DACE69S-*D2\]6'e m6?KY6X\[\]6 *œ
h < KL-*DkP'1VUB;< d'1:CE6..0K\68U D'<7C[1Z-*.dB-*[email protected]*<8c>.r6D'. -.cS Ÿ U:<d'CE-'K¥67U ^2cBCE6Q.068C[<QU:<d*U:cB.
UZ-*DBpXc62P'.r-21Z68D28\T2cB<7DB^AU”€’6XU \E<7p86Q-.c Ÿ U”€ -'6Hc h K]<.r.r6?6.]\ U”€ cBDS^B68..Yc'1W2<D2\E.Z 7 P 14 P 20 P
P P P P e‹8<?C]68U d-*D'.r6Q68.Y\¢uŒe
25 29 32 34 37
` `baZn0n%l lIhXt zdszZaeaDnJx uw zmlI|}uw*t%d h `baZcIw*lIhŠw  

 fecZt%aZg DtvcmuI n baDfecej  mugw



‘]†G ‰  y‰ ! I˜^™*™”
› el“”Db\Y/'6A^*1:<pHC[<9 P ABCD 13.Œ<A. *T cB<CE6Q=T1\Y/>.Y1Z^'6 D C

UZ68DBps\Y/ <7DB^\Y/'6 h -2cBC>\]CE1:<7DBpXU36. P P G

P 17
m <DB^ <CE6–KY-*DBpHC[c6D2\lCE13ABF
p8/\Q\]CE1:<7DAE
DBpXU36.8e
BCG §
cBCi\Y/'6CE9b-*CE62CDH
P §
e 713DB^\Y/'6•<CE6<%- h \Y/'6
H F

JT
.0/*<7^B6^ *cB<7^'C[1:U:F<8\EB
6C[<8U= 8 e
EF GH
E
A B
 <+ % 6 #&%('   #  L
4813DBK]6 <DB^ PA\Y/'6 o ;\Y/*<p8-*CE68<7D,/'67-*CE689 pX1 W*6.
e F
A ,k/'B6<7=
CE68<b8- h 68<KL/ AB
- h \Y/'=
6 h -217
cBCŒYK -*DBpHC[c6D2\ \]C[13<DBpXUZ68.j13. 8×15 e
AF
,k/2cB.X=
PX\Y/'15
6m<CE6<- h \Y/'6„.0/*<7^B6^j. *cB<CE6 T :1 . 2
EF GH
2
= 60 e
17 −4(60) = 289−240 = 49
M

 e u·dB<C[\”;N=Q68D2\j\]-J<RCE6.]\E<8cBC[<7D2\ h -*CQ^213D'DB68CXe–uw\j\Y/'6 68DB^5- h \Y/'6R9S6<8Uw\Y/'60;


–
^B6K]1Z^'67^>\E-R.rd*U:1\m\Y/'6S@*1VU:U¢60W*68D*U;R<79S-*DBpQ\Y/'69Neb“ h 68<KL/ K]-*D2\]CE13@*c*\E67^ P\Y/'60;
h -2cBDB^\Y/*<H\ \Y/'60;l=Q6CE6 .r/'-*C[\0P=Q/21:U36T1 h 68<KL/d'c*\¤13D P*\Y/'60;b/*<^b68$16
DB-2cp8/A\E-
dB<X;\Y/'6l@*1VU:U”P h -*C¤\Y$4
/'6?\E13dkP<DB^ $19
UZ6 h \ -8W*6Csej¹?-7= 9cKL/l=?<7.m\Y/'6l@*1VU:U”P<DB^
15%
/'-7=·9S<D;=Q68CE6T1:Dl\Y/'6?dB<C[\”;Bº $2

 <+ % 6 #&%('   #  L
‹6H\ @'6\Y/'6lD*cB9b@'6C13Db\Y/'6ldB<C[\”;kPk<7DB^bUZ6X\ @B6Q\Y/'6@21:UVU[eTf 6l<CE6pX1 W*6D
n ™Z-*C ›¤<7DB^ b P'=Q/21ZKL/\E-'p86H\Y/'68C¤;*1368U3^
16n = b − 4 b = 16n + 4 19n =
e„,k/21:.139+d'UV21Z68.m\Y/*<H\
1.15b P-*C
19n = 1.15(16nem,k/'68DkP + 4) + 2 = 18.4n + 6.6 eŒ¹?68DBKY62P'\Y/'0.6n
68CE6T=Q= 6CE6 6.6 13D
n = 11
\Y/'6?dB<C[\”;<DB^l\Y/'b6Q=@21:UV16(11)
U*=?<7. + 4 e = 176 + 4 = 180 11
$180
¦ e § 1:DB^l\Y/'6?D*cB9S@B68C„- h .0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.¤13DA1:D2\]6p86C[. (x, y)
- h \Y/'6?6 2cB<8\E13-*D >T
e
x2 y 3 = 612
 <+ % 6 #&%('   #  L
§1:C[.Y\0P’.Y13DBK]6 12 <DB^ 2 P=Q6S9AcB.Y\T/*<XW*6 2 <DB^ e
f 6<7CE6lpX1 W*6D\Y/*<8\ 6 2 >
0 x ≥ 0 eœ481:DBKY6 7
< B
D ^ x@B-\Y>/>^201W21Z^'6 y > 0 P
x y 3 = 612 = 212 312 x y 12 12
=Q69AcB.Y\J/*<HW*6 i j <DB^ k ` Pl=Q/'6CE6 P P PS<DB^ 2 3<7CE6
DB-*DB¦LDB6pH<8\E1 W*6–1:D2\]x6p86=C[.8e·
±2,/'36D 2
y = 2 3
2i 2j <7DB^ 3
i j ke·,/'6CE6 `h -*CE6*P
x = 2 3 y = 23k 33`
2i+3k 2j+3` eAf 6=?<7D2\ 12 12 e,/2cB.HP <DB^
2j
2 3
x y = 2 e¢473-2UW213DBpm\Y/'68.06Œ6 *cB<H\Ex1Z-*D' ¥T 2 3
y.XP8=Q
=6Œ2p86X\ 3 2i +P 3k = P 12
<7DB^ + 3` = 12 P P e (i, k) ∈ {(0, 4) (3, 2) (6, 0)}
S
(j, l) ∈ {(0, 4) (3, 2) (6, 0)}
-7=AP68<KL/b- h \Y/'6T\Y/*CE676jW2<UVc6.œ- h KE<7D>@'6d'<1:CE67^l=T1V\Y/<7D;b- h \Y/'6?\Y/*CE66
W2<UVc6. - h e ½mDBKY6j\Y/21:.m1:. ^'-*DB6*P\Y/'6ŒW2<UVci6. - h <DB^ <CE6Q^B6X\]68C]9A13DB6^‘ew,/'6CE6¦
h -*CE6*P\Y/'6TD*jcB9S@B68C„- h .r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.„1:DdB-*.L1\E1W*6Œ13D2\E67kp868C[.m1:. ` P*<7DB^\Y/'6j\E-\E<8U
D*cB9b@'6C„- h .0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.¤13. e 3×3 =9
9 × 2 = 18
e S 6HU:UV1Z6A13.
5
G9.r-2c*\Y/N- h <S.Y\]CE68<79 \Y/*<8\œŽ-7=?. 

  
^*c6>68<7.]\Xe 47/'6S13. G9 =Q6.]\j<DB^ G79šDB-*C[\Y/–- h
6
..
8 6
/'6CKE<@213D‘e47/'6T=T13.r/'6.„\]-=?<8\E6Cm/'6Cm/'-*C[.06Q<H\¤\Y/'6 ..
..
..
..
.Y\]CE68<79<DB^T\Y/'68DQCE6X\EcBC]DT\E-Q/'68C’K]<7@*1:D‘e‘f /*<8\13.‘\Y/'6
S
.
..
..
..
.0/'-*Ci\]68.Y\„^213.]\E<DBKY6Œ\Y/*<8\ 68UVU:136T9cB.]\w\]C[<HW*6HUZº ..
..
..
..

..

 <+ % 6 #&%('   #  L
.
..
16 
..

S
.
..
..

 

.

6HU:UV1Z62€ .R.r/'-*C[\E6.]\bCE-2c*\E6J=T1:UVUT@'6#<#.Y\]C[<81Zp8/\
.
..

..
.............................................................................................................................

U:1:DB6?\]-A\Y/'6.]\]CE6<9 h -2UVUZ-7=Q6^b@;b<l.]\]C[<13p8/\mUV13DB6T\]- 6
.

5 
..
..
..
/'6C¤KE<@213D‘e¤“ h =Q6TCE6HŽ6KE\w13D\Y/'6T.]\]CE6<9\Y/'6T.r67K]-*DB^ ..
....

dB<C[\œ- h /'6C„\]CE1:d>\]-\Y/'6K]<7@*1:DkPk1\1:.TK]U36<C„\Y/*<8\m\Y/'6 ?
!"
 -?
..

# # 
8 
..
..

.0/'-*Ci\]68.Y\Q^213.]\E<DBKY6=T1:UVU„@'6b\Y/'6>.Y\]C[<81Zp8/\TUV13DB6 h CE-*9 6
S
=Q/'6CE6 6HU:UV1Z6.Y\[<7Ci\E.’\E-Œ\Y/'6œCE6HŽ6KE\E1Z-*DQ- h \Y/'6œK]<7@*1:D‘e 6 
f 6AcB.06 o ;2\Y/*<7p8-*C[<7.Œ\E- K]<8UZK]c'U:<8\E6l\Y/21:.?^*1:.Y\[<7DBK]6<.
√ √ e  ?

2
8 + 16 = 8 5 2
M 

e “”D \Y/'6b^213<7pHC[<79RP\]CE1:<7DBpXU36
 1:.?<  ◦  ◦ \]C[13<DBpXUZ6=T1V\Y/>\Y/'6SC[1Zp8/\
<7DBpXU36 <H\jW*6Ci\]6Yx P¢\Y/'6 ABC 30◦ 60P¤ <790
◦ <7DBpXU36 <H\jW*68C[\E6Lx DB^5.Y1Z^'6 /*<HW213DBpbU36DBps\Y/
eT476pH9b68D2\ C 30
1:.œdB6CEd68DB^*13K]c'U3<Cm\E-b.Y1Z^'6 B <DB^ @*1:.06AB KE\E. eŒ4767pH9S6D2\
20 1:.mdB<C[<UVUZ6HUB ED\E- e 476pH9b68D2\ 1:.md68C]dBAC
6DB^21ZK]c'U:<7D
Cw\]- <7DB AC ^ 1:.-*DA\Y/'6
EC
6Lx8\]68D'.L13-*DS- h e AB EF ED F

–§ AB
™3<H› 1:DB^l\Y/'6jUZ68DBps\Y/S- h .06pH9b68D2\ e E C

™¯@7›©§ 1:DB^l\Y/'6jUZ68DBps\Y/S- h .06pH9b68D2\


ED ..............................................................
.. ....... . .
..
. ........
........
........ ....
... ........
........

e
... ........
... ... ........
D
..............
.. ....... ........
.
. ................... ... ...
. ........
DF .. ........
. ..... ..
..................................................................................................................................................................

 <+ %="$#&%('   #  L F A B

™Z<X›œ“”D Pk.L13^B6 13.œ\Y/'6S/7;*d-\E6D*cB.r6\Y/2cB.HP e481:DBKY6


@ 1:.06KE\E.
* P74ABC
=Q6Q/*<XW*6 AB ew4813DBK]6 1:.md68C]dB6DB^21ZK]c'U:<7AC
Cw\]- = 10<DB^ D1:.
AC
dB<C[<UVUZ6HU\]- CD
PB\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 = 5 1:.œ< ED ◦  ◦ \]C[13<DBpXUZ6T=T1\Y/\Y/'6 AC EC
◦ ◦ <DBpXUZ6
<8\ <7DB^=TAB 1\Y//7;'dB-\]68D*cB.0CDE 6 e‘,k/'6830D 60 90 <DB^ √ e 30
E EC EC = 10 ED = 5 3
™ *›T481:DBKY6 .06pH9b68D2\ EF 13.ldB6CEd68DB^*13K]c'U3<C?\]- ED P¤1\?13.ldB<C[<UVUZ6HU¤\E- AC e
§ cBCi\Y/'6CE9b-*CE62P 13. dB<C[<UVUZ6HU2\E- P1:9Sd*U;213DBp\Y/*<H\ 13. <jC]/'-*[email protected]=T1\Y/
<UVUB.L13^B68.m6 *cB<8U'AF¥T\E-
√ 10 √ e
eu¤dBd*U;213DBp oEC
;\Y/*<p8-*C[<.H€ .¤,k/'6-*CEACEF
69 \]-CE13p8/\¢\]CE1:<7DBpXU36
DEF
pX1W*68.
DF = 175 = 5 7

f 6 CE6KY6H1W*6^#<RU3<H\]6R.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*DF.06X\j=T1V\Y/5KY-*CECE67KE\Q.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.Q\]- ¡ - h \Y/'6 O
d CE-'@2UZ689S. h CE-*9 \Y/'6 ` f5e 8e BU:cBDB^'-*D–IF<H\Y/'69<8\E13K].œ§k-*D2\]68.Y\Xe —D h -*Ci\EcBD'<8\E68U ;kP
B
1V\m^*13^bDB-\„<7CECE1 W*6Q1:D\E1:9b6 h -*C„d*c@*UV1ZKE<8\E13-*DS13DA\Y/'6SIF<CEKL/b47G7-2U:1:<^e„,k/*<DBGQ;*-2cS\E-
S bœ
<H\E<8U:1:< m6.[;P'pHC[<7^B6 'P*4*I o <XW*6C[1:cB.XP o <U369S@'<DBpP“”DB^B-*DB68.L1:<e’f 6?/'-*dB6œ;*-2cBC
DB6Lx8\„.r6H\¤- h .r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.m<7CECE1 W*6.-*Dl\E1:9b6Œ\]-A@B6?KY-*D'.Y1Z^'6CE6^ h -*C¤d*c@*UV1ZKE<8\E13-*D‘e

, /*<H\j@*CE1:DBpH.jcB.Œ\E-b\Y/'6S6DB^N- h <DB-\Y/'6C 1:.r.Yc6Be,k/21:.T9S-*D2\Y/€ .œ=T1:D'DB6CŒ- h <


k
DY
dB<.Y\ w-2U:cB9S6 - h IF<X;B/'689 13.Cr6<DB¦ C[<7D KL-213. 9§ ©œeU
6.Y1:U36H\[.e•§-*DBpHC[<H\Ec'U3<H\E1Z-*D'. r68<7DB¦
§2C[<D KL-21:.2» §k-*D2\E13D*c6T.068DB^*1:DBpj1:D;*-2cBC„K]-*D2\]68.Y\[.<DB^.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.e

 


!#"%$&'(!)!$&*,+.-0/-213-546879/:<;>=3?'@3ABDCE1FG+IHJ9JK'LMONPQRS$&'TU V<!WX
#IZY[!"R]\9^9^D_<Q`Qabcb9*(S!WQdefg$&"!%*I%WZhiDj9i"W!!9"!!#WI%WkmlnW
"WDX"!!ae!9*Z#eoaep$<)!&pQqdr5&fpDQ&*QdW(st#eoaep$<)!&pQdu&gv9e*wu3L9vOWZxe9fp
y ^9_,Q`W(a$&*ILWDILkz <Q!9*IW(s|z q}~nxbW($#WfgSRd!W,naW's3W
s&S$<<ef€%WhiDj90(#QO"%W≤%!1"!{ !&Wtq ≥ 0{
*O

 
!   !      
 ?
 
\P  \P  
IF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U¢IF<X;B/'689 @'67pH<DS13D 7 <7. r†*‡HŠ ]ˆ *‰ iˆ7‰
B ! " >P#%$&' ( )
 "* # + )
† 0†*ˆ*ˆ 2‡H‰ *‡ *em“Z\mK]-*D2\E13D*c68.HP=T1\Y/l\Y/'6?.r<9b6Q689SdB/*<7.Y13.XP
5-,-. 0/ Œ3-1 / - /¥5
,1
<7.m<7DA1:D2\]6pHC[<UdB<C[\„- hw¨ A± ®˜° 0/ Œ3
1 / _œ- /-2 0/43 Œ3-1
®¯­ ¬„­Z®i°S± ®i° ®”­ ± 8°
,k/'6RIF<X;B/'689y£'^21V\E-*C13.T47/*<H=?DNŸw-'^*1:D–™Z½¤\[\E<X=?<S§k<CEU36H\E-*D ¤13.]\]CE13KE\Œ47KL/'-'-2U
e

-*<7CE^7›re|,k/'6bu¤.L.L1:.Y\[<7D2\AIF<X;B/'689 £*^*1\]-*CT13. r6 ¹?-'-*dB6CQ™Vu„KE<^213<N—D*1W*68C[.L1\˜;7›re ]¢


¥¢
,k/'6#-\Y/'6CS.Y\[< 9b689b@'6C[.R<7CE6 r-'/*DŸwC[<D2\NI5KX‹-2cp8/2U:1:D™¯—D*1 W*6C[.Y1V\”;- h 6s= S
MY
CEcBD'.E=T1ZKLGH›YP“”<D ¢<DB^B68C BcBCEp8/T™¯—D*1 W*6C[.Y1V\”;T- h fR<8\E6C[UZ-'-7›]P2‹8<7CEC”; k13KY6m™¯—D*1 W*6C[.Y1V\”;
- h fR<8\E6C[UZ-'-7›]P*<DB^ k-*D ‹8<7DBKE<7.]\]68C„™Z—D*1W*68C[.L1\˜;S- h ,B-*CE-*D2\E-7›re

5 687:9<;%= >@?ACBED;%=GF
qI XKR*sKLIVSWYXKWYR-XKR-NQHNIKR
JMrwiL
T`MW]J-\JstJxJuM XKJMv
N4R*J*IVOQOSWYL
P+XKwVRR-WKS-NJTUTrM*p M W]\+R*X!IVMxSWYO+XKLR-NWKJMZy&WKR[X I IW]\'R-J_N+IY^PzT`aRJ_a
IKstJ R-bcNMtMdX]O4XYNeJT`W]J*\+OX!MX!w#J*W]O-\'XKWYJXKT`R-JrNeX!Mda
PcWYXYbQfZJ_gihaj J hwKR-k`T`lJrm*^{n-Sn-ao'| p
‡]+N T`J X!NMˆMs~\QS}+JLy&MŠs~X \ZI ‰IƒŒ^^‹T`T`RƒdJ-a
stJ*IKƒxJO4bL-JN'}X!OEMrN+€*€*ŽˆIƒXKX!v*Mu}+J\NNzp €*XYI NQX!Mˆ}\N+y&€*I X X!I MuI{\c^L-T`J
N4stOQJ
O4-T`JQJ+N'T`s‚J \+Nƒ„s~W]\\'ƒxJL-R
N4…[O8sVXYX!N L*I4X!I!M`L-M*N+S€J S
MzL*€ƒxJM‘
ƒR
w{’ƒx†L-L-NN4LO”O+L4“ ƒp
™ER-NW]T`•
J\'L*I'J_wKJ*R-O-TUXKWVW]TVR-L-T–NW]Mt\I!L-LNWYXK—-R-M#N˜*MŒJ R
L-wiN'W]|ˆ\'™%JUL-^T`T`srR•
a
JIKT‚J T~bcXKJ M*T#p L-N4Oc™%L-TˆWYXYN›š{R*I]O+MWKJXYNcR
wW]\JZœ#N+XKv
J TVM`XKWYPZR
w
x D¦ ed , # ) # -F?. #  [ž=,3+ =$B 2H # ' A$ %  N; rŸ I / ,G6 ( <F #  ¡ ¢:£ , ' $6+¢ ˆ¤:;
1:,  /, 
2 # N ; ¡ £ 6L       

‹6H\ @B6A<KL/'-*CE^ - h <d'<7C[<7@B-2U:<'Pk<7DB^>U36H\ @'6\Y/'6A9A1Z^'¦LdB-213D2\œ- h e


‹ 6H\ @B6 <œPdQ-21:D2\¢-*DT\Y/'6 dB<C[<@'-2U3<œ.YcKL/j\Y/*<8\\Y/'6m\E<DBRp86D2\’<H\ 1:.wd'<7C[<8U:U368U7\E- P Q e
,k/'6S\[<7DBp868D2\E. <8\ <DB^ 1:D2\]68C[.06KE\’<8\ e¢47/'-7=%\Y/*<8\ P P7S <7DB^ <CE6ŒKY-2UVU:1:DBP6<QCXe
x D ¦
P Q T R S T
 e  ,#) #6 :F ¦¥ % EF
I ¨§:+¤ ' -;¦£ +¤ ' " <+$
©Ÿ I / ,G6 ( <F&; ¦£ +¤ ' ;
¥xª «
  
,/:+  G+=L
“h P P P*d'CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\
a b c>0

1 1 1 (a + b + c)2 e
+ + ≤
a+b b+c c+a 6abc
x   e , # ) # 6 -F  *B +:F /D "  +¬5L  

—.L1:DBpb68<KL/–- h \Y/'6>^21ZpX1\E. P P P P P ¾ZcB.Y\?-*DBK]6*P’¥BDB^ h -2cBCjdB6C h 67KE\


'. T2cB<7CE68.™¯pHCE68<8\E6C¢\Y/*<7D~L6CE-7›‘.LcKL0/Q\Y/*1<8\¤2-*DB36?K].-*.D'. .L1:.Y9\[.m- hh -2cBC ^*13pX1V\[.HP*-*DB6?K]-*D'.L1:.Y\[.
- h \Y/*CE66^*13pX1V\[.HP8-*DB6KY-*D'.Y13.]\E.’- h \i=Q-j^21ZpX1\E.XP8<DB^T-*DB6KY-*D'.Y13.]\E.’- h -*DB6^21ZpX1\Xe’™ „ˆ r‡ ~­  4®
,k/'68CE6T13.m9S-*CE6j\Y/*<Db-*DB6T.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D‘e ¹?-7= 9S<D;SKE<7D;*-2c¥DB^'º]›


x › e , # ) # 6 -F .&L  + %  ,H-F N;¥  N6 ;dž#¥ ;Ÿ " ¥L
    

,k/*CE66mpXcBD*¥p8/\E6C[.XPKE<UVUZ6^ZW„c'13KLGBP¥§2<.Y\0PX<7DB^Œ48UZ-7=APX.Y\[<7DB^Œ-*DB6„<H\k6<7KL/mW*6Ci\]6Yx
- h <Db6>2T c'1:U:<8\E6C[<8U\]CE1:<7DBpXU36BeIW„c'13KLG1:. h <.Y\E6C„-*D\Y/'6^*C[<H= \Y/*<D §2<.Y\0P'<DB^§2<.Y\¤1:.
h <7.]\]68C„\Y/*<7DR48UZ-7=SeQ“ h 1:D2\]68DB^'. \E-S¥CE6l<H\ P'=Q6T=T1:UVU‘.L<H;\Y/*<8\ <+&,GA :76 ejf 6
=T1:UVU‘<7.L.LcB9S6Q\Y/*<8\1 h x¥BCE6.Œ<8\ P\Y/'6D =Ty1:UVU’@'6/21V\0P<7DB^b\Y/*<H\x1 h <7DB^ y @'-\Y/
\E<CEp86H\j68<KL/ -\Y/'6CrPk\Y/'6S-*DB6Q=Q/'-R1:.T.YUZ-7=Q68Cœ-*DR\Y/'6^'C[<X==T1:UVU¢@B6S/21\Œ@B6 h y-*CE6S/'6
x y y x
K]<D¥BCE6Beu•K]-*9b@*<8\[<7D2\„KE<7D'DB-\ ¥BCE6Q-*DBKY6?/'6Q/*<. @'6768DS/21V\Xe
“”D>\Y/'6l¥C[.]\œdB/*<7.r6- h \Y/'6K]-*D h CE-*D2\E<H\E1Z-*DkP‘68<KL/RKY-*9S@'<H\E<D2\\E<CEp86H\[.T-*DB6- h
\Y/'6-\Y/'68C„\i=Q-b<7DB^b¥CE68.Œ<A9S<sx71:9cB9g- h -*DB6lCE-2cBDB^e -b9S<D G7DB-7=?.j/'-7= h <7.]\ S
\Y/'6-\Y/'6C \i=Q-A<7CE62PB<DB^A\Y/'6T\E<CEp86H\E1:DBpQKL/'-213KY68. <CE6Q9S<7^B6?C[<7DB^'-*9U ;S<7DB^bKE<7D'DB-\
@B6QKL/*<DBp867^S^2cBCE1:DBpŒ\Y/'6T¥BC[.Y\ d/*<.06'e
“ h \i=Q-•K]-*9b@*<8\[<7D2\[.S.YcBC”W*1 W*6 \Y/'6 ¥C[.]\ldB/*<7.r6*P„\Y/'60; h <K]6J68<KL/•-\Y/'68CQ13D•<
.06KY-*DB^dB/*<7.r6?<DB^A\Y/'6 h <7.]\]68.Y\„^*C[<H==T1:D'.e¤“ h -*D*U ;S-*DB6?KY-*9S@'<H\E<D2\„.YcBC”W*1 W*6.„\Y/'6
¥C[.]\¤d/*<.062P'/'6T1:.¤\Y/'6Œ=T13D'DB68C„™3<7DB^l\Y/'68CE6T13.mDB-A.r67K]-*DB^dB/*<7.r6X›Le
§
1:DB^l\Y/'6?d'CE-'@'<7@*1VU:1\˜;\Y/*<8\ 9
.W
™Z<X› „c'1ZKLGQ.LcBC”W21W*68. ™Z@› <7.]\¤.YcBC”W*1 W*6.g §
™¯K[›w48U3-7=·.YcBC”W*1 W*6.8e
x    , # ) # 6
e  -F # ' J + z¥  # ' $ ; U£ # ,  /+ ' ; 1:,G+ : L
§
*-*Cj=Q/213KL/5D'<H\EcBC[<UmD*cB9b@'6C[. 1:.\Y/'6 D*cB9S@B68C 4
<QdB6C h 76 KE\¤. 2cB<7CE6º x 'T x + x3 + x2 + x + 1

x  ¦ ee  , # ) # 6 :F L L " L " +&6 E, F


;
A7
A 1

£ + $A-+ % # , /;
........
...........
 ... ..........
... ........... ......
.

 + L
... ........ .... ..
... ....
  
....... .
A A
.. . . .
.. ...........................................................................................................................................................................
6 ............................. . ..... .. ......... 2
............. .... ... ................. ..........
”“ D·\Y/'6 ¦Yd-21:D2\J.]\E<C–.r/'-7=?DkPSDB-
.... ..........

§
............. ..
.......................... .........................
... ......................................... ..............

\Y/*CE676–UV13DB68.S<7CE76JKY-*DBK]cBCECE6D2\Xe 713DB^5\Y/'6
....... ............ ................... ........
.
. ...
................ .. ...................... ..............
............... .. ............. .......
.. ....................

.LcB9 e
..
A A
... . .................
3
... .
5 ...
.. ..
A1 + A 2 + . . . + A 7
... .
.. ....
... ..
......
...

A
e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e e 4e e e
x D¦ ee , # ) 6 9 )+&, . #   =,3+ =
#  ž
H # ' A %  $;
 B 2 Ÿ I / ,G6 ( 
9 0¡
' # ' I / + ' 0
£ , ' $6+¢ ˆ¤:; 1:, ¡£
  
   /, 
2 # N; L
47-21V\ cBDB6ŒKY-*CE^'6œ^k€ cBDB6Œd'<7C[<7@B-2U36œ6H\‘.0-21\ U36 d-21:D2\’91VU:1368c^B6 e47-21\
c DbdB-213D2\¤
B P.LQ cBC U3<Qd'<7C[<7@B-2U36T\E68U *c6TU3<T\[<7DBp868D2\]668RD ^T
6.]\„d'<7C[<8U:U 68U36 < P Qe481 0Ÿ ©Ÿ
U
S
^ 68.L13pHDB6œU36œd-21:D2\w^k€ 13D2\E6C[.r67KE\E13-*Dl^B68.¢\E<DBp86D2\E6.„68D S6H\ P79b-*D2\]CE68C 2cP6 Q 6XT\ .T
.0-*D2\„K]-2U:1:D 6<813CE68.e U P Q R, S

x D ¦
T
 e  , # ) # 69 )+&, ¥ % EF
I §:+¤ ' -; £ +¤ ' " <+$
Ÿ I (, 6  E F
; £ +¤ ' ;
¥xª «
 
,/:+  G+=L
481
a b c>0
P P P*9S-*D2\]CE6C 2c6 T
1 1 1 (a + b + c)2 e
+ + ≤
a+b b+c c+a 6abc
 

x  –
 e , # ) # 6 9 )+-, %  9 '  )  *B +-F$ D L
£*DSc*\E1:UV13.L<7D2\„cBDB6.r68c'U36 h -21:.œKL/*<K]cBDR^'6.œKL/21 kCE6.Œ^'6 r¢
< P'\]CE-2c2W*68C *cB<H\]CE6 Ÿ T
]U MT
]K <C]C 6.œd'<7C h <1\E.œ™ZdB-*.L1\E1 h .E›¢\E68U:. *c€ 1:U;>68Db<1\„cBDR^B6 *cB<H\]CE6A0KL/21 
9
T
CE68.HP'cBD>^B6?\]CE-21:.HP £¢
£¢
cBD5^B6>^B6HcxN6H\jcBDF^B68C]D*136C?^'6bcBD5KL/21 CE6'ew™ -\]6 ’“¯U¢;J<>d'UVcB.l^€ cBDB6>.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D‘e S ,
§-*9S@*136Dd-2c2W*6X~L¦EW*-2cB.6Dl\]CE-2c2W*68CBº]›
x  › –e  , # ) # 6 9 )+-, .&L  + %  ,H-F N; ¥  N6 ; xž#¥ ; Ÿ " ¥L
T 0U Y
,BCE-213.w9b-2cB. *c6X\E<813CE68.HP<7d'd6HU 68. 1 h P <d'13^B6Œ6X\m‹68D2\0P7.r-*D2\’d-*.]\ 6.w<8cxj.0-*9S¦ \U
>U T ]U <Y ¤
9 6X\E.œ^€ cBD\]CE1:<7DBpXU36 6 2c'1:U:<8\ 68C[<Uie 1 h <QU3<p <KL/'6X\[\]6Qd'UVcB. C[<7d*1Z^'6 2c6 <7d*1Z^'6*P 2c'1
b T ŒT
T
U:c'1‘6.]\d'UVcB.ŒC[<d'13^B6 2c6>‹6D2\Xek481 .H€ <7d'dBC 6H\E6 <\E1:CE6Cm.LcBC P-*DR^213C[< 2c6 ¤ ¨Ÿ I 6 bT
T
eB½mDQW2<?.YcBdBdB-*.068C *c6T.Y1 \E1:CE6T.YxcBC P*<8UZ-*C[. .068C[<j\E-2cKL/ y6*P*6H\ 2c6?.Y1 6Hx\ .06 U T
*T
y1:.068D2\„U˜€ cBDbU˜€ <c*\]CE62PK]68UVc'1 2xc'1<U3<lp <7KLy/'6H\[\E6QU3<
W* ¤ *U
y9b-21:D'.œC[<d'13^B6.r6C[<?\]-2cKLx / 6<XW2y<7D2\ *U
T *c€ 1:UDB6Td'c'1:.r.r6j\E1:CE6CseB—DB6 h -21:.¤\]-2cKL/ 62P*<cK]cBDS^B68.„\]CE-21:.mDB6?dB68c*\w\E13CE68CXe
œ 0Ÿ
„<7D'.U:< d'CE69A1 68CE6 dB/*<7.r6 ^B6>U:<NK]-*D h CE-*D2\E<H\E1Z-*DkPwKL/*< 2c6NK]-*9b@*<8\[\[<7D2\jW213.r6 T
U˜€ cBDN^'6.j^B6HcxS<8c*\]CE6.j6H\m\E1:CE6lcBDB6AK]<C[\E-2cKL/'6A<c 9<Xx139AcB9–eBu cK]cBD ^B68.ŒdB<C[\E13K]1Z¦
¥T
dB<D2\E.mDB6j.r<81V\¢UZ6 *c6HU^'6.m^B6HcxQ<8c*\]CE6.m6.]\wU36Td*U:cB.„C[<7d*1Z^'6 UZ6TKL/'-21 xQ^'6.wW*1:. 66.¤.06 >U
\U
h <1\¤<cb/*<.r<CE^.L<7D'.md-*.L.L13@*1VU:1\ 6?^'6QKL/*<DBp869S6D2\„^*cBC[<D2\¤U3<?d'CE69A1 68CE6?d/*<.06'e 0Ÿ

481T^B6Hcx|KY-*9S@'<H\[\E<D2\E.R.LcBC”W21W*68D2\ <5U:<#d'CE69A1 68CE6#dB/*<7.r6*P1VU3.>.r6 h -*D2\ h <7KY6 0Ÿ
©T
6H\TKs€ 68.Y\ŒU36bd*U:cB.?C[<7d*1Z^'6 *c'1¤pH<7pHDB6Be¢4*€ 1VU Dk€ ;–< *c€ cBDF.YcBC”W*1 W2<7D2\j<cN\]68C]9S6>^B6U3<©T
0Ÿ U ]U iT
dBCE6891 6CE6?dB/*<7.r6*P21VU6.]\„^ 6K]U3<C 6œW2<1:D *c6HcBC„™¯6X\ 1:UDk€ ;A<Qd'<7.^B6T.06KY-*DB^'6?dB/*<7.r6X›Le
,BCE-2c2W*6C U:<Qd'CE-'@'<7@*1VU:1\ 6 *c6 \eU T b
LY
™Z<X› 1 h .LcBC”W21W*6 ™¯@7› <7d*1Z^'6?.LcBC”W21W*6 ™¯K[›m‹68D2\¤.LcBC”W21W*6'e
x   – , # ) # 6 9 )+-,
e # ' J +z¥  # ' $ ; U£ # ,  /+ ' ; 1:,G+ : L
o 2 T
- cBC *c6HU3.DB-*9S@'CE68. D'<H\EcBCE68U:. UZ6?DB-*9S@'CE6 4 6.]\Y¦Y1VU
cBDbKE<7CEC ? ]U
6 d'<7C h <1\Bº x x + x3 + x2 + x + 1

x  ¦ ez , # ) # 69 )+-,  L L " L " +&6 E, F


; A7

£ + $A-+ % # , /; :L
.........
.. ........
... .......
A 1
... ........... ....
    ......

œ„<7D'.TU˜€’6HU \E-21:U36 < Ÿ 7 @'C[<DBKL/'6.^'6SU3<


.......
..
... ........ ....... ....
A A
... . .
.. ...........................................................................................................................................................................
6 .............................. ..... ...... .. ....... 2
............. .. ... ................. ..........
.............. .... . ..........
. .
..................... ... ................................

¥pXcBCE62PH1VU7Dk€ ;T<<8cK]cBD?.r-2cB.0¦L6D'.r69S@*U36^'6
. .....
... ... .................... .. .. .
..... ............
....... .............. .................. .......
...............
.. .. .................... ..............

\]CE-213.j^'CE-21\]68.TKY-*DBK]-2cBC[<7D2\E6.8ek,BCE-2c2W*68C U3<
............... ... ............. ........
....................
... ..
A A
... .. ...................
.. ..
5 3
.0-*99b6 e
.. ..
... .
...
... .
.. ...
A1 + A 2 + . . . + A 7 ... ..
....

A4
'M

5 6 7 9<;%= eAEDA<F
x ›   , # ) # 6
e  -Fe£ +   ¤ xž
6 "  ,(A  # ' ;5>@N+ % 
J+
; =,  2e

“h P P <CE6?dB-*.L1\E1W*6TD*cB9S@B68C[.HP*.LcKL/\Y/*<H\ P*dBCE-8W*6j\Y/*<H\
a b c a+b+c=1
e
(1 + a)(1 + b)(1 + c) ≥ 8(1 − a)(1 − b)(1 − c)
"$#&%('   #  -F
(  ' I #  &+ , ' ;5> # D 9+  64   ;  # D + < +NL
*;l\Y/'6œu I  Ÿ„I >T
“”DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;=Q6Q/*<XW*6
p e
1+a = a+b+c+a = a+b+a+c ≥ 2 (a + b)(a + c)
¹?68DBKY62P
p e ™ ›
1+a ≥ 2 (1 − c)(1 − b)
48139A1:U:<7C[U;P
p ™ ›
1+b ≥ 2 (1 − a)(1 − c)
<7DB^
e ™”Ms›
§ ¥T <T
p
1+c ≥ 2 (1 − b)(1 − a)
2CE-*9š™ ›LP¢™  ›LP’<7DB^J™¯MX›YP‘\Y/'6>pX1 W*6DN13DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜; h -2UVUZ-7=?.8e–£ *cB<8U:1\˜;–/'-2UZ^*.?1 h
<7DB^S-*D*U ;A1 h 7\Y/*<H\ 13.XP21 h <DB^S-*D*U;l1 h 1e
a+b=a+c=b+c a=b=c=

   
D + 8H . +D!"& 69 2005  & 9 & 25,-+!-&
,$!  /!;-& 3F& F4/!",
6 & % 0F5
67  ;  /99:!",/  / /C!;5& F& F4/!",!" 8 9 #5  % ?
x › m¦  e , # ) # 6  - F   *B +:F /D "  + we ¬
I I I I I I I
“”DF\Y/'6N<C]C[<X;#<H\C[1Zp8/\0P \i=Q-FU36H\[\E6C[.A<CE6NK]<8U:U367^
I u u u u u I
  A( # ' ,  $A UZ6X\[\]68C[.1 h \Y/'60;#<7CE6N<^7¾¯<K]6D2\Q\]-#6<7KL/
I u , , ,u I
-\Y/'6Cw/'-*CE1~L-*D2\E<8U:U ;kPHW*6Ci\E1ZKE<UVU;P2-*Cw^*1:<p8-*D'<8U:U ;‘e¢4H\E<C[\Y¦
I u , ¹ , u
 I
13DBp h CE-*9{<7D;UZ6X\[\]68C#¸8I|¼•-*D\Y/'6 -2c*\E.Y1Z^'6 - h \Y/'6
I u , , , u
 I
<7CEC[<H;PH¥DB^œ\Y/'6mD*cB9b@'6C‘- h =?<X;'.¢- h .Ld6HU:UV13DBpœ¸8INu‘,‘¹¼
I u u u u u I
@;9b-8W*1:DBpT-*D*U;@B6X\i=Q6768DDB6813p8/'@B-2cBC[13DBpjU36H\[\E6C[.8e
I I I I I I I
"$#&%('   #  -F  #  ,x£ % $6*¤ 7;5> #&% %-@ A
    B #  ED # ,  GF&;5H&+JI/+ % ; K >=L
f 6=T1:UVUwK]-2cBD2\ \Y/'6 INu‘,¹=Q-*CE^'.jcB.Y13DBp\Y/'6u¤.HP.L1:DBKY6l\Y/'6>¹13.?K]-*9S9S-*D
\]-N<UVU‘=Q-*CE^'.8e ,/'6 KY-*CEDB6C u¤.Q/*<HW*6 <7^¾¯<7KY68D2\lIF.Q<DB^ <7^¾¯<7KY68D2\j,t\Y/2cB.HP
\Y/'6 KY-*CEDB6C[.mpX1 W*6jcB4. -'K]K]cBC]CE68DBKY68.- 5h INu‘,¹e,k/'6 u¤.„<1^7¾¯<K]6D2\¢\E-l<?K]-*C]DB68C
u/*<H4W*6 IF.T<DB^ ,'20.T<7^¾¯<7KY68D2\ =Q/'6DBK]6*Pk\Y/'68.06 u¤8.TpX1 W*6AcB. -'K]K]cBC]CE68DBKY68.
3
- h INu‘,¹eB,/'6 2
913^B^2UZ6Tu¤.œ/*<HW*6 IF. <7DB^ ,'. <^7¾¯<K]6D2\0P*=Q/248
8 1ZKL/S9b68<7D'.\Y/*<H\
\Y/'6 9A1Z^'^*U36?u¤.Œ 4 pX1 W*6cB. 9b-*CE6l3-'KYK]cBCECE6DBK]63.j- h INu‘,¹eB,k/'68CE6 h -*CE62PB=Q6l/*<XW*6
4 36
-'K]K]cBC]CE68DBKY68. - h INu‘,¹1:Dl\Y/'6?<7CEC[<H;e
20 + 48 + 36 = 104

  
D: @-!;G & % 8!E8 !"-!"
 FG .90&% ('8 &0!" ,*)   F& F4/+  8
/< ,+8/&D!" &D+D , </.-& /4F+ F,(/ ,0+21 3-&+".4 /!5. ,A1-( $ 9 ) 8/ # + & ,5'2 9F)& 0?28&  % ! !; % +
 
.F+ &D *G H!; % 5&-?
7

x ›  , # ) # 6
e  -F  *B +:F / D "  + we ¬
§
1:DB^<UVU.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'. h -*Cw\Y/'6Q6 *cB<H\E1Z-*D P=Q/'68CE6 ¥T
<DB^
<7CE6Td-*.Y1V\E1 W*6j13D2\E67p868C[.e (a, b) ab − 24 = 2a a b

"$#&%('   #  -F%ž # =¬ , /F
"' ; H #   #  >  E,3+ %="  #  J+&, F "  #N#&% ; H #   # $ ; _¡ L
k6<C]C[<DBpX13DBp P'=Q6Ap86H\ eŒ,k/2cB.XP h -*CdB-*.L1\E1W*6
13D2\E67p868CQ.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.XP ab < − DB^ 24 = 2a9AB c .Y\@'6 h a(b - −C[.2)- h = 24
<KE\E* e ¹?68DBKY62P Y\ /'68CE6 <CE6

.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'. h -*C a
P*D'7< 9S68bU ; − 2 24 8
(a, b)
P P P P P P P*<7DB^ e
(1, 26) (2, 14) (3, 10) (4, 8) (6, 6) (8, 5) (12, 4) (24, 3)

  
7,'2 /0! +#C&
& 0 & , 1- 

53 4/ 67 8+ 9: !; % , <F
,=1 3  -  D& + .4 0!5.,
1- 9 ) -0 # + & , '2 9F& 0?
x ›   , # ) # 6
e  -F ¡
I *. ' ,  G; &+ A&, $ -;5>N, # +$ <+'e




u–U:<G76Œ/*<.w\Y/'6œ.r/*<7dB6j- h < \]CE1:<7DBpXU36=T1\Y/Q.Y1Z^'6. - h U36DBps\Y/ P P7<7DB^ e 2CE-*9


< /'68UV1ZK]-*d*\E6CrP=Q/213KL/R1:.?/'-8W*6C[13DBpl1:DN<.Y\[<8\E13-*D'<7C”;Rd-*.Y1V\E13-*D <@'a
b b
-W*6 \Y/'6AU3<7cG76*Pk\Y/'6
U:1:DB6.r¦r- h ¦Y.L13p8/\k\E-j\Y/'6m\Y/*CE66„W*6Ci\E1ZK]6. - h \Y/'6m\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 <CE6 dB<813C˜=T13.r6d68C]dB6DB^21ZK]c'U:<7Cse
¹?-7=/213p8/l13.¤\Y/'6Q/'6HU:13KY-*d2\]68C¤<7@B-8W*6j\Y/'6jU3<7G767º

"$#&%('   #  -F
(  ' I #  &+ , ' ;5> # D 9+  64   ;  # D + < +NL
‹6H\ @B6m\Y/'6U:<G76<7DB^TUZ6X\ @B6m\Y/'6œ/'6HU:13KY-*d2\]68CXef 6œ^B68DB-\]6 P
ABC
<DB^ ew4813DBK]6 H P P*<DB^ HA =P=Qx6
HB
/*<HW*6 = y HC = z HA ⊥ HB HB ⊥ HC HC ⊥ HA

P
x2 + y 2 = c2
P
y2 + z2 = a2
e
z 2 + x2 = b2
47-2UW213DBpœ\Y/'6T.[;'.]\]689 P7=Q6?-'@\E<813D

−a2 + b2 + c2 P a2 − b 2 + c 2 P a2 + b 2 − c 2 e
x2 = y2 = z2 =
2 2 2
¹?68DBKY62P 9cB.]\?@B6b<K]c*\E67¦Y<7DBpXU367^e#“ h 1:.T\Y/'6R^213.]\E<DBKY6 h CE-*9 \]- \Y/'6
U3<7G76*P7=Q6?4ABC
K]<D=?CE1\]6Œ\Y/'6ŒW*-2UVcB9b6?- h \Y/'6Œ\]6X\]C[</'h
6^'CE-*D 1:Dl\i=Q-Q=?H
<X;'.
HABC

1 1 P
3
[ABC]h = 3
[HAB] · HC
=Q/21ZKL/Q;*1368U3^'.

2(−a2 + b2 + c2 )(a2 − b2 + c2 )(a2 + b2 − c2 ) P


p
xyz
h = = p
2[ABC] 8 s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
=Q/'6CE6 1 1:.¤\Y/'6?.r69A1Z¦Yd68CE1:9b6X\]68C¤- h e
s= 2
(a + b + c) 4ABC
'ž

x ›   , # ) # 6
e  -F  *B +:F / D "  + we ¬
‹6H\
bxc
^'6DB-\E6 \Y/'6„pHCE6<H\]68.Y\B13D2\E67p868CU36.L.\Y/*<DT-*C6 *cB<8UX\]-
x
¥T .§
e 2-*C6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P
<DB^ e>Ÿ’1W*68D \Y/*<H\ n
P j√ k Pw^'6H\E6CE91:DB6\Y/'6
b2.5c = 2 b−7.4c = −8 i = 217
W2<UVc6Q- h e i=1
n
"$#&%('   #  -F %ž # =¬ , /F
"' ; H #   #  >  E,3+ %="  #  J+&, F "  #N#&% ; H #   # $ ; _¡ L
§*-*C <7D;Ad-*.Y1V\E1 W*6T1:D2\]6p86C[.
i
<DB^
j
P*1 h
j 2 ≤ i < (j + 1)2
P\Y/'68D √ 
i =j
e
,k/2cB.XP

(j+1)2 −1 (j+1)2 −1
X √  X e
j = j (j + 1)2 − j 2

i = = j(2j + 1)
i=j 2 i=j 2
¹?68DBKY62P
48 3 8 15
X √  X √  X √  X √ 
i = i + i + i
i=1 i=1 i=4 i=9
24 35 48
X √  X √  X √ 
+ i + i + i
i=16 i=25 i=36
P
= 1 · 3 + 2 · 5 + 3 · 7 + 4 · 9 + 5 · 11 + 6 · 13 = 203
=Q/21ZKL/l13. .r/'-*C[\Xe’,/'6D
14
50 48 50
X √  X √  X √  e
i = i + i = 203 + 2 · 7 = 217

,k/2cB.XP2\Y/'6TCE6 2c'13CE6^lW2<8U:c6?- h
i=1
>T n 50
i=1
13.
i=49
e

  
 ,'2 /0! +5C&
& 0 & ,A1- 

53 4/ 67 -+D9: !; %  , </5
,=H1 3H
B$!*1/,+ 9
C!"&5/+#1 % 8 / 
,8 !"& , F.! 0 31&0 !"& 'H/  , )  F& F4/+  8:</+F&!" &+ ,@<F.-& F4/+ /,/ >,
+ 15 3-- &+". 4 0!5.,>1- 9 ) 8/ # + & ,2' 9/& C?
x › 8 , # ) # 6
e -F £ ,' '¢
"  + F 3, ; B D # ,+ % Ÿ I (, 6  E F #  Œ¡ ¢  (# ' 0
¡
     
% +  :; " 3L-. #   6 ; H'e
uqK]13CEK]U36 - h C[<^21:cB. 13.1:D'.0KYC[1Z@'67^
13DF< . 2cB<7CE6 'T KLM
Γ
N
e ‹H13DB2r6R.r67pH9S6D2\
AB
L ...r....................................................................................................................................................rM
...
...
.......
......... .....
.... ..
...................
.....................
.... .........
... .......
....
...

13.Q<R^*1:<79S6H\E6CT- h \Y/213.K]1:CEK]UZ62P‘=Q/'68CE6
...

<7DB^ Γ...........
... .. ... ...... ....
... .....
... Γ3 r
... . .
. ..... ...
... . .
. .... ....
A
.. . .

<7CE69A1Z^'¦LdB-213D2\[.œ- h -*dBdB-*.L1\]6Q.Y1Z^'6.œ- h \Y/'6


... .... .. .
.

'T
.
... . .
... ... ...............................................
.
. . ................................ .... .....
. .
... .. ...... ...... ...... Γ
. . ........ .. ...
1
B ................................. .... ... ...

. 2cB<7CE6'eJ,2=Q-JK]1:CEK]UZ68. <DB^ - h C[<7^*1V1


... ....... ...... ..
....... ... ... .........
.
...... . . .
... .. . ........
Γ Γ r
.... .. .... . ....
/*<HW*6 K]6D2\]CE68.5-*D 1<DB^·<CE6 6Lx8\]68C]D'<8U:U ;
2 A ........ .. B
. .. .
......r .....................................r ........................................r .....................................r ......................................r
......

\E<DBp86D2\w\]-A-*DB6T<DB-AB
. ........
\Y/'6CrP*<7DB^6<7KL/l1:.„1:D2\]68CY¦
....... .. .. .
......... .
. .. . .
... ...... ... ... .........
............................... ...... ..
... .. ......... Γ2 ..............
... ... ..... ........ .....
D'<UVU;A\E<DBp86D2\¤\E- e„,2=Q-bK]1:CEK]UZ68. <7DB^
....... ...
. .
... ... ............................... ...................................... .. ...
... .... ... ... ...
...
Γ
<7CE6–6Lx8\]68C]D'<8U:U ;5\[<7DBp868D2\\E- Γ
<DB^ 3 Γ
<7DB^ 4
...
...
...
....
....
.....
......
.....
..
.
r Γ4 ........ ............. ........
.
... ........ ..... ... ...... .....

13D2\E6CED'<UVU;\E<DBp86D2\w\]- e Γ1 Γ2 ... .......... ..... .. .......... ...


.. ... . ...... ...........
....r ..............................................................................................................................................................................r
Γ
§-*D'.]\]CEcKE\Œ\Y/'6>K]-*9S9S-*DN\[<7DBp868D2\Œ\]- <7DBK
^ cB.Y13DBp.Y\]C[<81Zp8/\T67^'p86> N<DB^
KY-*9dB<.r. =T1V\Y/l<Q9A13D*1:9cB9 cB.06?- h \Y/'6QK]-*9Sd'<7.L.e Γ 1 Γ 3

f /*<8\13.k\Y/'6m91:D*139AcB9·D*cB9S@B68C‘- h \E139S6.k\Y/*<8\\Y/'6 K]-*9Sd'<7.L.¢/*<.\]-j@'6„cB.06^Bº
 _

"$#&%('   #  -F%ž # =¬ , /F
"' ; H #   #  >  E,3+ %="  #  J+&, F "  #N#&% ; H #   # $ ; _¡ L
f 6=T1VU:U’dBCE-8W*6l\Y/*<8\\Y/'6SKY-*99b-*D>\[<7DBp868D2\ \]- <7DB^ d'<7.L.068.œ\Y/*CE-2cp8/
e‘,/213.w1:9Sd*U:136.’\Y/*<8\\Y/'6\E<DBp86D2\wKE<7D@B6Œ^*C[<H=?DT=T1\YΓ/'1-2c*\¢<jK]Γ-*39Sd'<7.L.¤@;j¾”-21:D*13DBp
M
\E-\Y/'6T1:D2\]68C[.06KE\E1Z-*D- h <7DB^ e
M Γ1 Γ3
L ....q..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................q P
. q
..... M
... ... .. .............................
........................... ...... ............ .....
.....
... ........... ......... ..... ..........
.. ... ......... . . ...... . .... .. .... ......... . .
... ....... .... ... ........ ..... ....
... ....... ... ... ...... ........ ....
.......
Γ
... .. .. ...... ....
... ...... .. .. . .......... ....
... .... .
. . ... .... ...
... .. ... ...
Γ qC
... .. . .. .... ...... ....
... ... ..
3 3
... .. . ..... ..... ....
... ... ... .. . ...
.
... .... .. .
. ...... .. ...... ...
... .. . ... .
. . ... ....
... .
... . .......... .
... ....
... ... .....
. .............................................. ..........................................................
... ... . ...... ..... ............ . ..
.......... . .......... .... .....
Γ
...... ..
..... ..... ......... ... ..
... .. ......
... .. ..... ........
...............................................
q
..
.......
1 ....... .. ......
... ... ....
... .. ....
... .. ...
....
...
... .............
...
........ E .... .. ..
... .. ...
... .. ..
. . ...... ..
.......... ........ ..
.. . .........
............. .
....... .. .......
.
.... ... ... . .
C C
.......
......... ... ......
qD
..
2 1
... ...
..... . .. . .. ..
.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
A q ...
......
q q .
.
.....
q ..
..
qB
F
.
.. . .
.......... .... ......
......... ... ... .........
.
. . ..
.......... .. .. .......
.... ... .... .. .... .. .. ..
.. ... .. . ..
.... .... ..... ... . ... ... ...
.... ... ..... .. .................................... ..... ... ....
. .. ............ . .
........... ..... .. ...
... ... ........
.... ...
....
Γ ...
........
.......... 2
.........................................................
.......
......
......
........
.............
... ......................................................
.......
...... ... .....
... ....
... ...
... .. .
.
. .... ...
. ....
.... .. .. ....
....
....
.... ..
.
..
.. ....... ...
... ...
C q Γ
... .... ... . ... ....
....
4 4 ..
.... ... . . .
.... ... . . ... ....
.... ..... .. . ..
. ...
..... . .. ....
... ...... ... .. ........ ....
.... .......
........ . ... ...
.......... ....
.... ......... . .. . ..
.... ...
... .......... ........ .. ... ............
. ....
... ............ ........
.. . ...
...... ................... ..
... .. .. ...
........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................
q q
K N
‹ 6H\ @B6\Y/'6KY68D2\]CE6S- h h -*C P P P P<7DB^>UZ6X\ @B6\Y/'6KY68D2\]CE6
- h em‹6H\¢C \Y/'i6?C[<^21:cB.- h @B6 Γei *;.[;*i 9S=9S16H\]C”2;P 3 4 
eD
*;A7< d'd'U ;*1:DBpŒ\Y/'6
o ;2Γ
\Y/*<7p8-*CE6<D,/'67-*CE689 \EΓ- 3 a 7P =Q6?p86X\ C3 D ⊥ AB
4C3 DC1
P
r 2 + (2r − a)2 = (a + r)2
=Q/21ZKL/pX1W*68. e
‹6H\ a@'6S =\Y/'326b
r d-21:D2\?- h \[<7DBp868DBKi;F- h <7DB^ e•‹6X\ @B6\Y/'6>dB-213D2\T- h
E h
13D2\E6C[.r67KE\E13-*D- \Y/'6?K]-*9S9S-*D\[<7DBp868D2\¢\]- Γ<7DB^
1 Γ=T1\Y/
3 FP2<DB^lU36H\ @'6Œ\Y/'6
d-21:D2\?- h 13D2\E6C[.r67KE\E13-*DF- h \Y/21:.T\E<DBp86D2\œ=TΓ 1\Y1/ \Y/'6SΓUV133DB6\Y/*CE-2AB
cp8/\ <DB^ P ™Z.r676
¥pXcBCE6s›re *;Qu„4Xu•K]-*DBpHCEc68DBKY62P=Q6?/*<HW*6 ∼
M
e’,k /2cB.XP N
4C3 DC1 = 4F EC1
5 P
F C1 = C 3 C1 = 3
r
5 P
FB = 3
r +r = 38 r
<7DB^ e
FE = C3 D = 2r − 32 r = 4
3
r
*;u¢u¢u5.Y139A1:U:<7C[1V\”;kP 4F EC1
1:.m.L1:91VU3<C¢\E-
4F BP
e¤¹T6DBK]6*P

PB FB P
=
EC1 FE
8
e

F B · EC1 3
r (r)
PB = = 4
 = 2r
FE 3
r
,k/'68CE6 h -*CE62P 13.„U3-'K]<H\]6^A<8\ e
f 6ŒK]-*PDBK]U:c^'6\Y/*<H\\Y/'6ŒM
K]-*9S9S-*DT\E<DBp86D2\\]- <DB^ d'<7.L.068.’\Y/*CE-2cp8/ e
Γ1 Γ3 M
 ¡

>@?ACBED;%= A c 9<; 5 A c 9


M&M& 
 
½mDjKY-*9d6X\E1V\E13-*D'.=Q/21ZKL/œ<CE6 \]C[<7^*1\E1Z-*D'<8U:U ;Œ/*<CE^kPH.Y\]C[<81Zp8/\ h -*C˜=?<7CE^œdBCE-'@2UZ689S.
7< CE6lcBDB6Lx7d6KE\]6^‘el,/213.j<7KE\EcB<UVU;R9S<7G76.œ\Y/'68.066<.L136C d'CE-'@*U369.T/*<7CE^'6CŒ@'67KE<cB.r6
=Q6Q^'-ADB-\w\]68DB^l\E-lUZ-'-'G h -*C <Db68<7.[;A.r-2U:c*\E13-*D‘e¤¹T6CE6T1:.-*DB6T.LcKL/AdBCE-'@2UZ689–e
 'P
*‰Lˆ :‡HŠ ™  O7O8lf>1VU:UV13<9g‹-7=Q6HU:U o c*\]D'<9gIF<H\Y/'69<8\E13K]<8Uk§k-*9SdB6H\E1\E1Z-*D›
<7.rG76H\Y@*<UVU2.]\E<C’47/*<7D*1VU:U36œ½Œ€£ 68<U”€ .’\E6<9.Y\[<8\E1:.Y\E13K]13<DQG766d'.’\]C[<KLGj- h \Y/'6 D*cB9b@'6CrP
P - h .YcKYK]6.L. h c'U h CE676j\Y/*CE-7=?..0/'6Q/*<7.9<^'6?1:Db/'6C¤¥BC[.Y\
B <8\[\E69d*\[.œ- h \Y/'6
ž
S(N .068<7.r-*)D‘e £*<CEU ;Q1:DQ\Y/'6Œ.r6<.0-*DkP =?<7.wUZ68.r.¢\Y/*<D - h N P2@2c*\ @;?\Y/'6T68DB^l- h
ž
/'6C’.068<7.r-*DkP S(N
=?<. 9S-*CE6\Y/*<7D ) - h e‘fR<.¢\Y/'68CE6ŒDBN
80 6KY68.r.L<7C[1:U ;Q<Œ9S-*9b68D2\

S ž
13DS@'6H\i=Q66D=Q S(N /'6D ) =?<7.6Yx<KE\E80
U; N- h º
S(N ) 80 N
,k/'6 o c*\]D'<9q§-*9d6X\E1V\E13-*D13.¤< -*C[\Y/Tu¤9b68CE13K]<DA9<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE.mK]-*D2\]68.Y\ h -*C
cBDB^B68CEpHC[<^2cB<8\E6 cBD*1 W*6C[.Y1V\”;F.Y\Ec^'6D2\[.HP¢=?C[1V\[\E6DF<H\j\Y/'6 @B6pX13D'D*1:DBpR- h m67K]69S@B68CXe œ
,k/'6KY-*9d6X\E1V\E13-*DK]-*D'.L1:.Y\[.F- h \i=Q-·M7¦L/'-2cBCN.r6.L.L13-*D'.HPl6<7KL/·KY-*9dBC[13.r67^·- h .L1 x
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.XP¢=T1V\Y/F6<7KL/Fd'CE-'@*U369 9<7C]G767^5-2c*\- h Oe|½ h \E6DkPw\Y/'6R9S67^213<D59S<CYG
- h \Y/'6AMOO7O\E-A*OO7OK]-*9SdB6H\E1\]-*C[.1:.œOA-*C -2c*\- h 7 OBeœ™3,/'69S<CYG7.\E6DB^\E-b@B6

UZ-7= h -*C„\i=Q-SCE6<.0-*D'. ¤9<7D;>- h \Y/'6dBCE-'@2UZ689S.œ<7CE6l/*<7CE^P<7DB^S\Y/'6dBCE-'@2UZ689S.œ<7CE6
9S<CYG76^13DS<T=?<X;l\Y/*<8\m^B-'68.DB-\ \]68DB^A\]-SpX1 W*6Q9<7D;Sd'<7Ci\m9<7C]G.8e ›lIF<7D;b- h \Y/'6
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.ŒK]<D @'6l<dBd'CE-*<KL/'6^=T1V\Y/S<^7W2<7DBK]67^>.r67K]-*DB^'<C”;>.0KL/'-'-2Uk9S<H\Y/'69<8\E13K].XP
>T
<7DB^JW*6C”; h 6s= CE6 2c'13CE6N9cKL/59S<H\]68CE1:<U@B60;*-*DB^F\Y/'6 U360W*68U- h ¥C[.]\Y¦E;*68<7CQcBDB^'6C]¦
pHC[<^2cB<8\E6Q9<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE.e
T
47-*9b6 o c*\]D'<79qdBCE-'@2UZ689S.m<7CE6 2c'1V\E6?<dBd'CE-*<KL/*<7@*U36*P2U:13G76Œ\Y/213.-*DB6Be
–T
u•p8-'-'^A¥C[.]\¤.Y\E6d h -*C¢\Y/213.mdBCE-'@2UZ689q13.¤\]-\]C”;<DB^ 2c'1ZKLGU;A¥BDB^<7DS6Lx<9Sd*UZ6
\Y/*<8\Œ.r/'-7=?.?/'-7=q.0/'6SKE<7DNp86H\ h CE-*9š@'68U3-7=
ž \E- <7@B-8W*6
ž =T1\Y/'-2c*\Œd'<7.L.L1:DBp
\Y/*CE-2cp8/>6Lx<7KE\EU;
ž e¤u¤D;SUVcKLG2ºN“ ^21Z^*Dk€ \¤\Y80 /213DBGA.r-em,k/21:.80
13.„=Q/*<8\œ“¢<H\[\]689Sd2\]6^kP
<7DB^\]C”;A<7.œ“913p8/80 \0P“‘<8U=?<X;'.m/21V\
ž ew47-1V\ <7d'd68<7C[.¤\Y/*<H\w\Y/'68CE6T1:.mDB6KY68.r.L<7C[1:U ;A<
9b-*9S6D2\¢=Q/'68D
"ˆ>P  :ˆ S(N ) 80 ž
13.6Yx<KE\EU ; 80 - h
N
e

f 6mdBCE-8W*6„\Y/21:.¢@;?K]-*D2\]C[<^21ZKE\E13-*DkP8<7.L.LcB9A13DBpw\Y/*<8\\Y/'6CE6„13.’DB-Œ.LcKL/j9S-*9b68D2\Xe
“ h \Y/'6CE6A13.jDB- .YcKL/ 9S-*9b68D2\0P=Q6SK]<DN9<G76l\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBpl-'@'.r6C”W2<H\E1Z-*D \Y/'68CE6 L
9cB.]\ @'6j<Œd-21:D2\¢1:DQ\E1:9b6=Q/'68DQ\Y/'6ŒC[<H\E1Z-?13.wUZ68.r.¢\Y/*<D
ž < h \E6C¢<jd'<7Ci\E1ZK]c'U:<7C h CE66
\Y/*CE-7=<DB^N<7@B-8W*6
ž < h \]68C \Y/'6SDB6Yx\ h CE66A\Y/*CE-7=Se,k80 /21:.T1:.Œ\]CEc6b@'67KE<cB.r6A\Y/'68CE6
9cB.]\„@B6?<T¥BC[.Y\w\E1:9b80 6œ=Q/'68DA\Y/'6TC[<8\E13-l1:.m<@'-W*6
‹6H\¤cB.m\Y/'6Db.YcBdBdB-*.06T\Y/*<H\m< h \]68C h CE676T\Y/*80ž e
CE-7=?.HPB47/*<7D*1VU:U36/*<7. 9<^'6 h 6s=Q6C
ž
\Y/*<7D - h /'6C’<H\[\]689Sd2\E.XP7.r<X; n d2\E. 9<^'6*P7<DB^Q< h \E6C
<H\[\]689S h CE676\Y/*CE-7=?.XP
80
.0/'6/*<7.j9S<7^B6A9b-*CE6\Y/*<7D
ž
m ©œ
- h /'6C <8\[\E69d*\[.e ¤13^ .r/'69n<G7+61\Y/'6 `

h CE676\Y/*CE-7=Qº ’6.XP.0/'6œ9AcB.Y\¢80 /*<HW*6(-\Y/'68Ci=T1:.062P/'68C’d68CEKY68D2\E<7p86Œ9S<7^B6m=Q-2(n +/*1)
c'U3^ <XW*6
^B6KYCE6<.06^kPDB-\’13DBKYCE68<7.r67^e‘,k/2cB.XP< h \E6C h CE676 \Y/*CE-7=?.XP.r/'6j/*<.¤9<^'6
- h /'6C <8\[\E69d*\[.e n+1 m+1
4813DBK]6
80 ž KE<7DS@B6œ=?CE1\[\]68D<7. 4 P7=Q6Q/*<XW*6
5
m 4 <7DB^ m+1 4 e
< >
n 5 n+1 5


k6<C]C[<DBpX13DBpP=Q6?-'@2\[<1:D <DB^ 7\Y/*<8\ 1:.HP


5m < 4n 5m + 5 > 4n + 4
e
0 < 4n − 5m < 1
Bc*\ <7DB^ m <7CE6Œ13D2\E67p868C[.\Y/2cB.HP=Q6TK]<D'DB-\¤/*<HW*6 0 < 4n − 5m < 1 e’,/213.¤13.„<
KY-*D2\]n
C[<7^*13KE\E1Z-*D‘e
,k/'68CE6 h -*CE62P -2cBCŒ<7.L.LcB9d*\E13-*DN13.Œ=?CE-*DBpP¢.0->\Y/'6CE6b9AcB.Y\T@'6b<>dB-213D2\ =Q/'68CE6
S(n)
1:.6Lx<7KE\EU;
80
- h
ž
N
e
,k/21:.Q13.<Rd'CE6H\[\”; h <7.]\?.r-2U:c*\E13-*DN\]-–< d'CE-'@*U369\Y/*<8\0P¤@*<7.r67^F-*DJ1\E..r-2cBCEKY62P
eT
UZ-'-'G7.„U:13G76j1V\„K]-2c'UZ^@B6 *c'1\]6?KY-*9d'UV1ZKE<8\E67^e
u¤.m“B=?<.¢\Y/213DBG13DBpœ<7@B-2c*\‘\Y/21:.¤d'CE-'@*U369RP'“B=?<. <T@21V\w^213.rKY-*DBK]6Ci\]6^kP2@'67KE<cB.r6
1V\¤^21Z^ADB-\ .r67689 UV1ZG76œ\Y/213.w=?<7. \Y/'6j.0-*Ci\¤- h \Y/213DBp \Y/*<8\ .r/'-2c'UZ^@'6Œ\]C[c6j13Dp868DB6C[<8U[e
,k/*<H\mp8-\ 9b6œ=Q-*DB^B68CE1:DBpj1 h \Y/'68CE6Œ=?<7.m.r-*9b6X\Y/213DBpj.Ld6K]13<8U<@'-2c*\
ž
ew47-b“k\]CE1367^
\]-A.r676œ=Q/*<H\„/*<dBdB6DB6^l=T1\Y/
ž eu„pH<1:DkP“’K]-2c'UZ^ADB-\„p8- h CE-*9 UZ6880 .r. \Y/*<7D
ž
\E-
ž =T1\Y/'-2c*\„p8-250
ž
pHCE6<H\]68Cw\Y/*<7D 13DBpœ\Y/*CE-2cp8/S6Yx<KE\EU ; e 50
,k/'68Dl“2\]50
ž C[1Z6^ e‘f 6K]<DT.066„\Y/*<H\ -2c*\‘- h 50 h CE676¤\Y/*CE-7=?.’1:.‘UZ68.r.k\Y/*<7D P
ž
\Y/*<8\ -2c*\ - h 13. UZ68.r.w\Y/*<D _ O P*@2c*\ -2c*3\ - h 1:.m
ž ž
60 6pHCE68<8\E6C’\Y/*<D ew™”¹?68CE6*60
P=Q6
<7.L.LcB9S 4 6?\Y/*<8\47 7/*<D*1:UVUZ69<G768.Œ/'68C `Va 5<7DB^ `Va 8h CE66?\Y/*CE-7=?.e ›¹?6860 DBKY62P'=Q6?13DB^'676^
K]<DSp8- h CE-*9 -*DB6T.L13^B6?- h
f /*<8\ 1:.p8-213DBpT-*DS/'68CE67º 60 ž \E-\Y/'76?-\Y/'6C’8=T1V\Y/'-2c*\¤p8-213DBp \Y/*CE-2cp8/S6Yx<KE\EU ;
60 že

] ž ž ž
,k/'6Œd68CEKY68D2\E<7p86. P <7DB^ KE<7Dl@B6=?CE1\[\]68Dl<.w\Y/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBp h C[<KL¦
\E1Z-*D'.‘13DjUZ-7=Q68.Y\\E6CE9S. 80 P
4 1 7
< 50
B
D ^ 3 
e
f 60
7
/ ?
; B
^ r¢
-œ\Y/'68.06 h C[<7KE\E1Z-*D'.w@'67/*<XW*6œ^21 6CE68D2\EU;'º
‹6H\0€ .p8-–@'<7KLGb\E-J5-2cB2CŒ.0-2UVc*\E51Z-*D–<DB^ \]C”; \E- \]C[<7KY6A\Y/'6>KY-*D2\]C[<7^*13KE\E1Z-*D‘eR,/'6
KY-*D2\]C[<7^*13KE\E1Z-*Dj69S6CEp86^ =Q/'6D=Q6m/*<^Œ<7Dœ13D2\E67p868C'=Q/21ZKL/j/*<7^ \]-Œ@B6Œ¸0.L<7DB^7=T1ZKL/'6^k¼
@B6X\i=Q6768D <DB^ P=Q/213KL/ KE<7D'DB-\œ/*<7d'd68D‘eQ,k/'6R¸ ¼-'K]K]cBC[.jd'CE6H\[\”; D'<H\EcBC[<UVU;>1:D
\Y/'6RdBCE-'- h 0P h CE-*9y1U3-'-'G71:DBpb<8\Œ\Y/'6>U3<.Y\j13D'.]\E<D2\Œ=Q/'60CE6b\Y/'6 h C[<KE\E13-*D 13.QU36.L.
\Y/*<7D5\Y/'6JpX1 W*6D•d68CEKY68D2\E<7p86Be ,/'6•¸ ¼P -*D5\Y/'6J-\Y/'68CA/*<DB^kP KY-*9Sm/n 6. h CE-*9 \Y/'6
£¢ ^*1 ‘68CE6DBK]6?@B6X\i=Q6768Dl\Y/'6jD*cB9b68C[<8\E-*C¤<1DB^^'6DB-*9A13D'<H\]-*Cw1:D\Y/'6TCE68dBCE68.068D2\E<H\E1Z-*D- h
\Y/'6 d68CEKY68D2\E<7p86N<7.l< h C[<7KE\E1Z-*D#™31:D•-2cBCQ.r-2U:c*\E13-*DkP \Y/'65¸ ¼>K]-*9b68. h CE-*9 ›re
,k/*<H\0€ .m\Y/'6^213.]\E13DBKE\E13-*Db@B6X\i=Q6768D\Y/'6 h C[<7KE\E1Z-*D'. 4 P 1 P'<7DB1^ 3 e¤,k/'6?¥BC[.Y\ \i=Q5-S−/*<X4W*6
\Y/'6Qd'CE-*d68C[\”;A\Y/*<8\w\Y/'681:C¤D*cB9b68C[<8\E-*C¤13. -*DB6TU36.L.„5\Y/*2<DA\Y/'681:C„ 5 ^B68DB-*91:D'<8\E-*C0P=Q/21VUZ6
\Y/'6j\Y/213CE^^B-'68.DB-\¤/*<HW*6j\Y/21:.mdBCE-*dB6Ci\˜;e
“Z\w<dBdB6<C[. \Y/*<H\0P713Dlp86DB68C[<U”P7\Y/'68CE6Œ9cB.]\ @'6j<j9S-*9b68D2\‘=Q/'68DQ\Y/'6Œd68CEKY68D2\Y¦
<p86 1:.¤6Yx<KE\EU ;T\Y/'6ŒpX1 W*6DdB6CEK]6D2\[<p86 1 h \Y/'6ŒpX1 W*6DdB6CEK]6D2\[<p86ŒK]<Dl@'6m=?CE1\[\]68D<. <
h C[<KE\E13-*DS13DSUZ-7=Q68.Y\ \E6CE9S.„=Q/'-*.06QD*cB9S6C[<H\]-*C„13.œ-*DB6?UZ68.r.m\Y/*<DS1V\[.Œ^'6DB-*9A13D'<H\]-*Cse
™¯§<7D;*-2cSdBCE-8W*6j\Y/213.rº]›
S -7= \Y/*<H\„=?<7.ŒCE6<8U:U ;b13D2\E6CE68.Y\E1:DBp»Qf 6l9<7D'<7p867^b\]-S¥pXcBCE6-2c*\„=Q/*<8\„=?<.
p8-213DBp-*DR13DN<S9S-*CE6Sp86DB68C[<U¢.L1\EcB<8\E13-*D>\Y/*<7DR\Y/'6S-*DB6=Q6=Q6CE6SpX1W*68DkP‘<7DB^>\Y/213.
p86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*DUZ6^ScB.m\]-AcBDB^B68C[.Y\[<7DB^\Y/'6l-*C[1ZpX1:D'<Ukd'CE-'@*U3699b-*CE6 h c'U:U ;‘e„,k/21:. 1:.
<7Dj13D2\E6CE68.Y\E1:DBpm6Lx<9Sd*UZ6- h dBCE-'@2UZ689·9S-'^*1V¥KE<8\E13-*D5\E<7G71:DBp„< d'CE-'@*U369 <7DB^Œ\]C”;213DBp
\]-lcBDB^B68C[.Y\[<7DB^1V\¤<DB^A\Y/'68DbKL/*<7DBp86T1V\¤.LUV1Zp8/\EU ;‘e¢,k/21:.m13.m< h <HW*-2cBC[1V\E6j\]6KL/*D*1 2c6- h [T
KY-*D2\E6.]\¤<7DB^d'CE-'@*U369. KYCE68<8\E-*C[. =Q-*CEU3^=T13^B6'e
 

  C
!    
 
y
 


    4

f 6„@B6pX13D \Y/21:.k13.L.Lc6’=T1V\Y/m\Y/'6„d'CE-'@*U369.‘- h \Y/'6 1:D'<U k-2cBDB^Œ- h \Y/'6 L<7d'<7DB68.06
IF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U ½„U ;'9d'1:<^  O7O2M'e–IN;R\Y/*<DBG.Qp8->\E-bu¤DB^;#‹H1VcP¢§k<D'<^213<DN,'6<9
‹6<7^B68Cw\]-Q\Y/'6l“EI5½•13DL<dB<DkP h -*C„K]-2U:U367KE\E1:DBpœ\Y/'689 h -*C¤-2cBC cB.r6Be
q  q  xqCxq\`q! x " q# m¦

ˆ ‘]‹.‰Š‘  $%$ I˜^™*™
 

 4®'&l†*ˆ*‰)
… ŠA‡
› euFd-21:D2\ U:136. 13Dl<Œ\]CE1:<7DBpXU36 e‘,k/'6T67^'p86 9S676X\E. \Y/'6ŒUV13DB6 <8\ P
<7DB^ 9S67P6X\E. <H\ ABC
ej48cBd'd -*.r6Q\Y/*<8\ AC <DB^ BP Qe
§
1:DB^ AB e
∠BRC
CP R AR = RB = CP CQ = P Q


eSf 6S/*<XW*6A\i=Q-N^213.]\E13DBKE\ŒdB-*.L1\E1W*6A1:D2\]6p86C[. <DB^ Pk=T1\Y/ <S9Ac'UV\E1:d'U36b- h e
f /'6D?=?CE1\[\]68D13DA^B6K]139<U h -*CE9 P26<7KL/A- h <7DB^ a K]-*D'.Lb1:.Y\[.„- h b ^*13pX1V\[.HP8=T1V\Y/?\Y/'a6
9b-*.]\j.Y1ZpHD*1V¥KE<7D2\T^21ZpX1\jDB-*DB¦E~L6CE-e cBCi\Y/'a ¨§
6CE9b-*CE62bP‘\Y/'6
n
9S-*.Y2n
\Œ.L13pHD*1:¥K]<D2\T^21ZpX1\E.
- h <7CE6A13^B68D2\E1ZKE<U‘\E-b\Y/'6 U36<.Y\œ.Y1ZpHD*1V¥KE<7D2\Œ^21ZpX1\E.T- h P‘<DB^bW*13KY6QW*6C[.L<'P‘<.j1:D
a P P n ™3<U\Y/'-2cp8/j\Y/21:.w6Lx<9Sd*UZ6 ^'-'b6.¢DB-\.r<H\E13. h ;Œ\Y/'6 -\Y/'6C
n = 2 a = 1234 b = 3412
KY-*DB^21V\E13-*DkP\Y/*<8\ @'6?<?9c'U\E13d*UZ6?- h ›Le m6H\E6CE91:DB6 Iœ <DB^ e
¦ ¨e §713DB^R\Y/'6bpHCE68<8\E6.]\jCE68<UwD*cB9S@B68C
b a a b
.YcKL/R\Y/*<H\0P h -*CŒ<7D;NdB-*.L1\E1W*6 =T1\Y/
P k a, b, c
a2 > bc e
(a2 − bc)2 > k(b2 − ca)(c2 − ab)
e–‹6H\ <DB^ @'6SCE6HU3<H\E1W*6HU; dBC[139S613D2\E67p868C[.Œ=T1V\Y/ eAu U:1:.Y\Œ- h 13D2\E67p868C[.
p q P’=T1\Y/ h -*C?6<7KL/ P q ≥ P 2 Pw13..L<13^N\E-F@'6R<D
(r, a , a , .
)+$6  # S- h
1 2 . . , a n )1h |a i | ≥ 2 i = 1 ... n
p/q
p 1 e
= r+ 1
q a1 + a +
e e
1
2
e
§*-*C¤6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P (−1, −3, 2, −2) 13.m<DS6Lx7dB<D'.L13-*DS- h −10/7 .L1:DBKY6 + 1
an

−10 1 e
= −1 + 1
7 −3 +
S ¢
1
2+ −2
-7=^'68¥BDB6j\Y/'6  A=- h <DS6Lx7dB<D'.L13-*D \E-@'6j\Y/'6?d'CE-'^*cKE\
(r, a1 , a2 , . . . , an )
e
§*-*C¤6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P\Y/'6Œ=Q6H1Zp8/\„- h \Y/'6?6Lx7dB<D'.L13-*D
(|a1 | − 1)(|a2 | − 1) · · · (|an | − 1)
- h 13. e
47/'-7=\Y/*<8\w\Y/'6T.LcB9 - h \Y/'6Œ=Q6H1Zp8/\[. - h (−1,
<UVU6Lx7−3,
d <D'.L2,13-*−2)
B D'. - h −10/7
13. e 2
p/q q
žO

e “”D–<Sd'U:<7DB6b^'6H\E6CE91:DB6A\Y/'6bpHCE6<H\]68.Y\Œd-*.L.L13@*U36A13D2\E67p868C
 .YcKL/>\Y/*<8\j-*DB6bKE<7D
d'U:<K]6 ^213.]\E13DBKE\ dB-213D2\[. =T1\Y/lDB-\Y/*CE66?KY-2UVU:1:DB6<C0P2<DB^KY-2U3-2cBnC¤68<KL/A- h \Y/'69 =T1\Y/
681\Y/'6C nCE67^PBpHCE66DkP'-*C¢;*6HU:U3-7= .0-Q\Y/*<8\ 9
13D'.Y1Z^'6N6<7KL/J\]C[13<DBpXUZ6b=T1V\Y/F<UVU W*6Ci\E1ZK]6.ACE6^kP¤\Y/'68CE6 1:.A<8\?UZ68<7.]\-*DB6–pHCE66D
• d-21:D2\

13D'.Y1Z^'6Q68<KL/\]CE1:<7DBpXU36Œ=T1V\Y/A<UVU'W*68C[\E13KY68. pHCE66DkP2\Y/'68CE6?1:.<H\ UZ68<7.]\„-*DB6Œ;*68UVUZ-7=
• d-21:D2\ 2<DB^

13D'.Y1Z^'6>68<KL/ \]C[13<DBpXUZ6A=T1\Y/–<8U:U‘W*6Ci\E1ZK]6.j;*6HU:U3-7=AP‘\Y/'68CE6b1:.Q<H\jU36<.Y\T-*DB6bCE6^
• d-21:D2\Xe

S J§
Y6 x\¤=Q6?\EcBC]DS\E-\Y/'6 713C[.]\ k-2cBDB^R- h \Y/'6¹jcBDBpH<CE1:<7D S
<8\E13-*D'<U‘½„U ;'9d'1:<^
\§ m§
 O7O 2 OOM*P h -*C'\Y/'6¤.Ld6K]13<8U89S<H\Y/'69<8\E13K]<8UK]U3<.r.r6.XP 1:C[.Y\ k-2cBDB^Œ<7DB^ 1:D'<U k-2cBDB^‘e
,k/*<DBG.„p8-?\E-Tu¤DB^7;>‹H1VcP2§k<D'<^213<D,B68<79}‹6<7^B68C‘\]-T\Y/'6Q“EI5½51:D L<dB<DkP h -*C¢.Yc@B¦
91\[\E13DBpœ\Y/'68.06 h -*C„-2cBCwcB.06'e
 –q  q xqC xq¥`q !Žx  'q#

‰>† … ‰    
†’‰L_• ‘ ˆ  .ˆ^†’m‰  ¦ y‰ˆ
¡‰¥†G2‰   ’‰Š44ˆŠ
 ‰) ˆ
› eu#CE6KE\E<DBpXc'U3<C„@'C[1ZKLG/*<7. * W -2U:cB9S6 YK 9 3 P*<DB^.YcBC h <7KY6?<CE6< KY9 2e
§1:DB^l\Y/'6?9A13D*1:9S<8U*W*-2U:cB9S6 h -*C’=Q/21ZKL/ V = x e
x = 10y
S=y

 e‘,/'6\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 13.’\E1VUZ6^Q@;T\Y/'6 .Yc@2\]C[13<DBpXUZ68. P P P e,k/'613D'C[<7^*1VcB.


- h 1:. P<DB^j\Y/'H61:D'C[<^21:12- h P P P <7H
CE6 1 H P 2 P . . . P Hn PCE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;e
H r
o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\ H 1 H 2e . . . H n r 1 r2 . . . r n

¦
r ≤ r 1 + r2 + · · · + r n
eŒ‹6H\ @B6Q<T\]CE1:<7DBpXU36Be¤f 6Q^'CE-*db<dB6CEd68DB^*13K]c'U3<C h EC -*9 \]-l\Y/'6?1:D2\]68C]D'<8U
@ 1:.06KE\]-*C[ABC
* .T.]\E<C[\E1:DBp h CE-*9 <7DB^ P\Y/'681:C h 66H\Œ@'681:DBp < DB^ A b e “”DR\Y/'6.r<9b6
=?<H;Q=Q6?^B6H¥DB6 P <B
DB^ P C e o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\ A1 A2
B1 B2 C1 C2
e
2(A1 A2 + B1 B2 + C1 C2 ) = AB + BC + CA

eŒf 6A/*<HW*6l<l.r9<UVU‘<DB^><lU:<7CEp86A@'-XxeQ“”Db\Y/'6l.L9S<8U:U‘@B-Xx\Y/'6CE6l<CE6 CE67^><DB^


=Q/21\]6@'<8U:U:.*13D\Y/'6?U3<CEp86l-*DB6T\Y/'6CE6Q<7CE6 CE67^b<DB^ 20@*<UVU3.8emf 6
=Q/21V\E6l
20
KL/'-'-*.06T<Q@'-XxBP'^*C[<H=·<Q@*<UVU h CE-*9q1\¤<DB^AUZ-'-'G?1005 995
<8\w1V\Xe’f>1\Y/'-2c*\¤ d*c*\[\E13DBpŒ1V\¤@'<7KLGBP7=Q6

<pH<813DRKL/'-'-*.06<@'-Xx<7DB^R^*C[<H=<@*<UVU h CE-*9}1\Xe 1:DB^S\Y/'[email protected]\.]\]C[<8\E67p0;b1:DR-*CE^B68C
\]- 9S<sx71:91~L6A\Y/'6Sd'CE-'@'<7@*1VU:1\˜;–- h /*<HW213DBp<H\ŒU36<.Y\j-*DB6SCE6^–@'<8U:Uw<9b-*DBp\Y/'6\i=Q-
KL/'-*.068DS@'<8U:U:.e
el“”.Œ1\ dB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ6?\]-b¥BDB^
 ^213.]\E13DBKE\d-*.Y1V\E1 W*613D2\E67p868C[.j.YcKL/b\Y/*<H\1 h <DB^
<7CE6T<7D;l\i=Q-A- h \Y/'689 P\Y/'62002
D º x y
|x − y| = gcd(x, y)
ž

 !\P ˆ
› e u•.06X\ - h d-21:D2\E.m13D\Y/'6Qd*U3<DB6?13.œKE<UVUZ6^   Œ1 h <D;\Y/*CE66dB-213D2\[.œ- h /*<7.
<7D<Xx13.m- h H.[;'
9 9b6X\]C”;‘e o CE-8W*6j\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBpŒ.Y\[<8\E69S6D2\[. \ H

™3<H›Qu#D*13KY6T.06X\ 1:.mDB-\¤DB67K]6.L.r<CE1VU;A.[;*9S9S6H\]C[1ZKE<Uie
™¯@7›>“ h <lD*1ZK]6l.r6H\ /*<7.Œ6Lx<7KE\EU; dB-213D2\[.HP'\Y/'68DR<8U:U- h \Y/'69}9cB.]\mU:136l-*D><
H 2003
U:1:DB6Be

e f 6JK]-2UZ-2cBCQ\Y/'6RW*68C[\E13KY68.b- h < ¦Lp8-*D5=T1V\Y/#CE67^Pœ@2U:c62P <DB^%pHCE66D•.LcKL/
\Y/*<8\?DB6H1Zp8/'@'-2cBC[.AKE<7D'DB-\Q/*<XW*6b\Y/'6>2003
.L<79S6RKY-2U3-2cBCXe•“”D5/'-7=}9<7D; =?<H;*.lK]<DN=Q6
<K]KY-*9d'UV13.r/\Y/213.rº
¦ em‹6X\
t
@B6j<Œ¥2x76^ld-*.Y1V\E1 W*6œ13D2\E67p868CXem‹6X\
ft (n)
^'6DB-\E6œ\Y/'6jD*cB9b@'6C - h 13D2\E67p868C[.
.LcKL/T\Y/*<H\ <DB^ k 13.¤-'^'^‘e¢™˜“ h P8\Y/'6D k e › o CE-W*6
   
k 1≤k≤n t 1 ≤ k < t t =0
\Y/*<8\ 1 h 1:.j<.LcNMbK]1Z68D2\EU; pHCE6<H\œd-7=Q68Cœ- h P\Y/'68D ft (n) 1 P=Q/'68CE6 13.j<D
n 2 = r r
13D2\E67p868C„^B6X\]68C]9A13DB6^S@; <7DB^A1:DB^B68d68DB^B68D2\m- h e n 2
t n

u¤.„<T¥BD'<UKY-*D2\E6.]\ .06X\ h -*C’\Y/213.„D*cB9b@'6C’=Q6TpX1W*6œ\Y/'6Td'CE-'@*U369.- h \Y/'6  OO 


 cB C[.rKL/ <U G§-*9d6X\E1V\E13-*D‘e’,/*<7DBG7.m<7pH<1:Dp8-Q\]-Tu¤DB^;>‹H1:c h -*Cw.r<XW*1:DBp \Y/'68.06 h -*C¤-2cBC
cB.06'e
  I` q {  `"Žx "   
› eQf 6/*<HW*6A<7DR<K]c*\E67¦Y<7DBpXU367^b\]CE1:<7DBpXU36Q=Q/21ZKL/>1:.jDB-\13.r-*.0K]68U36.8e?f 6^B68DB-\]6l1V\[.
- C[\Y/'-'K]6D2\]CE62P8K]13CEK]cB9SKY68D2\]CE6*PH<7DB^œ1:DBKY68D2\]CE6m@;
* P PH<DB^ PHCE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;‘e o CE-W*6
h h M K
\Y/*<8\1 <¤W*68C[\E6Lx - \Y/'6¤\]C[13<DBpXUZ6¤13.’-*Dœ\Y/'6mK]13CEK]cB9SK]13CEK]U36- h O Ps\Y/'68DŒ\Y/'68CE6m9cB.]\
M KO
@B6?<DB-\Y/'6C’W*6Ci\]6Yxl-*Dl\Y/'6?K]13CEK]cB9SK]13CEK]U36Be
 M§ ¥T
e,/'6 71Z@'-*D'<K]K]1.06 *c68DBKY6¤13.‘^B6H¥DB6^T@; \Y/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBp CE6K]cBC[.L13-*D L
<7DB^ h -*C e„48cBd'd-*.r6T\Y/*<8\ \Y/'6?d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6T1:D2\]f61p8=
6C[. f2 =
<DB1^
b
fnh = fn−1 + fn−2
.L<8\E1:. ; ^ n>2 a

fn P fn+1 a fn P fn+1 e
   
min ≤ ≤ max
fn−1 fn b fn−1 fn
o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\ e
b ≥ fn+1
¦
o CE-8W*6 \Y/*<H\A-*DB6JKE<7D|^*1:.Y\]C[1Z@2c*\]6N<UVU„\Y/'6–.L13^B68.<7DB^•^*1:<p8-*D'<8U3.S- h <JKY-*DW*6Yx
e
n ¦ r8
p -*D%1:D2\]-%pHCE-2cBdB. - h \Y/*CE6765.r67pH9S6D2\[.R.YcKL/•\Y/*<8\1:D 6<7KL/pHCE-2cBd%\Y/'6J\Y/*CE66
3
.06pH9b68D2\E. h -*C]9q<T\]C[13<DBpXUZ6'e
ž 

S
7- = =Q6NCE6H\EcBCED#\]-5.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'. h CE-*9 - cBCCE6<7^B68C[.A\]-#d'CE-'@*U369. h EC -*9 \Y/'6
2
476d2\]689b@'6C  O7O8D*cB9b@'6CN- h \Y/'6 > # ,  ,><7DB^\Y/'6IJ13^*1 1:D'<U36- h \Y'/ 6 7 _X`Va §
*U
½„U;*9Sd*13<7^B6lIF<8\Y/ 689S<H\E1 2c6 68U3p86  [T  O7O8 © 7_ 7_7 2e
› 0U
eœ‹68.AdB<C[<UVU 6HUZ-'pHC[<9S9S6. 6X\ .0-*D2\T\]6HU3. 2c6 <7d'dB<C[\E136D2\ < bT Ÿ
U3<Q^*CE-21V\E6 6H\ <TU:<Q^'CE-2ABCD Ÿ
1\]6 AEF
eB§k-*9S d'<7CE68GC U36.m<813CE68.^B6?KY68.E ^B6Hcxd'<7C[<8U:U 68U3-'¦ 0U
pHC[<799b68.BC MU
e747-*D2\Y¦L68DUVUZ68. 67pH<8UZ68.º‹2F€ cBG
DB6œ68.Y\Y¦L68UVUZ6¤\]-2c2¾”-2cBC[.¢d'UVcB. pHC[<DB^B6 2c6U”€ <8c*\]CE6 º MT
481k-2c'1”P2U3< *c6HU:U36wº >T
"$#&% I z£ ¤
- F  #  /,   %  N6  
; > #&% %- @ A B # =ED # ,  3F
;H&+$I/+ % ; K > +  :ž # ¬ , /F
¥L + Ÿ ¥ r¢
 
   J+ %7% ;5+&D $;5>* ; " L=1 <,(6
<; A  I +  J+ %7%  6 6 #&%G'   # =L
, /'6S<7CE68<7.T<7CE6b6 *cB<8U[e–‹6H\
k
V = AB
¥T
−→ <7DB^ −
−→ eb,/'6D \Y/'68CE6>6Yx71:.Y\
W = AD
.0KE<U:<7C[. <7DB^ .YcKL/\Y/*<8\ −→ <7DB^ −−→ e¤¹?68DBKY62P
r s BE = rW GD = s(V + rW )
−→ −
−→ − −→ −−
→ −−→ e
AG = AD + DG = AD − GD = −sV + (1 − rs)W
,k/'68D

[AEF G] = (V + rW ) × −sV + (1 − rs)W


= (1 − rs)(V × W ) − rs(W × V )

e
= (1 − rs)(V × W ) + rs(V × W ) = |V × W | = [ABCD]

H
.......
........ ..
.......
F ....... .
.
. ........ ..
..
......... .
............
. .
...
.
............ ...
..
D ............ ...
1
............
s(V + rW )
... .

 
C
...................................................................................................................................
...

... ..
.


... .
..


... ..
...
G ... ..
..
]
JJ
...
... ...
W
... ..
1

... ..

  E
....

J  V + rW

J   rW
J -

¡ <;U¢   £ % $6*¤ (L
A V B
 6 #&%G'   #
A  I   #    

‹6H\ e¤,k/'68D ™Z.Y13DBK]6 <7DB^A\Y/'6QdB-213D2\[.


P PH
P <7DB= ^ BC <7CE∩6AK]F-2G
U:UV13DB68<7C˜›¤<7DBAE
^ k HD ™3.L1:DBAE
KY6 k GF <7DB^ P P
G P*< DDB^ F  < CE6QK]H-2U:UV13DB68<7C˜›re’,/'6CE6 h -*CE6*P AD k EH 1:.m<Qd'<7C[<8U:U3AD 68U3-'pHC[k<79N
BC e B E
C o <7H C[<8U:U368U3-'pHC[<79.
ABCD
<7DB^ AEHD
AEHD
/*<HW*6T6 2cB<UB<7CE68<7.m@'67KE<cB.r6Œ\Y/'6j.L13^B6 >T
13.QK]-*9S9S-*D \]-–@'-\Y/NdB<C[<UVUZ6HUZ-'pHC[<9S.?<DB^ \Y/'6>/'6813p8/\ h CE-*9 \E- 1:D
AD 1:.T\Y/'6S.r<9b6S<7.j\Y/'6>/'6813p8/\ h CE-*9 \]- 13D AD eN481:9BC
1VU3<CEU ;kP
ABCD
dB<C[<UVUZ6HUZ-'pHC[<9S.
AEHD
<7DB^
AEF G
/*<XW*6QAD
6 *cB<8U<7EH CE68<7.@B6AEHDK]<8cB.06Œ\Y/'60;S/*<HW*6j\Y/'6 ¥T
KY-*99b-*DS.L13^B6 <DB^A\Y/'6Q.r<9b6Q/'6H1Zp8/\„d68C]dB6DB^21ZK]c'U:<7C \]- e ,k/2cB.XP
<7DB^
AEF G
/*<XAE ¥T
W*6Q6 *cB<8U<7CE68<7.8e AE ABCD


e,BCE-2c2W*68C\E-2cB.¢UZ68. 68D2\E1Z68C[. d-2cBCUZ68. 2c68U:. √ 6X\ p
x x
√ .r-*D2\’68cx¦L9 69S6.
x− x
'T ¤
^B68. 68D2\E1Z68C[.e
ž7M

e£ *¤
"$#&% I  -F  #  ,   %  $6 7; > &# % %- @ A B # =ED # ,  3F
; &H +JI/+ % ; K > +  ,,
£ uª [£ ª z¢

# , N6 /
 $; B + 76 # $ 6
0 H&+  G /; 1:G, + :L A  I # , $6 /    6 , ( :0 ' )5L
47-21V\ U 0Ÿ Œœ
cBDB6 6XW*68D2\Ec68UVUZ6œ.r-2U:c*\E13-*D^*cld'CE-'@*U 69S6Be m6 U:<ŒdBCE6891 6CE6ŒKY-*DB^21Z¦ 0Ÿ
U T
\E1Z-*DkP¤-*D|^ x67^2≥c'1V0\ 2c6 2 dB-2cBCQcBD|KY68C[\[<1:D|6D2\E136C eŒ‹8<J^'68cx1 689b6 0Ÿ
’U Z
KY-*DB^21V\E13-*D.H€ 67KYC[1V\¤<8UZ-*C[. x =2 a B
d 2
- B
c C B
c b
D ]
K 
6 i
C E
\ 8
< 3
1 S
D 8
6 2
D a\E1Z68≥
C 0 e
IF<1:.œ<8UZ-*C[.XPB.L1 a P−-*Db a < = b2 
P ]
K 6 * '
c b1‘≥
8
6 Y
. „
\ T
01:9SdB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ6'e
œ
m-*DBK -2c a *K ≥s€ 6 mŸ
2.]\ <^213CE(a
62P − 1) <
2 2
-2c b < ae
2

U 4T
a = 0 a = 1
 6K]13d'CE- *c689b68D2\0P 6H\ x = 0 x = 1
.0-*D2\ @21Z68D^'6.¤.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.„^2cdBCE-'@2U 689b6'e 0Ÿ
¦ eœeU
x=0 x=1
e H6 \E6CE91:DB6CA\E-2cB.>U36.S\]C[13d*UZ6X\E. .U
K]-*D'.Y\E1\Ec 6.R^k€ 6D2\E136C[.RD'<H\EcBCE68U:. 2c'1 T
.r<H\E13. h * ZŸ ’>U T
- D2\ <TU˜€ 6 2cB<8\E13-*D (x, y, z)

1 2 3 e
+ − = 1
x y z

e£ *¤
"$#&% I  -F  #  ,   %  $6 7; > &# % %- @ A B # =ED # ,  3F
; &H +JI/+ % ; K > +  ,,
£ uª [£ ª

# , N6 /
 $; B + 76 # $ 6
0 H&+  G /; 1:G, + :L A  I # , $6 /    66 #&%('   #  L
47-21V\
(x, y, z)
–U
cBDB6 6sW*6D2\Ec6HU:U36?.r-2U:c*\E13-*DS^2cbd'CE-'@*U 69S6Beu U3-*C[. 0Ÿ
e ™ ›
yz + 2xz = xyz + 3xy
481
x≥3
6X\
y≥3
P*<8UZ-*C[.
y(x − 1) ≥ 3(x − 1) ≥ 2x
e o <C¤.Yc'1V\E6 b
P
xyz + 3xy > xyz = yz + (x − 1)yz ≥ yz + 2xz
T*c'1kK]-*D2\]CE67^21V\„™ ›reLœm-*DBK -2c e
48cBdBdB-*.0-*D'.^k€ <@'-*CEx –T ^ 2<c6 3 y< eu 3U3-*C[. -2c e
481 ]U
P-*DbW*6Hc*\œC 68.0-2cy^*CE≥ 6 3 x=1 x=2
P-2c e
œ m-*DBK x = 2 e'½mC yz + 4z =6X2yz \ + 6y P*^'-*yz DBK + 6y = 4z
6H\
z +
(y − 4)(z
6 = 24
e2§k+ 6)KY-*=
68U:<j Ÿ
DB^2−24
c'1V\ <
(x,
y − 4 ≥ −1
y, z) = (2, 3,
T z+
18)

P *6c'1'≥6.]7\w6 ‘6KE\E1yW*68−
9b468D2= \’cB−1
DB6
.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D‘e
481 ]U
P -*D–W*68c*\C 6.r-2c^'CE6 ¨TP KY6 2c'1KY-*DB^2c'1V\^*1:CE67KE\E69S6D2\ < Ÿ
x = 1 Ÿ - c ™¯KE<72zC = 3y U 4T
›¤68.Y\¤cBD>6D2\E136Cse  67K]1:dBCE- 2c69S6D2\0P
(x, U
-*DW y,68CEz) 1V¥6 =h <(1,
K]1VUZ682a, T
9b68D23a) \ 2c6QKYa68.„≥\]C[213d*UZ6X\E.my .r-*≥ D2\„[email protected]:c*\E13-*D'.e
481 ’>U T
PsU˜€ 6 2cB<8\E13-*D?^'60W*136D2\ .Ÿ P8^€ - cjUZ68.k\]CE1:d'U36H\[.’.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.
.Ÿ - c y=2
sT
6.]\cBD68D2\E1Z68C’™ZDB-\E-*D'. *c63x ]U Ÿ
U”€ -*= D?C z6K]cBd 68CE6 U36œKE<7. d-2cBCU36(b,
.‘\]C[2,
13d*UZ3b)
6X\E.
b > 0 ]U \U
^*cSdB<C[<pHC[<d/'6?dBC 67K 6^B68D2\i›re a = 1
481 ’>Ÿ TPsU˜€ 6 2cB<8\E13-*D?^'60W*136D2\ Ÿ
PHKs€ 6.]\ <^213CE6 P
<HW*6K y = 1 e§6HU3< K]-*DB^*c'1\ < IŸ 3x = z+xz 6X\ Ÿ
XKs€ 68.Y\ (x+1)(3−z)
< ^*1:CE6*P = 3e
U 4T x+1 ≥ 2
 6K]13d'CE- *c689b68D2\0P*UZ6Œ\]CE1:d'U36H\
x+1 = 68.Y\¤3 @*1363−z
D.r-2U:c*=\E13-*1D‘e x=z=2
§ (2, 1, 2)
1:D'<U369S6D2\0P?UZ68.5.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.5.r-*D2\–UZ68.J\]CE1:d'U36H\[.•^'6 U3< h -*C]9S6 P
(a, 2, 3a)
.Ÿ - c
a>0
ŠT
6.]\ cBDb68D2\E1Z68C0P*<813D'.Y1 *c6
(2, 1, 2)
6X\
(2, 3, 18)
e (1, 2a, 3a)

MW
ew™3<H› „c6HU:U36.?.0-*D2\œ\E-2c*\]68.?UZ68.jW2<8UZ6HcBC[.QdBC[13.r6.?dB<CŒUZ6bCE68.Y\E6>™3dB<C?^ 6 h <8c*\i›Œ^'6SU3< U
^*1 W*1:.L13-*DS^'6 3 dB<C U3-*C[. 2c6 'T
68.Y\ cBDS68D2\E1Z68C¤D'<H\EcBCE68U 2c68U3KY-*D 2c6 º ^T iT
a 7 a
™Z@› ‹6.œ6D2\E136C[. D'<8\EcBCE6HU3. P 6H\ .0-*D2\¤\E68U:. 2c6 3 DT
3 6.]\^*1 W*1:.L13@*U36

7
iW
dB<C e „c6œW2<c*\¤<8UZ-*C[.„U36?CE68.Y\Ea6?^Bb6TU:<Qc^*1 W*1:.L13-*DS^'6 a +d'b7 3
< C +º c
a·b·c 7
žX

£
"$#&% I  :F B   % +N +  %7% /;  # ' $; 1-,3+   #  ,   %  N6  ; > #&% %- @ A £ ¤
< %£ uª
B # ED # ,  G&F ;H&+JI/+ % ; K >5+ 
/, , # , N6 /
 $; B + 76 # $6
0 H&+  G  /; 1:,G+ :L
[£ uª z¢
 A  I # , N6 /
  6 , ( :0 ' )5L
U
™Z<X›’½mD?W 6C[1:¥6Œ.r<D'.¤<.Y\EcK]6 *c62P2.r68U3-*DQU3<TK]-*DBpHCEc68DBKY6T^'6 ZT
9S-'^*c'U3- P2K]68UVUZ6
^B6
a 3 8
6 Y
. \ E
C 
6 L
. 
d 
6 E
K E
\ 
1 *
W 8
6 b
9 8
6 2
D \ D a 7

P P P P P P
a ≡ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
P P P P P P e
a3 ≡ 0
œ ]Ÿ ©T
1 1 6 1 6 6
™¯@7› œ€ <7d'C 68.?UZ6A\E<7@*U36<8c5K]13¦r^'6.L.LcB.XP’-*DJKY-*D'.]\E<H\]6 2c6b.L1 3 6.]\
T
^*1 W*1:.L13@*U36–d'<7C P„Ks€ 68.Y\ 2c6–9b-'^2c'UZ- P„-*D•< a + b3 + c3
-2c
vŸ ]Ÿ *œ
™ <?U”€ -*CE^*CE6?d'C 68.]7›Le „<D'.„UZ68.^B6HcxlKE<7.XP'-* 7D< (a, b, c) ≡ (0,e 0, 0) (0, 1, 6)
abc ≡ 0 (mod 7)

S
6Yx\=Q6AUZ-'-'Gb<H\Œ.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.œ\]- d'CE-'@*U369.Q- h \Y/'6RIF<Xx1 1:D'<U36b- h \Y/'6 7_X`Va §
*U [T
½„U;*9Sd*13<7^B6lIF<8\Y/ 689S<H\E1 2c6 68U3p86*P*pX1W*68D   O7O8 7_7 2e 
› e £U \[<7D2\•^'-*D'D6 U cBDqCE67KE\[<7DBpXU36 P^ H6 \E6CE91:DB6C•^'68cxd-21:D2\E. 6H\ U
CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*689b68D2\ .LcBC 6H\.LcBC ABCD\E68:U . 2c 6lU36.\]CE1:<7DBpXU36. P K 6XL\ ZT
ADL
¤[BC]
<81Z68D2\ U3<?9 69S6?<813CE6'e [CD] ABK AKL

£
"$#&% I  : F B   % +N +  %7% /; # ' $; 1-,3+  #  ,   %  N6  ; £ ¤ > #&% %- @ A
ž # =¬ , /F8¥L ›Ÿ " ¥L
 
B # ED # ,  G&F ;H&+$I/+ % ; K >5+ +   J+ %7% ;+-D N ; >* ; 
A  I +  J+ %7%  6 6 #&%G'   # =L
A............................................................................................................n
...........................................................................................................
B
. .. .... ...
..... ............................. ...
... ..... ........... ...
........... ...
.... ....
.... ...........
.. ...
.... .... ...
...
..
........... ...
y
... .... ........... ...
.... .... ........... ...
.... ............ ...
.... .... ........... ...
.... ...........
... .... ..
........... ...
.... ..
... ...
m
.... ............. ...
.... .... ........... .
...........
... ....
.... .
............ .....
....
K
.... ..........
.... .... ..
.........
... .... .......... ....
.
....
.... ....... ...
.... ....... .....
........
m−y
... ....
....
.... ........ .....
....
....
.... .
...
.........
. ...
... .... ..........
. ...
.. .... ......... ..
. . ...
...................................................................................................................................................................................................................
D x L n−x C
u¤.r.YcB9b6 e ‹6H\ P P
P*<DB^ [ABK] ’
e =,/'[AKL]
6D = [ADL] P AD = m P'<DBAB
^ = n
DL = x BK = y 1
[ADL] = 2 mx [ABK] = 21 ny
e
[AKL] = mn − 21 mx − 21 ny − 12 (m − y)(n − x) = 1
mn − 12 xy
§2CE-*9
2
= 6R-'@\E<813D
Q ’\Y/*<8\j1:.HP x y Pw.r<X;‘e
[ABK] = [ADL] mx = ny = = t
4813DBK]6 P21\ h -2U:U3-7=?. \Y/*<H\ e o nc*\[\E1:DBp m <7DB^
[ABK]
P7=Q6T.06=6?[AKL]
6<.L1VU;\Y/*<H\ 2 ny e¤=¹?mn
68DBKY62−
P xy 1 √ x =
e nt
y = mt t +t−1=0 t= 5−1
§-*DW*68C[.06HU;P 1 h √  P 1\l13.S<F.L1:9Sd*UZ6–9S2<H\[\]68C\]-FW*6C[1 h ;#\Y/*<H\
t = 21 e• 5 ,−/2cB1.HP \Y/'6RdB-213D2\[. <DB^ <CE6N^'6H\E6CE91:DB67^
[ABK] = [AKL] = [ADL] K L
@;l\Y/'6QK]-*DB^*1\E1Z-*D'.

BK DL 5−1 e
= =
BC DC 2
ž7ž


eB,BCE-2c2W*6C¤\E-2c*\]68. U36. .r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.œ^*c>.[;'.]\ 6 9S6Q.Lc'1 W2<7D2\^€ 1:DBKY-*D'D*c68.ŒC 676HUZ68. P P
x y
\Ÿ ]U
6X\ e
u v P P
x2 + y 2 = 1 P xu + yv = 1
2 2 1 e
u +v = 1 xu − yv =
£ £ ¤
2
&# %G' )+&, B   % +N +  %7% /;  # ' N;1-,3+   #  /,   %  N6  ;> #&% %- @ A
* /9 6
[ :£ uª
B # ED # ,  GF&;H&+JI/+ % ; K > :  , , # , N6 /
 $;*B + 76 # $ 6
0 H&+  G /;*1:,G+ :L
¡ # ' 6 ), /9 6  # $6 % + 6 #&%G'   # )+-, # , $6 /   L £ ª
47-21V\ P P
x y u v
P ]U
^'6.mC 676HU3.¤\E68U:. 2c6 T
™ ›
x2 + y 2 = 1
™ ›
u2 + v 2 = 1
™”Ms›
xu + yv = 1
e ™:›
xu − yv = 21
>U T
‹6. 6 2cB<8\E13-*D'.™ ›w6H\„™  ›¢.r-*D2\ 6 2c'1W2<8UZ68D2\]68. < m>U T Ÿ
P P P P
x = cos θ y = sin θ u = cos α v = sin α
.U
- c P e
θ ‹2 ’¥U T
α€ 6 ∈*cB[0,
<H\E1Z2π)
-*D™”Ms›k.H€ 67KYC[1V\’<8UZ-*C[. ’U 8Ks€ 68.Y\ <Œ^*1:CE6*P ™3d'c'1:. 2c6 Ÿ 'T
›e*Ks€ 6.]\ <Q^*1:CEcos(θ
6*P − α) = 1
6H\ e mŸ θ=α
Ÿ
−2π < IF<θ1:.
−<8α UZ-*C[<
.XP22π ’>U T
U˜€ 6 2cB<8\E13-*Db™V7›¢.H€ 67KYxC[1V=
\ u2 y =
x − y 2 = 21
’U M
v e u5U˜€ <13^B6Q^'6Q™ ›YP*1VU'W21Z68D2\
^*1:CE67KE\E69S6D2\ 2 3 6X\ 1e
§
1:D'<U369Sx6D2=
2
\0P2U346. 2cBy<^*= CEcBd*4UZ6X\E. T
(x, y, u, v)
.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.m.0-*D2\ 
√ √ √ √
3 1 P 1 P
 
3 1 3 1 3
, , , ,− , ,−
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
√ √ √ √
P e
   
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
− , ,− , − ,− ,− ,−
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

e‹6.68D2\E1Z68C[. P
a0 a1 a2 . . . a100
P P P .L<8\E1:. h -*D2\ <8cxlK]-*DB^*1\E1Z-*D'.m.Lc'1 W2<7D2\E6. Z
P
a1 > a0 ≥ 0
d-2cBC P P P P e
ak+2 = 3ak+1 − 2ak ( k = 0 1 2 . . . 98)
§-*9dB<CE6C¤U36.mDB-*9b@*CE6. 6X\ 99 e47-*D2\Y¦]1:U:. 67pH<8cx¤º?‹2€ cBDb6.]\Y¦Y1VUB\E-2c2¾”-2cBC[. d*U:cB. U
JT
pHC[<7DB^ *c6jU˜€ <c*\]CE6 º 481-2c'a1˜100
PUZ6 *c6H2UHº ¥T
* /9 6 #&%G' )+&, B   % £
+N +  %7% /;  # ' N;1-,3+   #  /,   %  N6  ;> #&% %- @ A £ ¤
[ :£ uª
B # ED # ,  GF&;H&+JI/+ % ; K > :  , , # , N6 /
 $;*B + 76 # $ 6
0 H&+  G /;*1:,G+ :L
¡ # ' 6 ), /9 6  # $6 % + 6 #&%G'   # )+-, # , $6 /   L £ ª
½mDW2<Qd'CE-2c2W*6C 2c6 T99 e
S
-\E-*D'.Q\E-2c*\^€ <7@B-*CEa^ 100
*c>
6Rd'2c'1:. 2c6 6H\ _T 'T
.0-*D2\Q68D2\E1Z68C[.HP’U3< KY-*DB^21V\E13-*D
a1 − a 0 > 0
^'-*D'DB6 e m6 a0
a1 − a0
a1 œ
P-*D>^ 6^*c'1\ 2c€ 1VU
≥1 ak+2 = 2ak+1 − 2ak
U T
ž _

6Lx13.]\]6 ^'68cx–KY-*D'.]\E<D2\]68.
λ
6H\
µ
\]6HU:U36. 2c6*PwdB-2cBC T P P P P¤-*DF<1\
k = 0 1 6H.\ . . 100P1:U*W21Z68D2\
k e£2DAc*\E1VU:1:.r<D2\„K]6H\[\E6TCE68U:<8\E13-*DdB-2cBC
ak = λ · 1 + µ · 2k

ak = 2a0 − a1 + (a1 − a0 )2 k e£*Dd'<7Ci\E1ZK]c'UV1Z68C


k=0 M k=1

a100 = 2a0 − a1 + (a1 − a0 )2100


= (a1 − a0 )299 + (a1 − a0 )(299 − 1) + a0
P
≥ 299 + (299 − 1) + a0 ≥ 299 + a0 ≥ 299

^k€ - cU:<K]-*DBK]U:cB.Y1Z-*DA<7D'DB-2cBDBK 66Be \U
S
-7= =Q6œ\EcBC]D\]-Q\Y/'6T½KE\]-'@'6C  O7O8 > # ,  /,w<DB^-2cBC CE6<7^B68C[.H€.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'. \E-
Y
< dBCE-'@2UZ689- h \Y/'6  “[“2u¤CEp868D2\E13D*1:<7DlIF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U½„U;*9Sd*13<7^  OOH HMH / MH7J 2e 
 ewŸ’1W*68Dl<œ\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 =T1\Y/.Y1Z^'6 pHCE68<8\E6C‘\Y/*<7D PUZ6X\ @B6 \Y/'6Œ913^B¦
d -21:D2\‘- h
 P8<7DB^jU36H\ ABC@'6„\Y/'6dB-213D2\<HAB\=Q/21ZKL/œ\Y/'6@*1:.06KE\]BC -*C- h MK]c*\[.¢.Y1Z^'6 e
u|.]\]C[<13p8/AC L
\„UV13DB6?1:.œ^'C[<X=? D\Y/*CE-2cp8/ d'<7C[<8U:U368UB\]- PK]c*\[\E13DBpj∠B
\Y/'6@*1:.06KE\]-*C AC
<8\ Pk<7DB^R<7DB-\Y/'68C .Y\]C[<81Zp8/\U:1:DB6l13M.j^'C[<X=?D>\Y/*CE-2cAB p8/ d'<7C[<8U:U368Uk\]- PK]c*\[\EBL
13DBp
D
\Y/'6?9b6^*1:<7D <H\ ew47/'-7=\Y/*<8\ L
1:.md68C]dB6DB^21ZK]c'U:<7Cw\]- e BC
BM E ED BL
£
"$#&% I  :F B 
 % N+  +  %7% /;  # ' $; 1:,G+ + £ +   6 "  (, A  # ' 
; >@N+ % 
J+
; ¤
ž U¢
 
=,  JL 1 <,(6
 ), /6  "  (, A  # '  66 &# %('   #  L
A
‹ 6H\ @B6%\Y/'6 9A1Z^'¦LdB-213D2\J- h e k , /'6UV13DB6 ....

\Y/*CE-2cp8/ N dB<C[<UVUZ6HU\]- 13D2\E6C[.r67KE\[BC


. <8\ <DB^ ..
... ...
... ..
... .....

@*1:.06KE\E. M <H\ <TdB-213D2\ AB BC


13. 13.r-*N
... ...

e’,BC[13<DBpXUZ6 .0K]86 U36.XP


... ...
... ...
... ...

.L1:DBKY6 EL P P DL .
.... ...
.... ...
... ...
.. . ...
. . ...
..
P
.. ...
.... ...
... ..
M
.
. .......
?L
... . . . .
E
. . .
1 .. ......... ....
∠P LD = ∠LBC =
..
∠B
.. .
..
.... ..
..
...... ..... ...
2
.......................
<DB^ e
... ....... .........................
... ......
...... ................
... ..
1 ... .......
D
..
∠P DL = ∠ABL =
..

2
∠B .. .........
.
.
..
. .
.
.......... ....................
.
..... ............. ....
.................. ..
..
..
..
..

f 6Œ\Y/'68D/*<HW*6 P8=Q/21ZKL/1:9Sd*U:136. Y\ /*<H\


. . ..
.. .. ..
.... ....................... ...
. ..
. . .. ..................... .
... ...
............................ ...

13.mC[1Zp8/DP
\Y¦Y<7DB=
pXU367P
^L
<H\ = P
\YE
..

/*<8\ 1:.HP e
.. .. ..
. .................. .... .
.....................................................................................................................................

¡ x ¢ Q£ +N +
4DEL D DE ⊥ BL B N C
A  I
 %7% 
6 6 #&%G'   # =
 L

‹ 6H\ P P*<7DB^ P*<7.„cB.LcB<8U[e


§ a = BC b = CA
1:C[.Y\0PH=Q6ŒDB-\E6 \Y/*<8\
c = AB
13.¤@B6X\i=Q6768D
L
<7DB^ P7<7DB^ LC
A C =
BC
=
a e‘,k/2cB.XP
LA BA c
−→ −→ − e
→ ™ ›
cLC + aLA = 0
¹?68DBKY62P −
−→ −→ −→ −→ − P7=Q/21ZKL/pX1 W*6.

c(BC − BL) + a(BA − BL) = 0
−→ −
−→ −→ e ™ ›
(a + c) BL = c BC + a BA
u U3.r-P2cB.Y13DBpT™ ›YP

−−→ −−→ −→ −→ −→ −→ −−→


(a + c)(LM + M C) = (a + c) LC = a(LC − LA) = a AC = 2a M C
ž ¡

=Q/'6DBK]6 −−→ c − a −−→ e¢4813DBK]6 P=Q6j.066œ\Y/*<8\ −−→ c − a −−→ e


ML = MC LE k BC ME = MB
c+a c+a
48139A1:U:<7C[U;PcB.Y13DBpA™ ›<7pH<1:DkP=Q6Sp86X\ −−→ c − a −→ P<7DB^ .Y13DBK]6 P
S
LM = LA M D k AB
2c
=Q6Q/*<XW*6 −−→ c − a −→ e -7=AP
MD = AB
2c

a−c −
−→ −→ a − c −−→ −−→ −−→ − −→
BC + BA = BM = M E = M D + DE
2(a + c) a+c
c − a −→ − −→P
= AB + DE
2c
=Q/21ZKL/6<.L1VU;?;*1368U3^'.

2c(a + c) −
−→ −
−→ −→ e ™”Ms›
DE = c BC − a BA
a−c
S -7==Q6TDB-\E6j\Y/*<H\w\Y/'6?C[1Zp8/\¤.L13^B68.- h ™  ›¢<DB^S™”Ms›¢<7CE6?-*C[\Y/'-'p8-*D'<8U'W*6KE\]-*C[. ]

−→ −→ −
−→ −→ e
c BC + a BA · c BC − a BA = c2 a2 − a2 c2 = 0
“Z\ h -2UVUZ-7=?. \Y/*<H\ −→ <DB^ −−→ <CE6Q-*Ci\Y/'-'p8-*D'<Uie’,/2cB.HP e
BL DE ED ⊥ BL

S
6Yx\j=Q6RUZ-'-'GN<H\CE68<^'6C[.X€w.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.Q\]-Fd'CE-'@*U369.- h \Y/'6 P  “ u U3@'<D*13<D
§ 
IF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U½„U;*9Sd*13<7^  OO7O'P s`Va *-*CE9 P\Y/21:CE^CE-2cBDB^   O78O  *MXBM  MX: *e
› >T
ew™Z<X› o CE-W*6Œ\Y/'6T1:DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;

(1 + x1 )(1 + x2 ) · · · (1 + xn ) P P P P e
≤ 2n−1 ∀x1 x2 . . . xn ∈ [1, +∞)
1 + x 1 x2 · · · x n
¥T
™¯@7›’f /'6DS^B-'68.¤\Y/'6Q6 *cB<8U:1\˜;/'-2UZ^'º

› Z£ ª
"$#&% I 7-F 
/, , # , $6 /  N; B +  6 # N6 02H&+  G
;=1-,3+ N+ '
% + ¡ LJB ' , <F&;
U¥ Ÿ ¥ [£ ª
 
8 # I ,3; ; " L  A  I # , $6 /    66 #&%('   #  L
§*-*C¤6<7KL/ P
A ⊆ {1 2 . . . n}
P P P*U36H\
p(A) =
Q
i∈A xi
e’,/'6D

X e
(1 + x1 )(1 + x2 ) . . . (1 + xn ) = p(A)

S ¥T
A
-\E6Œ\Y/*<H\ h -*Cw<UVU P P=Q6T/*<HW*6 P=T1\Y/A6 *cB<8U:1\˜;1 h <7DB^A-*D*U;
a bh≥ 1
1h -*C e¤Z“ \ -2U:U3-7=?. \Y/*<8\ h -*aC <+UVU b ≤ 1 + PabP P PQ
= 6?/*<HW*6
a=1 b=1 A ⊆ {1 2 . . . n}
n
 Y Y Y e
p(A) + p A = xi + xi ≤ 1 + xi
i∈A i6∈A i=1
ž

S -7==Q6?-'@\E<813Dl\Y/'6Q^'6.Y13CE6^A1:DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;<. h -2U:U3-7=?. >T \


X 1 X 
(1 + x1 )(1 + x2 ) · · · (1 + xn ) = p(A) = p(A) + p A
2
A A
n
e
 X
1 Y
≤ 1+ xi 1 = (1 + x1 x2 · · · xn )2n−1
2
4T
£ 2cB<UV1V\”;/'-2U3^'.S1 h <DB^-*D*U ;•1 h P h -*CA<8U:U P P P
i=1
P=Q6F/*<XW*6
A

p(A)
-*C  eF,k/'68CE6 h -*CE62P„6 *cB<8U:A
1\˜;F⊆
/'-2UZ{1
^*.1 h 2 <DB.^5
. .-*D*n} ¥T
U;–1 h <8\?9S-*.Y\
-*DB6Q- h =\Y/'6 1 13. p pHA
CE68<8\E=
6Cw\Y1/*<D e
xi 1
 e §k-*D'.L13^B68C\Y/'6–.06 *c68DBKY6 P ¥TP P P .LcKL/5\Y/*<8\ √ <DB^

xn+1 =
√ h -*C <UVU
2 + xn
x1 e 7x132B
D ^ . . . xn . . .
n>1

x1 = 2

™3<H› ™Z@› e
lim xn lim 4n (2 − xn )
£
n→∞ n→∞
"$#&%('   #  -F B  % +$<+  % % ;

  # ' N; 1:,G+ : L
-\E6R\Y/*<H\ S e|u¤.r.YcB9b6>\Y/*<H\
xn = 2 cos(π/2n+1 )
h -*C
.0-*9S6Td-*.Y1V\E1 W*6j13D2\Ex671p868=
C 2e’cos(π/4)
, /'68D
k
n
s s
π π/2n+1 π e
     
xn+1 = 2 + 2 cos = 4 cos2 = 2 cos
2n+1 2 2n+2
Z“ \ h -2U:U3-7=?. ™¯@;Q1:DB^*cKE\E13-*D›\Y/*<H\ h -*C’<UVU*d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6 1:D2\]6p86C[. e
,k/'68D e xn = 2 cos(π/2n+1 ) n
lim § x = 2
cBCi\Y/'6CE9b-*CE62P h -*C <UVU
n→∞ n 7P =Q6?/*<HW*6
n∈
π π e
    
2
2 − xn = 2 1 − cos = 4 sin
2n+1 2n+2
4813DBK]6 <7. P8=Q6ŒCE6<7^*1VU;-'@2\[<1:D 2 <. e
,k/'6?CE68sin
.Lc'Ux
\0P ∼ x x → 0 P h 2
- :
U 3
U 7
- 2=?
−.mx<Hn
„
\ *
- ∼DBKY4π
'
6 e /4n+2 n→∞
n 1 2
limn→∞ 4 (2 − xn ) = π
¦ e o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\0P21 h
0<a<b<
4

π P\Y/'68D
2
™3<H› a sin a ™Z@› sin a πae
< <
"$#&%('   #
b
 -Fe , , [£ # , N6uª/
sin b
 
 
sin b
$;?B +  6 # N 6 02H&+  G
;51:,G+ : L
2 b

™Z<X› ‹6X\ 
π <DB^

sin x em,/'6D cos x
I = 0, f (x) = f 0 (x) = (x − tan x)
h -*C<UVU e “Z\k13.k=Q68UVU22G7DB-7=?Dj\Y/*<8\ x h -*C<UVU P8.0-œx\Y/*<H\ 0
2
P
x∈I x < tan x x∈I f (x) < 0
=Q/21ZKL/b9S6<D'.\Y/*<8\ 1:.Œ^'67KYCE68<7.Y13DBp-*D eœ,/'6CE6 h -*CE6*PB1 h π '
P Y
\ '
/ 
6 D

f (a) > f (b)


f
P=Q/213KL/l13.6 *c'1 W2<U36D2\w\E- a
I
sin a e ¥T 0<a<b<
2
<
b sin b
™¯@7›Œ“Z\œ13.œ=Q6HU:U¢GDB-7=?DR\Y/*<H\ 2 1h 
π e,/'6CE6
 h -*CE6*P
x < sin x < x x ∈ 0,
π 2
1h π P\Y/'6D <DB^ 2 e’,k/2cB.XP sin a πae
0<a<b< sin a < a b < sin b <
2 π sin b 2 b
ž 

 e ‹6X\ P P @'6m\Y/'6 .L13^B68. - h <m\]CE1:<7DBpXU36*P<7DB^TU36H\ P P @'6m\Y/'6 <7DBpXU36. -*d'd-*.Y1V\E6


„
\Y/'6?.L13^B68a. b P c P P*CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;e α β γ
a b c
™3<H› o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<H\ 1 h <7DB^S-*D*U ;l1 h e
γ = 2α c2 = a(a + b)
©§
™¯@7› 1:DB^N<UVU‘\]CE1:<7DBpXU36.?.YcKL/R\Y/*<H\ P P <7CE6SD'<H\EcBC[<UwD*cB9S@B68C[.HP 1:.?<bd'CE1:9b62P
a b c b
<7DB^ e
γ = 2α
£
"$#&% I  :FB 
 % N+  +  7% % /;  # ' $;?1:,G+ +  ' % + ¡ L B ' , <F&;?8 # I / ,3; r¥ ;
"Ÿ ¥( ) +-, ™3<H› #  % F 
 L  ), 6 = +N +  %7%  66 #&%('   #  L x£
§
™Z<X› 1:C[.Y\0P2.LcBd'd-*.r6j\Y/*<H\
)
c2 = a(a + b)
e’,k/'68DkP*cB.Y13DBpœ\Y/'6A‹8<H=- h §-*.Y13DB68.HP

e
c2 (a − b) = a(a2 − b2 ) = a(c2 − 2bc cos α)
,k/21:.l.Y139d'UV1:¥6.T\]- e#481:DBKY6 ™ h CE-*9š\Y/'6F‹8<X=g- h
4813DB68.]›]P2=Q6?-'@2\[<1:D c = 2a cos α em“Z\ h -2UVUZ-7c=?sin .¤\Y/*α<8\ = a sin γ-*C em“”D
\Y/'6œU3<H\[\]68CwKE<7.r6*P.Y13DBsin γ 6œ=<U:sin
K]6=Q .0-Q/*2α<HW*6 P8γ=Q=6 ¥2αDB^?\Y/*<Hγ\ = π − P82α =Q/213KL/
139d'UV1Z68. \Y/*<H\ e’,/'6D 2 γ = π − α − β13. 1:.0-*.rKY6HUZ68.¤<DB^l αCE13=
p8/β
2 <7DB^ \Y¦L<DBpXUZ6^
a =
=T1V\Y//7;*d-\E6D*cB.r6 7\Y/2cB. b c = 2a <DB^ 4ABC e„“”DS@B-\Y/KE<7.r6.XP e
§-*DW*68C[.06HU;P*c1 h α = π/4
P2\Y/'6D γ = π/2
PB-*C„™:cB.L1:DBγpŒ\Y=/'62α
‹8<H=- h
4813DB68.<DB^l\Y/'6‹8<X=- γh §k=-*.L2α 1:DB6.E› sin γ = 2 sin α cos α

c sin γ b 2 + c 2 − a2 P
 
= = 2 cos α = 2
a sin α 2bc
=Q/21ZKL/A;21Z6HUZ^*. 2 2 2 2 eT“
h P'=Q6l-'@\E<813D 2 e
“h P2\Y/'68D c (b − a) e¤48=
1:DBKYa6 (b − aP*)1V\ h -2U:U3a-7=?
6= b
.¤\Y/*<8\ c = a(a + b)
1:.m1:.0-*.rKY6HUZ68.m<7DB^
CE13p8a/\Y=
¦L<bDBpXUZ6^=Tα1V\Y/ = 2β γ = 2α
2 P*<7DB^ 13.m.Y\E1V4ABC
U:U*\]CEc6'e

2
c = 2a c = a(a + b)
™¯@7›48cBd'd-*.r6 \Y/*<8\ e 2CE-*9\Y/'6m/7;'dB-\Y/'6.r6.<7DB^ŒdB<C[\k™3<H›]Ps=Q6¤.066 \Y/*<H\
H\ Y 2
/ B
c . γ= ¤
e 
‹ 2α H
6 \ P<7DB^TU36H\ 0 <7DB^ 0 @B6„\Y/'6œKY-*d'CE1:9b6
c13D22\E− 2
67p8a68C[.T=^B6Hab ¥DB6^ @; c > a 0 <dDB^ = gcd(a,0 c) eT,k/'68D a c e
0 0 0
4813DBK]6 13.„d'CE1:9b62P a =
-*C da c = *
- dc
C d(c ¤
e “ −h a )(c *
- C + a0 ) = ba0 P
0 0
\Y/'6D b bPk=Q |d /213KL/ b1:9S| d*(cU:136− .Œ\Ya/*<8)\ b | (c0 + a 0
P¢K])-*D2\]C[<b^2|1ZKEd\E1:DBplb\Y/'| 6A (c\]0CE− 0
1:<7DBapXU3)6
¥T
13DB6 *cBb<8U:1|\˜;(ce¢,−/2cBa) .HP 0 h -*C¤.r-*9bb6T≤ dB-*.Lc1\E− a 1:D2\]6p86C e
1W*6j
S -7=
kd(c 0

c + a0 = kb
a 0
) = a 0 P21:9Sd*U;213DBpœ\Y/*<H\
k
^*1 W*13^B68. 0 ew48k1:DBKY6
a\Y/*<H\ kP
<U:.0-A^21W21Z^'6.
s
P Q
= m
6 r
. 7
6 6 Y
\ *
/ 8
< \ *
^ 1 *
W 3
1 B
^ 8
6 ¢
. B
@ 
- Y
\ / 7
< B
D ^ w
e Z
“ \ h 2
- V
U Z
U 7
- ?
= k
. 0P
c<70DB+a ^
0
ke’u¤.m<QCE6.Yc'UV\0P c0 
< aDB0 ^ k= e 8
4 1
3
1 B
D ]
K b6 = a<70DB+c ^
0
<7CE6?K]d(c -*dBC[139S −6*aP70\Y)/'= 6jU:a
0
<8\[\E6Cw.0/'-7=?. \Y/*<H\ d |0 a e¤¹T6dc
0 0
DBK]6*= P a0 (d +<71)
0
DB^ 0 a0 e’f c6 0
¥D'<8U:U ;b/*<HW*6
b = 2d + 1
P
a = d 2 PB<DB^
a |d
c = d(d +
S a e = d-\E6T\Y/*c<8\ = d + PB
1) d > 1
1.L1:DBKY6
P*<DB^S/'6DBK]6*P e
b<a+c
§-*DW*68C[.06HU;P'U36H\ b ≥ 5 @B6Q<Qd'CE1:9b6Œ=T1V\Y/ P'<7DB^U36H\ 2 <DB^
e„,k/'68D b = 2d + 1 13. 6<.L1VU;SKLb/'67≥KLG756^>™3.L1:DBKY6 a = d›YPB<7DB^
c\Y/2= cB.HPk d(d \Y/'68+ CE6b1) 6Yx71:.Y\[.j<A\]cCE1:− <7DBa pXU36 <=Tb1V\Y< /R.Yc1Z^'+6. a P P‘<DB^ e>I5-*CE67-8W*6CrPk\Yd/'> 6CE168U:<8\E13-*D
1:. -'@2\[<1:DB67^?<8\¢-*DBK]6*P<7DB^Q™Z<X›k.0/'-7=?.‘\Y/*<8\ a b c 1:DT\Y/213.’\]C[13<DBpXUZ6'e
c2 = a(a + b) γ = 2α
“”DNK]-*DBK]U:cB.Y1Z-*DkP\Y/'6A.Yc'1V\[<@2UZ6Q\]CE1:<7DBpXU36.Œ<7CE6Q\Y/'-*.06?=T 1V\Y/>.Y1Z^'6. P
*
P 
< B
D ^ h *
- C 0
. *
- S
9 T
6 B
d [
C 3
1 S
9 6 e b = 2d + 1
2
a=d c = d(d + 1) b≥5
7_ O

S
6Yx\B=Q6„U3-'-'G <H\k.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'. h CE-*9·-2cBCkCE6<7^B68C[.\]-Œd'CE-'@*U369.¢- h Y\ /'6 ` k-2cBDB^
- \Y/'6AIF<H\Y/'69<8\E13K].§-*9d6X\E1V\E13-*D'.„13D 713D*U:<7DB^  O7OO 2 OO pX1W*68D   OOH *MX: *e
h ©§ 
¦ Ie œm6H\E6CE91:DB6?<8U:UdB-*.L1\E1W*6j1:D2\]6p86C[. m
<7DB^
n
.YcKL/\Y/*<8\
e
m2 − n2 = 270
"$#&% I  -F  , , @£ # , $6ª/ N; B + 76 # $6
0 H&+  G /; 1:,G+  ' % + ¡ LB ' , <F&;
¥ Ÿ " ¥ + #¢ +&, &LE L  + $A&;  %  , Ÿ
        
8 # I ,3; ; H&+ ' , 
/, I /,G6 (<F&;
_¡ L  A I  + NA  6c¢ ,  -0 ' )5L
        
 +N , % #N# ;   

f 6R.0/'-7=\Y/*<H\0P¤9b-*CE6 p868DB6C[<8U:U ;kPw\Y/'6 6 2cB<8\E13-*D


m2 − n2 = 2k
/*<.lDB- >T
13D2\E67p868C¤.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.¤1 h 13.-'^'^‘e
48cBdBdB-*.06 <DBk^ <7CE6ŒdB-*.L1\E1W*6œ1:D2\]6p86C[.¤.LcKL/?\Y/*<H\ 2 2 P=Q/'68CE6
1:. <7Db-'^B^13D2\E67p868CXe §nUZ68<7C[U;P
m <DB^ /*<XW*6?\Y/'6Q.L<79S6QdBm <CE1\˜− n¹?
;eŒ 68=DBKY2k
62P
k<7DB^ /*<XW*6œ\Y/'6Œ.r<9b6œdB<CEm 1\˜;ew481:DBnKY6 m + 1:n.
2 2
m −
60W*6DkP@B-\Y/ n <7DB^ 9AcB.Y\¢@B6Œ60W*68DkP8=Q/213KL/?1:.w1:9SdB-*[email protected]]6 2k e
(m + n)(m − n) = m − n =
m+n m−n 4 - 2k
e u·D*cB9S@B68CQ- h KYCE-*.L.0¦Y.0/*<d6^Jd'1367K]6.XPw<7.Q.0/'-7=?DkP
7< CE6ld'U:<K]67^R-*DR<7D KL/'68.r.r@B-*<CE^>1:DR.LcKL/><Q=?<X;
T T
................................................
... .....
....

\Y/*<8\m\Y/'6l. *cB<CE6.j- 8h × \Y/'86ld'1367K]6.Œ<DB^b\Y/'6l. *cB<CE6.j- h


... ....
....
.... ...
... ....
\Y/'6AKL/'68.r.r@B-*<CE^><CE6<UV1ZpHDB6^><DB^S\Y/'6d'1367K]6.Œ^'-bDB-\
...
... ....
..............................................................................................................................................
.

-W*68CEU:<7d|68<KL/#-\Y/'6Csef 6N.L<H;J\Y/*<8\?\Y/'6J@'-*<7CE^•/*<.
... ... ... ...
... ..
. ... ...
... ... .... ....
... ...

@B66D¥'U:U367^l1 h DB-9S-*CE6?d*1Z6KY68. KE<7DS@B6Td'U:<K]67^S-*Dl\Y/'6
... ... .
. ....


... . ..
.
. ....
... ... ..
.
... .
... .
. ...

@B-*<CE^l.L<8\E1:. h ;213DBpm\Y/'6jK]-*DB^*1\E1Z-*D'.¤<7@B-8W*6Be m6X\]68C]9A13DB6


.
. ..
................................................................................................................................................
..... .....

\Y/'6 .L9S<8U:U36.]\d-*.L.L13@*U36D*cB9S@B68C¢- h d'1367K]6.=T1\Y/œ=Q/21ZKL/
.... ....
.... ...
...
... ....
....
\Y/'6Q@B-*<CE^SKE<7DS@B6j¥BUVUZ6^‘e
.
.... ...

]   H&, , + ' , £ ,Š, $Ÿ 6ª/ I /N,G6;(<B F&; +  76 +$$/6


, 0 % H&#N+ # ; _¡G /; L 1:,G+ ' 6 Q£ + # , N6uª/ #¢ +& ,6z¢ , -LE -0 L
...............................................

"$#&% I  - F  # #            


 + $A&;   % , 
    

  

' )5L
§ 1:C[.Y\0P7DB-\]6 \Y/*<H\¢<jd'1367K]6jKE<7DA@'6Œd*U3<7KY6^Q13D?\Y/'6œcBdBdB6C]¦YU36 h \wKY-*CEDB6Cw™ 13pXcBCE6 › G§
h1 DB-Œ-\Y/'68Cd'CE60W*13-2cB.LU ;Œd*U3<7KY6^Œd*1Z6KY6„/*<7.k1V\[.‘KY68D2\]CE6¤1:D \Y/'6¤cBdBdB6C]¦YU36 h \ . *cB<CE6Be T
,k/2cB.XP‘1 h \Y/'6S@B-*<CE^ 1:.j¥BUVUZ6^kPk\Y/'6CE6A13.T<H\œUZ68<7.]\Œ-*DB6Sd*1Z6KY6=Q/'-*.06SK]64×4 D2\]CE6S. *cB<CE6 T
U:136.œ13D>\Y/'6lcBd'd68CY¦]UZ6 h \
4 × 4
. 2cB<7CE6'eA481:DBKY6A.L1:91VU3<Cœ-'@*.068C”W2<8\E13-*D'.T/'-2U3^ h -*C\Y/'6 'T
-\Y/'6C¤KY-*CEDB6C[.XP=Q6T9AcB.Y\„/*<XW*6?<8\wUZ68<7.]\ d'1367K]6.¤\]-¥BUVU'\Y/'6Q@'-*<7CE^e
½mDS\Y/'6A-\Y/'68C/*<7DB^P 13pXcBCE6  .0/'-74=?.m\Y/*<8\„\Y/'6l@B-*<CE^RKE<7DR@'6Q¥BUVUZ6^A=T1V\Y/
4

d'1367K]6.8e’,k/2cB.XP2\Y/'6T91:D*139AcB9 D*cB9b@'6C 1:. e
4
................................................................................................................................ ..........................................................................................................................
... ... ..... ..... ..... ... .....
. .. ....
.......................................................... .... ... ... ................... ................... ...
. .. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.... ... .
. .
. ..
. ... .... ... ..
. ... ..
. ...
................................................... .
.
. .... ... . . .
...
...
...
...
.. . .............. ................................................................
.
. ....
. . . . . . . . . .
..... .... ..... .... .... ..... ..... .... .... ..... .... .... ..... ....
.... .................. .... .... .... ....................................................................................................... ....
.... .... ... .... .... .... .... .... ...
... .... .... ... ..
. .
. ..
. .
. ....
............................................................. .... ... ..................
. ..................
. ....
.
..... .... .... .... ..... .... ..... ....
.... ... .... .
. .
.
...................................................................................................... .
. .
. ...
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
.... ... .... ... .... ... ... ... .... ... ...
... .... ... .............................................................................................
. . ....
.... .... .... .... ..... .... ..... ....
.... .... .... ................. ................. ....
.... ... .... ...

§71ZpXcBCE6 §71ZpXcBCE6
... .. ... ..
........................................................................................................................ ........................................................................................................................


7_

S
Y6 x\=Q6#9S-W*6F\E- .r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.>\E- d'CE-'@*U369.–- h Y\ /'6 713D'<8U k-2cBDB^- h \Y/'6 X§
©§
W 68D   O7O8  'ž
2e
IF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE. §k-*9SdB6H\E1\E1Z-*D'.„1:D 1:D*U3<DB^kP  OO7O¦  O7O pX1* 
› e¤‹6H\ @B6m< C[1Zp8/\\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 =T1V\Y/T/7;*d-\E6D*cB.r6 <7DB^j<U\E1V\Ec^'6 Ps=Q/'68CE6
U:136.j-*ABC
D e?,k/'6K]1:CEK]UZ6\Y/*CE-2cp8/ KY68D2\]CE67^R<8\ AB<7B
D ^R<DB-\Y/'6CœK]CF 1:CEK]UZ6A- h \Y/'6
F
.r<9b6TC[<^21:cBAB
.KY68D2\]CE67^<H\ 13D2\E6C[.r67KE\„F-*Dl\Y/'6T.L13^B6 B e m6X\]68C]9A13DB6
A
e
CB
Iœ F B : BC
"$#&% I :F B 7 A ' % ¥ D N A ' + % > # I/+&6 ; >N+ % + 1 7 A ' G, +&;?B + %7% # , ( +&; " )+  =L
‹6H\w\Y/'6QK]1:CEK]UZ6Œ\Y/*CE-2cp8/ KY68D2\]CE67^<8\ C
13D2\E6C[.r67KE\ <H\ e„‹6X\ F @B6 \Y/'6 h -'-\

................
.........

..
.... ..... ............ P
...... ........
B BC P
- h \Y/'6?dB6CEd68DB^*13K]c'U3<C h CE-*9 M \]- e ...
.
.. . ..
.. ....
...
.......
...............
.
... ........... ..... ............
P
4813DBK]6·\Y/'6K]13CEK]U36 =T1\Y/C[<7^*1VcB. AB ... .
........
..
.
.........
.
.
..
. ....
.
.
.......
.......
... .......... .....
......
BF .... ...... ..... .......

KY68D2\]CE67^<8\ dB<.r.r6.¤\Y/*CE-2cp8/ P7=Q6?/*<HW*6


..
. ...
... .
. .......
..
. .. ...
....... ...
. .
.
.
.......
.......
... .......... ... ..
A P
.. . .
. ......

e„,/2cB.HP*\]C[13<DBpXUZ6
... ........ ... .
.
. .......
. .
.. ......... .
... .
. .......
.. . . .
. ......
............ ... .
. .......
AP = BF = BP AP B
.. ... .
.

13.„1:.0-*.rKY6HUZ68.HP=Q/213KL/l139d'UV1Z68.¤\Y/*<8\ 1:.¤\Y/'6
. ............... ...... . .
.
.
.
.....
.......
.....

§
.
..................................................................................................................................................................................................................
.
M A F M B
913^B¦Yd-21:D2\- h e CE-*9 .Y139A1:U:<7C•\]CE1:<7DBpXU36. <DB^ PJ=Q6qp86X\
AB P BM CBF
BP BC h CE-*9.L1:91VU3<C \]CE1:<7DBpXU36. <7DB^ P=Q6bp86X\ AB BC e
= ABC CBF =
¹?68DBKY62P
M B F B BC FB

FB FB MB BP 1
2
AB BC 1
2
BC e
= · = · = ·
BC MB BC MB BC FB FB

“Z\ h -2UVUZ-7=?. \Y/*<H\  F B 3 1 7\Y/*<H\ 13.XP F B 1 e


= = √
BC 2 BC 3
2

e ,2=Q-#DB-*DB¦Y1:D2\]68C[.06KE\E13DBp–K]cBC”W*6.>/*<XW*6F6 *cB<H\E1Z-*D'.
y6CE= ax 2
+ bx +
<DB^
c\œUV13DB6
¥T
2 k
P Q
= '
/ 8
6 E
C 6 e o E
C 
- *
W l
6 Y
\ *
/ 8
<  
\ Y
\ '
/ S
6 L
6 
x 3
1 ]
. E
\ T
. S
< Y
. ]
\ [
C 8
< Z
1 8
p 
/
y
/*<H=W213DBdx
pjDB-A+d-2ex
1:D2\E+ f K]-*9S9S-*Dad
.„13DS =T1V\Y<
/Q\Y0/'6j\i=Q-AK]cBC”W*6.8e

¥
"$#&% I  :FB  A ' % D NA ' + % > # /I +
62;=>N+ % +1 7 A ' G, +&; B + %7% # , (+&; " )+   N+    , , Q
£ uª
# , N6 /
 $; B + 76 # $6
0 H&+  G  /; -1 ,3+  JL  A  I # , N6 /
  6 +&,GA ' D =<; £ uª
D # " :F     # ,L
‹6H\ 2 <7DB^ 2 eœf>1\Y/bDB-SU3-*.r.œ- h
p86DB68C[<UV1V\”;kfP(x) =Q6A= 9S<Xax ; <.r.Y+cB9bbx6+ \Y/*<8c\ g(x)<DB= ^ dx + el ex,/'+6DR f \Y/'6pHC[<7dB/N- h 1:.
KY-*DBKE<HW*6?<DB^l\Y/'6QpHC[<d/- h 13.K]-*DW* a6Lx<e¢, 0/2cB.HP d > 0 h -*C <UVU e f
§
*-*C<7D;
g
P\Y/'6lUV13DB6
f (x) < g(x)
\[<7DBp868D2\\E-S\Y/'6pHC[<d/ - h
x0 ∈ P*<7DB^l\Y/'6jU:1:DB6 L1 \E<DBp86D2\w\]-\Y/'6QpHC[<d/- h f =Q/'68CE6 x = x0
x∈
=Q/'68CE6
/*<7.m.LU3-*d6
2ax0 + b L2 g x = x0
/*<7.j.YUZ-*dB6 el§/'-'-*.r6 e − b .r-S\Y/*<8\ eQ,/'6D UV1Z68.
.Y\]C[1ZKE\EU ;S@B6HUZ-7=
2dx0 + e
PB@B6K]<8cB.06
x0 =
2(a −
L1 k L2 L1
e 7cBC[\Y/'68C]9S-*CE6*P*\Y/'6QpHC[<7dB/b- h UV1Z68.
b) §
@B6HUZ-7= P.Y13DBK]L
6 2\Y/21:.„pHC[<7dB/1:f.„(x K]-*0DB)K]<X<W*6*g(x ) \Y/'6jpHC[<d/l- h U:136. <@'-W*6
P<DB0^Q Pf.L1:DBKY6
L
\Y/213.pHC[<7dB/A1:.KY-*DW*6Yxe
1 g L 2

“Z\ h -2U:U3-7=?.k\Y/*<8\k<7D;ŒU:1:DB6m.]\]CE13KE\EU;j@B6X\i=Q6768D <7DB^ ™Z<DB^TdB<C[<UVUZ6HU8\E-œ\Y/'68.06


U:1:DB6.E›’1:.m<Q.r-2U:c*\E13-*D- h \Y/'6?d'CE-'@*U369Ne L1 L2
7_

¦ e’,k/'6?dB-*.L1\E1W*6Œ13D2\E67p868C[.
a b
P P*<DB^
c
.L<8\E1:. h ; 1
+
1 1
+ <1
e o CE-8W*6j\Y/*<H\
a b c
1 1 1 41 e
+ + ≤
a b c 42
 £ ª
"$#&% I  - F  , , # , $6 /  N;B + 76 # $6
0 H&+  G /; :1 ,G+ #¢
+  +&,  -LE L
  QŸ
 + $A&;   % , H&+ ' ,  ,   I ,(6  E F
;  $+ 
/, % #N# ; L  A  I _¡  z¢
+$A  6 ,  
-0 ' )5L
‹6H\ 1
S= + +
1 Iœ
1 e ¤c6j\E-K]-*9Sd*UZ6X\]6T.[;'99b6X\]C”;kP7=Q6T9S<X;A<7.L.LcB9S6j\Y/*<H\
e §UZ68a<7C[U;P b c e
a≤b≤c a≥2
“h P*\Y/'68D 1 1 1 3 41 e“ h P2\Y/'6D 1 1 2e
a≥4 S≤ + + = < a=3 + <
4813DBK]6 K]UZ68<7C[U;R;*1368U3^'.< K]-*D2\]C[<^21ZKE\E13-*DkP’=Q6>9AcB.Y\?/*<HW*6
4 4 4 4 42 b c <DB^
3
b = c = 3 b ≥ 3
e’,k/'68D 1 1 1 11 41 e
c≥4 S≤ + + = <
3 3 4 12 42
“Z\wCE69<1:D'.w\]-K]-*D'.L13^B68C’\Y/'6jKE<7.r6=Q/'6D e¢4813DBK]6 1
1 1 P8=Q6j/*<XW*6
a=2 < +
c b 2
e “h
„ P\Y/'68D 1 1 ;21Z6HUZ^*. P*<DB^S/'68DBKY62P 41 e
S
1 1 1
b≥3 b=3 < c≥7 S≤ + + =
-7=.YcBdBdB-*.06j\Y/*<H\ c e„8
4 61:DBKY6 K]UZ68<7C[U;;21Z6HUZ^*.<2KY-*D2\]C[3<7^*13KE\E71Z-*DkP42
=Q6
b≥4 b=c=4
9cB.]\„/*<HW*6 <DB^ e ,/'6D
’ 1 1 1 19 41 e

¥T
b≥4 c≥5 S≤ + + = <
2 4 5 20 42
f 6?.066j\Y/*<8\¤1:DS<8U:UkKE<7.r6.XP 41 P'<7DB^l\Y/*<8\m6 *cB<8U:1\˜;S/'-2UZ^*.m1 h <7DB^S-*D*U;A1 h
S≤
e 42
(a, b, c) = (2, 3, 7)
>T
eJ“”DN\Y/'6A=Q676G7U ;J4H\[<8\E6–‹-\[\]68C”;kP¢<>.r6 2c6DBK]6>- h .r60W*6D–D*cB9b@'6C[.?13.?d'13KLG767^–<H\
[C <7DB^'-*9–eT£*<7KL/bD*cB9b@'6Cm9S<X;R@'6<7D;>- h P P P P P P P P P e m6H\E6CE91:DB6 œ
\Y/'6 dBCE-'@*<@21:UV1V\”;j\Y/*<8\k\Y/'6 .06 *c68DBKY61:. K]-*9S ¥T
0dB-*
1.062^Q- 3h -*4D*U5
;j¥*6W*6 7^*1 ‘
868CE96D2\’D*cB9S@B68C[.e £¢
"$#&%('   #  -F e , , [£ # , N6uª/
 
 $;?B +  6 # N 6 02H&+  G
;51:,G+ : L
T
“w<.r.YcB9b6T\Y/*<8\¤\Y/'6 2c6.]\E1Z-*Db<7.rG. h -*C6Yx<KE\EU ;S¥2W*6l^21 6CE68D2\D*cB9S@B68C[.Œ<DB^ r¢
DB-\ h -*C¤<H\¤9b-*.]\ ¥2W*6Be
§ 1:C[.Y\ DB-\]6Œ\Y/*<8\w\Y/'68CE6?<7CE6 7 d-*.L.L13@*U36T.06 *c68DBKY68. - ¥T
h .r60W*6DD*cB9S@B68C[.e
‹6H\ŒcB.QKY-2cBD2\œ\Y/'6b.r6 2c6DBK]10 >T
6.QKY-*9d-*.r67^–- h -*D*U ;N¥2W*6>^21 6CE68D2\TD*cB9S@B68C[.e r¢
u¤9b-*DBp?\Y/'6.r6l¥*W*6^21ZpX1\E.XP681\Y/'6Cœ-*DB6l1:.ŒcB.r67^b\Y/*CE66\E139S6.Œ<7DB^b\Y/'6 h -2cBCœ-\Y/'6C[.
<7CE6>cB.r67^5-*DBK]6 68<KL/F™¯KE<7.r6 ›]P„-*CŒ\i=Q-F- h \Y/'69 <CE6>cB.06^–\i=T13KY6><7DB^–\Y/'6b\Y/*CE66
-\Y/'6C[.m<7CE6jcB.06^S-*DBKY6?™¯KE<7.r6  ›Le
Fi) H‡e‘,k/'68CE6œ<CE6 10 KL/'-213KY68. h -*Ck\Y/'6œ^21ZpX1\cB.06^j\Y/*CE676m\E139S6.XP.r<X; P<7DB^j\Y/'68CE6
α
<7CE6 9 KL/'-21ZK]6. h -*C„\Y1/'6l-\Y/'6C h -2cBC ^*13pX1V\[.eœ,/'6CE6l<CE6 7 KL/'-213KY68. h -*Cd*U3<7K]13DBp
\Y/*CE676?4 \E1:9b68. <7DB^ =?<X;'.m\E-cB.06T\Y/'6-\Y/'6C h -2cBC^21ZpX1\E.31:D\Y/'6CE689S<813D*1:DBpQ.Ld-\[.αe
,k/2cB.XP2\Y/'68CE6?<7CE6 10 9 74! >T
.r6 2c6DBK]6.m1:Dl\Y/213.KE<7.r6Be
Fi)H‡Beb,k/'68CE6b<7CE6 1 4 3
4! = 1058400
10 KL/'-213KY68. h -*C \Y/'6>^21ZpX1\E.TcB.r67^R\i=T1ZK]6*P’.L<H; <DB^ P’<DB^
α β
\Y/'6CE6N<CE6 8 KL/'-213KY68. 2 h -*C?\Y/'6N-\Y/'6CT\Y/*CE66–^*13pX1V\[.e%,k/'68CE6N<CE6 7 KL/'-21ZK]6. h -*C
d'U:<K]1:DBp \i=T 5 KL/'-213KY68. h -*C \Y/'6d'U:<K]1:DBp
3 1ZK]6*P \i=T13KY6l-*DBK]6 /*<7.Œ2 @'6768D>d*U3<7KY6^kP

<7DB^ α
=?<X;'.w\E-QcB.06  β α
2 \Y/'6T-\Y/'68C’\Y/*CE66T^*13pX1V\[.¤1:DQ\Y/'6jCE689S<813D*1:DBpŒ.Ld-\[.e‘,k/2cB.XP7\Y/'68CE6
<7CE6 3! 10 8 7 5
2
  
3

2 2
3! = 3175200
¥T
.06 *c68DBKY68.m1:Dl\Y/213.K]<.06'e
7_ M

u UV\E-'p86H\Y/'68C0PB\Y/'68CE6l<7CE6 >T
.r6 2c6DBK]6.=T1\Y/
£¢
6Lx<7KE\EU;l¥*W*6?^*1 ‘68CE6D2\„^21ZpX1\E.8e’1058400 ,k/2cB.XP2\Y/'6?+^B3175200
68.L1:CE67^AdBCE-'=@*<4233600
@21:UV1V\”;A1:. 4233600 e

h -2U:U3-7=?.e

 /D +-, eS“ h \Y/'6d'CE-'@*U369 13D2\E6DB^'67^ <H\œ9b-*.]\¥*W*6^*13pX1V\[.HP=Q6Q=Q-2c'U3^ d'CE-'KY667^ <.
107
= 1323
3125

¥T
“ h <T.06 *c68DBKY6jcB.068.6Yx<KE\EU ; £¢
^*1 ‘68CE6D2\¤^*13pX1V\[.HP7\Y/'6D-*DB6j1:.„cB.r67^Q\i=T1ZK]6T<DB^
\Y/'6œ-\Y/'6C[.w<CE6cB.06^Q-*DBKY6 6<7KL/e‘,k6/'68CE6œ<CE6 10 KL/'-213KY68. h -*C\Y/'6œ^*13pX1V\cB.r67^j\i=T13KY62P
.r<X; P'<7DB^ 9 KL/'-21ZK]6. h -*Cw\Y/'6-\Y/'68C¤¥2W*6^21Z1pX1\E.8e¤,/'6CE6Q<CE6 7 KL/'-21ZK]6. h -*C \Y/'6
α
d'U:<K]1:DBp \i=T1Z5K]6m<DB^ =?<X;'.k\]-œcB.r6¤\Y/'6-\Y/'6C¥2W*6^21ZpX1\E.‘1:Dœ\Y/'6m2CE69<1:D*13DBp„.Ld-\[.e
,k/21:. pX1 W*α 6. 10 9 75! ¥T
.06 *c68DBKY68.m13Dl\Y/21:.K]<.06'e
¥T
“ h <.06 *1 c685DBKY6Q r¢
5! = 343980 ^21 6CE68D2\ ^21ZpX1\E.XP*\Y/'6D>6<7KL/>- h \Y/'6891:.cB.06^
2 cB.r6.œ6Lx<7KE\EU;
-*D*U;R-*DBK]6Bej,k/'68CE6A<CE6 10 KL/'-21ZK]67. h -*C„\Y/'68.06A^21ZpX1\E.Œ<DB^ =?<X;'. \E-ScB.06Q\Y/'69Ne
,k/21:. pX1 W*6. 10 .06 *c68DBKY68.e ¥T 7!
>T
 7

u UV\E-'p86H7\Y/'68= C0Ps\Y604800
/'68CE6m<7CE6 .r6 2c6DBK]6.cB.L1:DBp¤9b-*CE6
£¢
\Y/*<7Db¥*W*6l^*1 ‘68CE6D2\D*cB9S@B68C[.343980+604800 eQ“Z\ h -2UVUZ-7=?.m\Y/*<8\„= 948780
\Y/'6 dBCE-'@*<@21:UV1V\”;S\Y/*<H\<A.r6 2c6DBK]6 >T
cB.068.<H\¤9S-*.Y\w¥*W*6?^*1 ‘68CE6D2\¤D*cB9b@'6C[.m1:. £¢ 948780
1− 452561 e
=

107 500000
 e m6H\E6CE91:DB6 .YcKL/l\Y/*<H\ ^*1 W*13^B68. e
n2 + 2
e , , [£ # , N6uª/
n∈ 2 + 2001n
"$#&%('   #  -F  
  $;?B +  6 # N 6 02H&+  G
;51:,G+ : L
‹6H\ @B6?<?.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D‘e’,/'6D
2 P*<7DB^S/'68DBKY62P e
n
4813DBK]6 <DB2^ + 2001n ^21≥
W21Z^'n6. + 2 P8=Q6ŒKE<7nD'DB≤-\¢2001
/*<XW*6
2
2 + 2001n ≡ 2 e¤
(mod 3) n
“Z\ h -2UVUZ-7=?. \Y/*<8\ + 2 2 + 2001n
e’,/'6D
2
n + 2 ≡ 0 (mod 3) n ≡ 0 (mod 3)
e ™ ›
S \
n2 + 2 ≡ 2 (mod 3)
-7==Q6TDB-\E6j\Y/*<H\w\Y/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBpT6Yxd'CE6.L.L13-*D'.m<7CE6j13D2\E67p868C[.
2 + 2001n 2n − 4002 P
× n − 2001 =
n2 + 2 n2 + 2
2 + 2001n 2n − 4002 8008006 e
×2− × 2001 =
n2 + 2 n2 + 2 n2 + 2
,k/2cB.XP 2 9cB.]\„^21W21Z^'6 e
Z“ n
\ h -2+U:U37- 2=?.j\Y/*<H\ 2 8008006 a
= 2 × 19 × 83 × 2539 h -*CŒ.0-*9S613D2\E67p868C[.
P P P P e“”nD -*+CE^'26C„=
\E-b2.r<H\E× 19™ b ›Y×
13. h ;> PB=Q83
c
69× cB.]2539
d
\ /*<HW*6 -*C
a b c d ∈ {0e ¤
(a, c) §=-*D(0,
1} œ
1:CE67KE\„KL/'6KLG71:DBpjU36<7^'.¤\E- P P P'-*C (a,e c) = (1, 0)
W*68C[1) .06HU;P21\w13.„.Y\]C[<81Zp8/\ h -*C˜=?<7CE^\]-?nW*68=CE1 h 0;\Y6/*<89\ 2001 P P P'-*C <7CE6
.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.- h \Y/'6?d'CE-'@*U369Ne n = 0 6 9 2001

§
1:D'<UVU;P=Q6AUZ-'-'Gb<H\Œ9S<H\]68CE1:<U’1:D–-2cBCœ¥'UZ68. h CE-*9 CE6<7^B68C[.?<@'-2c*\ŒdBCE-'@2UZ689S.
pX1W*68D–13D \Y/'6 S
-8W*69S@B68C  OOH–D*cB9b@'6CT- h \Y/'6 > # ,  ,se 713C[.]\ =Q6>KY-*D'.Y1Z^'6Cœ\Y/'6 §
§1:D'<U k-2cBDB^S- h \Y/'6M ¡s`Va I5-*DBp8-2UV13<DRIF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U½„U ;'9d'1:<^   OOH  M *e 
 e o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\0P21 h 1:.m<7D<7K]c*\]6¦L<DBpXUZ6^l\]CE1:<7DBpXU36*P\Y/'68D
ABC
a2 + b 2 b 2 + c 2 c 2 + a 2 ma mb mc e
· · ≥ 16 · R2 · r · · ·
a+b b+c c+a a b c
7_ 

"$#&%('   #  -Fz¥ u, ¤-+ $Fz¥


 % <; " + *
 . # 6 /
;5> ¥ Ÿ " ¥
; ;D #  :F   ( # ,L
—.L1:DBpœ\Y/'6 h -*CE9c'U:<7. <DB^
4m2a = 2(b2 + c2 ) − a2

bc(b + c + a)(b + c − a) 4bcs(s − a) P


wa2 = =
(b + c)2 (b + c)2
1V\„KE<7DS@'6?.r/'-7=?Dl\Y/*<8\
b2 + c 2 e ™ ›
m a ≤ wa ·
2bc
  L %f 6•-*91\u U\0€ . dBCE-'- h - h ™ ›S@'67KE<cB.r65\Y/'6•.L<79S6•<CEpXcB9b68D2\S=?<7.NpX1 W*6D
–
EC 67K]6D2\EU ;>@;u U\„1:DR/21:.Œ™ h 6<H\EcBCE67^7›¤.r-2U:c*\E13-*D\E-SdBCE-'@2UZ689 77_ M   OOž BMžO  Mž 7P
\]-Q=Q/213KL/Q=Q6?CE6 h 6C¢\Y/'6?CE68<^'6Cse
48c@'.]\E1V\Ec*\E1:DBp 13D™ ›LP=Q6Qp86X\
p
2 bcs(s − a)
wa =
b+c

e
r
b2 + c 2 s(s − a)
ma ≤
b+c bc
‹6H\[\E1:DBp ^B68DB-\]6w\Y/'6¤<7CE68<- h Pr=Q6„/*<XW*6 p
˜™ ¹T6CE-*Dk€ K. h -*C]9Ac'U3<X›re•f 6b=T1VU:U¤4ABC Kc'U:=
<U:.0-–cB.06b\Y/'6 h -*CE9 <7. s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)e
f 6Q/*<XW*6 abc = 4RK = 4Rrs

r
Y ma Y b2 + c 2 s(s − a)
2 2
16R r ≤ 16R r
 a  a(b + c) bc
2 Y b2 + c 2
16R rs p
= s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
(abc)2  b+c

16R2 rs Y b2 + c 2 Y b2 + c 2 P
= (K) =
(4RK)(4Rrs)  b+c  b+c

>T
<7.mCE6 2c'13CE6^‘e

,k/*<H\bKY-*9d'U36H\E6.S\Y/'6 > # ,  , h -*Cl\Y/213.b1:.r.Yc6Be476DB^9S6N;*-2cBCb½„U ;'9d'1:<^


KY-*D2\E6.]\E.m<7. =Q6HU:U<. ;*-2cBC¤D*1ZK]6?.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.m<DB^Sp86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D'.8e
7_ ž

     $

* &_ M&Z 



m#$" &
 *B +$ /D +N (6 # A ª 5B = + % ž F&D +
6
 (61:, # D £ /F #  :A
*;S§U:1£¢‘-*CE^QuŒe o 13KLG7-W*68C0P*§k<9b@*CE13^Bp86Q—D*1W*68C[.L1\˜; o CE6.L.HP  O7O  e
        

“˜4  S O¦rž 7 O 7_2¡ ¦ ¦  PB/*<CE^BK]-W*68C0PM7ž  xHW*1V1dB<7p86.XP'— 4MXe 7 e



I ¢ :FN ;# +  /, >N+ J+N /; = +-, # N6  ( '    # , "  ' 6
' G+$ # $;Ÿ I ,(6 EF #  # , # = # ; # , #  # ; _¡ e

        

 
       

,k/'6>dBCE6891:.06R- h \Y/21:.l@B-'-'GR1:.?\Y/*<8\j\Y/'6=T13KLG767^F@*c*\?DB-\2 T c'1V\E6 60W21:U¤.LdB<7KY6


<UV1Z68D œ„Cse„½¤~l/*<.G713^'D'<dBdB67^ m œ -*CE-\Y/7;5<DB^5,'-\]-P \Y/'6 d'U:<7D#@B6H13DBpb\E-J\E6.]\?\Y/'6
œ -*CE-\Y/7;>™3<7DB^b.0-*9S6H\E1:9b68. ,'-\]-7›
13D2\E68UVU:13p86DBK]6l<DB^bdBCE-'@2UZ689b¦Y.0-2U W*1:DBpQ<7@*1VU:1\E1Z68.œ- h m
\]-b^B6X\]68C]9A13DB6T=Q/'6X\Y/'6C68<7Ci\Y/b.r/'-2c'UZ^>@'6Q13DW2<7^B6^R-*C„DB-\Xeem œ -*CE-\Y/7;S13.m\E-2UZ^\Y/*<H\
h
£*<C[\Y/S=T1VU:U‘DB-\Œ@'6l13DW2<7^B6^R1 .r/'6A<7DB^>,B-\E- KE<7D .r/'-7= \Y/*<8\j£*<C[\Y/2UV13DBpH.j<CE6¾ZcB.]\
\]-'-A.L9S<C[\¢\]-\[<G76?-W*68C„68<7.Y1:U ;‘e ¹?68DBKY6Œ\Y/'6?9<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<UdBCE-'@2UZ689S.8e
,k/'6@B-'-'Gl/*<7. <.Y139d'U36Qd*UZ-\ \Y/*<H\^'60W*68U3-*dB.„=T1\Y/S< h 6s= \i=T13.]\E. ^B68d68DB^*1:DBp

-*DA\Y/'6?d'<8\Y/\E<7G76DS™V;*-2cb<CE6Q- 6CE6^<KL/'-213KY6Q- h \Y/'6Q-*CE^'6C 1:D=Q/21ZKL/Q;*-2c>^'-l\Y/'6
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.E›re‘,k/'68CE6œ<7CE6 O ŒdBCE-'@2UZ689S.¢13DT\]-\[<U”P68<KL/?C[<H\]6^j=T1V\Y/Q-*DB6m\]- h -2cBC‘.Y\[<7C[.
@'<.06^>-*D>^*1 M>K]c'U\˜;ej“w/*<HW*6 h -2cBDB^\Y/'6C[<H\E13DBpj\E-b@B6<Db<K]K]cBC[<8\E6<7.L.068.r.L9b68D2\„1:D
p86DB68C[<U”P*<8UV\Y/'-2cp8/l.0-*9S6T- h \Y/'6T-*DB67¦Y.Y\[<7Cwd'CE-'@*U369.HP2.YcKL/A<.„D*cB9b@'6C  O'P¸s4<U\˜;
S cB9S@B68C’§*;*K]UZ62¼P7^'6.r6C”W*6 6Yx\]C[< dB-213D2\[. h -*C‘@B6H13DBpmK]UZ60W*68C‘@B60;*-*DB^œ=Q/*<8\‘-*DB6¤=Q-2c'UZ^
6Lx7d6KE\ h CE-*9\Y/'6œC[<8\E1:DBpP8=Q/21VUZ6œd'CE-'@*U369 %Y
O7O'P¸ w68D*cB.L1:<7D cB9b@'6 S
C BcB.r/¼P8=T1\Y/Q<
\i=Q-'¦L.]\E<CwC[<8\E1:DBpP21:.mDB-\ 9AcKL//*<CE^B68Cw\Y/*<D<?48c^B-'GcSd'CE-'@*U369 h CE-*9\Y/'6l¸sŸ¢U3-'@B6
<7DB^RIF<81:U”¼œDB6s=?.rd'<7dB6Cse
f /21:U36„<8U:U- h \Y/'6„d'CE-'@*U369.’K]<DT@'6m^B-*DB6w=T1V\Y/œd'<7dB6C<7DB^Œd68DBK]1:U”PH.0-*9S6mK]-2c'UZ^
@B6A\[<KLGUZ6^–™Z<DB^ \Y/*<H\Œ1:.j\Y/'6b-*dB6C[<H\E1W*6l=Q-*CE^–/'68CE6 5\[<KLGUZ6^›¤=T1V\Y/ <>K]-*9Sd*c*\]68C
T
dBCE-'pHC[<9–e ¹?-7=Q60W*68C0PcBD*U36.L.’\Y/'6œd'CE-'pHC[<799b68C’1:D *c68.Y\E13-*D?13.w<œ.r6<.0-*DB6^6YxdB6Ci\0P
1V\¢13. h <7C 68<7.Y1Z68C’\E-A^'-Q\Y/'689q@;/*<DB^‘e o CE-'@2UZ689 žHP¸r,k/'6l‹HcBD'<8\E13K 26CECE1:.¤f /'668U”¼P §
K]<[email protected]\w@B6j^*C[<H=?DcB.Y13DBpœ<DA-2U3^ h <7.r/21Z-*DB6^l4d'1:CE-'pHC[<7dB/e <H\]6^?=T1\Y/<T^'6.r6C”W*6^
h -2cBC¤.Y\[<7C[.XP\Y/'6T.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.„<7CE6?CE68<UVU;ADB68<8\¤<DB^.LcBCEdBC[13.Y13DBp*e
o CE-'@*U369 ž7ž*P¸L\Y/'6T—mU\E139<8\E6T4d'1:DB^*U36*¼P*/*<.„< h -2cBCY¦Y.Y\[<7CwC[<H\E13DBpœ<7DB^P*.r/'-2c'UZ^
\Y/'6SCE68<^'6Cj^'67K]13^B6l\]-RdBCE-'pHC[<9 1V\0P‘9A1Zp8/\j/*<HW*6S@B66D>¾ZcB.]\E1:¥B<@2U;NpX1W*68DN<7DB-\Y/'68C
.Y\[<7Csew,/213.m1:.„\Y/'6?.r-*C[\„- h <dBd*U:13K]<H\E1Z-*D=Q/'6CE6l“=Q-2c'UZ^=?<D2\ \E-lcB.06Œu o ‹  \]-p868DB¦

6C[<H\]613D'd*c*\ h -*CjŸw67-*9S6H\E6Cr€ .47G76H\EKL/*dB<7^ P¢p86H\Œ<>p8-'-'^N.YcBdBd*U;–- h ^B68.0GRKE<7DB^7;kP
¥œ œ
<7DB^d*c*\ \Y/'6A¸ „<7DBp868C»[» m-lDB-\„^*1:.Y\EcBC]@l\Y/'6 h 68C[<U§-'^'6Cr¼œ.L13pHDS-*Dl\Y/'6Q^'-'-*CXe
IN;d68C[.0-*D'<8U'd'13KLG h -*CwK]U3<.r.LCE-'-*9cB.06=Q-2c'U3^l@B6Œd'CE-'@*U369'M*P¸ <79<7D*c2¾¯<D
©W
§-*DBpHC[c6DBK]6.<7DB^N\Y/'6 „c6.]\ h -*Cj,BC[<D'.0K]6DB^'6DBK]6*¼e–f>1V\Y/–9S-'^*1V¥KE<8\E13-*D'.Q<7DB^J<
UZ68.r.„1:D2\E139A1Z^*<8\E1:DBpŒ\E1\EUZ62P“k\Y/213DBGQ1\¢=Q-2c'UZ^@B6?<ŒW2<UVcB<@2UZ6?6Lx768CEK]13.r6 h -*C¤<8U39S-*.Y\ <D;
/21Zp8/5.rKL/'-'-2UK]U:<7.L.e%½mDB6N- h \Y/'6NKL/*<7CE91:DBp h 6<H\EcBCE6.- h \Y/'6N@B-'-'G 13.Q\Y/'6 *c-\E6 ¨T
JT
\Y/*<8\œ1:D2\]CE-'^*cK]6.?6<7KL/ dBCE-'@2UZ689–eR“”DN<UVUwK]<.068.Œ\Y/'6 *c-\E6b- 6C[.T<lW*6C”; <7d'CE-*d-*. 2¢
KY-*99b68D2\-*D5\Y/'6–9S6<D*13DBp–- h \Y/'6–d'CE-'@*U369RP <DB^•.0-*9S6H\E1:9b68.< h \E6C?;*-2c%/*<XW*6
.rdB6D2\B=Q/*<H\k.0669.U:13G76 h -*CE60W*6C.0-2U W*1:DBp 1\0P0;*-2cTCE6<8U:1~L6 \Y/*<H\\Y/'6 2c-\]6m60W*6DT- ‘68C[. T 2¢
<?/21:D2\X §
e Bc*\ @B6=?<7CEDB67^e 1:DB^*1:DBpŒ-2c*\‘=Q/*<8\’\Y/'6j/213D2\w913p8/\w9b68<7D13.„/*<CE^B68C’\Y/*<7D
\Y/'6?dBCE-'@2UZ689q1\E.r68U h »
7_7_

"$# I  : Ÿ   #  D +N  G+ %A?% F&D ) < +


 B +$ / 
 

*;u¤D2\E-*DS§/'68C]DB60;<7DB^Qu¤DB^; ‹H1VcP“”D2\Ec'1\E1W*6AIF<H\Y/e o CE6.L.HPB£'^*9b-*D2\E-*DkP  OOMBe
“˜4  S O¦ *¡ M 7 M7¦LO¦ P'd'<7dB6C]@'<7KLGBP M7ž  W*1d'<p868.HP'— 4 ž'eVOOBe

I ¢ :F         ;CŸ I (, 6  E F # [¡ ¢ £ , ' $6+¢ ˆ¤:;
¡ ¢£ e
 
    
1:,  /, 
2 # N;
,k/21:.„@'-'-'G h 6<H\EcBCE6.¤KY-*D2\E6.]\wd'<7dB6C[. h CE-*9·\Y/'6j47-W21Z6X\w—D*1Z-*DSIF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U
½„U;*9Sd*13<7^ h CE-*9 _ \]- 77_ Beb™3,/'6bK]-*D2\]68.Y\m=?<7.T<7KE\EcB<UVU; K]<8U:U367^>\Y/'6  ' 6 6  +
B +$ /D +N  G+ % ?% F-D )  +  h CE-*9 77_2 \E- _7_ P¢@2c*\ \Y/'6S<8c*\Y/'-*C[.?<XW*-21Z^'67^RcB.Y13DBp
\Y/213.¢D'<79S61:Dj\Y/'6„\E1V\EU36 ^*c6„\]-jd-\E6D2\E1:<U2KY-*D h cB.Y1Z-*Dœ=T1V\Y/T<DB-\Y/'6C‘KY-*D2\E6.]\Xe ›m,k/'68CE6
9 S
<7CE6m\Y/*CE676œK]-*D2\]68.Y\‘dB<d68C[. h CE-*9 68<KL/œ;*6<C kŸ¢C[<^'6T£1Zp8/\0P7ŸwC[<7^B6 13DB62P7<DB^Ÿ¢C[<^'6
,B68D‘eA,k/'6SKY-*CE6- h \Y/'6S@'-'-'G>K]-*D2\E<813D'.Œ\Y/'6SK]-*9Sd*UZ6X\]6SK]-*D2\]68.Y\œd'<7dB6C[.?KY-*D'.Y13.]\E13DBp
- h ¥*W*6Rd'CE-'@*U369.68<KL/e5u¤DF<^'^*1\E1Z-*D'<8Um.r6H\Q- h ¥2W*6 d'CE-'@*U369.l<8\68<KL/–UZ60W*6HU„1:.
13DBK]UVc^B6^T13D _ j^2c6m\E-Œ\Y/'6œ6Yxd'<7D'.Y1Z-*DQ- h \Y/'6 KY-*D2\E6.]\k\]-Œ13DBK]UVc^B6 <DQ-*C[<UCE-2cBDB^‘e
œ ¥T
m6H\[<1VUZ6^?.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.‘\]-Œ\Y/'6 KY-*D2\E6.]\‘dB<d68C[.w<7d'd68<7C1:D?.Lc@*.06 *c68D2\’.06KE\E1Z-*D'.w- h \Y/'6
@B-'-'Geu¤dBdB6DB^21 x §KY-*D2\[<1:D'.‘<UVU  Od'CE-'@*U369.’<C]C[<DBp867^T@; \]-*d*1ZK™ZC[<H\Y/'6C\Y/*<DT@;
UZ60W*6HU-*C;*6<Ci›k13D2\E-  .r6H\[.„- h ¥*W*6ŒdBCE-'@2UZ689S.„6<7KL/e’,/'6jC[<7DBp86T- h \]-*d*1ZKE.¤1:DBK]U:c^'6.
h -2cBC‘CE6HU3<H\]6^j\E-TD*cB9S@B68Ck\Y/'67-*C”;P h -2cBC‘CE6HU3<H\]6^j\E-?K]-*9b@213D'<H\]-*C[1ZKE.w-*C’pHC[<d/Œ\Y/'67-*C”;P
6813p8/\ CE6HU3<H\]6^Q\E-lp86-*9b6X\]C”;kP<7DB^l<Dl<7.L.0-*Ci\]9b68D2\ - h -\Y/'68C[.¤1:DBK]U:c^213DBpŒKL/'6.L.0@'-*<7CE^
>T ¥T
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.XP'6 2cB<UV1V\E136.XP*<DB^.06 *c68DBKY68.e
T,k/'6 2cB<UV1V\”;T- h dBCE-'@2UZ689S.’<DB^j.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.‘9<G768.\Y/213.‘<¤=Q-*Ci\Y/7=Q/21:U36m<7^B^21V\E13-*D
\]-J\Y/'6 U:13@'C[<CE136.- h G76768D•d'CE-'@*U369S¦L.r-2UW*68C[.<H\Q\Y/'6N.r67K]-*DB^'<C”;5UZ60W*6HU˜P-*C-\Y/'6C[.
13D2\E6CE68.Y\E67^Q13DlKY-*D2\E6.]\E.8e‘,k/'6Œ9S<H\]68CE1:<U213. 9cKL/l/*<CE^B68C’\Y/*<DQ\Y/'6jpHC[<^'6ŒU360W*68U'9<H;
.Lcp8p868.Y\\E-j\Y/'-*.r6cBD h <79A1:UV13<Ck=T1\Y/QK]-*D2\]68.Y\¢6YxdB67KE\[<8\E13-*D'.¢13Dl£*<.Y\E6CEDA£2cBCE-*dB6Be‘,/'6

h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp¤\i=Q-?dBCE-'@2UZ689S. - ‘68C‘1:D'.L13p8/\‘13D2\E-j\Y/'6 UZ60W*6HU'- h ^271 MbK]c'UV\”;j=Q/21:U36œ@'C[13DBpX1:DBp
<8\[\E6D2\E13-*Dl\]-\Y/'6T9S<X¾”-*C„K]-*DBKY68C]D=T1V\Y/\Y/'6?@B-'-'G 5\˜;*d-'pHC[<d/213K]<8Uk68C]CE-*C[.8e

™ _ M 2Ÿ¢C[<^'6l£213p8/\i›
T
£*<7KL/J^213<7p8-*D'<U:. ˜.L13K S- h <RK]-*DW*6Lx *cB<7^'C[1:U:<8\E6C[<8U¤@*1:.06KE\E.T1V\[.Q<CE6<Be o CE-W*6
T
\Y/*<8\w\Y/'6 2cB<^*CE1VU3<H\]68C[<UB13.m<?dB<C[<UVUZ6HUZ-'pHC[<9–e

™ _ ž 2Ÿ¢C[<^'6 1:DB6X› S
'T
“”. 1\md-*.Y1Z@2UZ6 i.Y1ZK Œ\E-bKL/'-'-*.06 77_ ždB-213D2\[. 1:D'.L13^B6<QcBD*1V\m. 2cB<7CE6.YcKL/\Y/*<H\
!
60W*6C”;CE67KE\[<7DBpXU36j=T1\Y/<CE6< 2 OOQ<7DB^.L13^B68.d'<7C[<8U:U368UB\E-\Y/'6Q.Y1Z^'6.- h \Y/'6?. *cB<CE6 T
KY-*D2\[<1:D'.<H\ UZ68<7.]\„-*DB6?- h \Y/'68.06Td-21:D2\E.rº
,k/'6CE60W21Z6s=K]-*d7;N- h \Y/'6S@B-'-'G13DBK]UVc^B6^ <7D5¸H£*CEC[<8\[<'¼?13D'.r6Ci\m=T1V\Y/RDB6H1V\Y/'68C
- h \Y/'6œ<@'-W*6œdBCE-'@2UZ689S. DB-\]6^‘e¢4760W*68C[<U'<7^B^21V\E13-*D'<U'68C]CE-*C[.’=Q68CE6œ13^B68D2\E1:¥67^j=Q/21VUZ6
§
CE6<7^*1:DBp#\Y/'6%@B-'-'Ge *6s= 68C]CE-*C[.N1:9Sd'<KE\E67^cBd-*D\Y/'6•cBDB^B68C[.Y\[<7DB^213DBp%- h \Y/'6
T
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.8e Bc*\Œ\Y/'6 2cB<UV1V\”;F- h \Y/'6>CE6.r-2cBCEKY6=Q-2c'UZ^F@'6>1:9Sd'CE-W*6^5@;FKY-*CECE67KE\Y¦
13DBpj.LcKL/68C]CE-*C[.„13D h c*\EcBCE6?d'CE1:D2\E13DBpH.8e
,k/'6–@'-'-'GBP„CE6d'CE6.r6D2\E1:DBp>\Y/'6–K]-*9Sd*1:U:<8\E13-*D'.- h S Y
e ¢e ¢<7.Y1:U ;*60W#™:\E-J=Q/'-*.r6

9b689b-*C”;b\Y/'6@'-'-'G13.j^B6^*13K]<H\]6^›„<7DB^SuŒe uŒe ’6p8-*CE-WPk<7. \]C[<7D'.YU3<H\]6^R<7DB^ 6^*1\]6^
@;>u¤D2\]-*DN§/'68C]DB60;N<DB^>u¤DB^;5‹H1:cP1:.j13D2\E6DB^'67^N<.Œ\Y/'6A¥C[.]\j- h <S.r6C[1Z68.?- h¢h -2cBC
W*-2U:cB9S6.K]-*D2\E<813D*1:DBpœ\]C[<D'.LU:<8\E13-*D'.- h \Y/'6Td'CE-'@*U369.„cBdA\E- 772 e¢,/'6TU:<H;*-2c*\ <DB^
\Y/'6 K]-*D2\]68D2\Q<CE6>UV1ZG76HU;N\E-FK]-*D2\E13D*c6S\]-F@'6>.Y\]CE68DBps\Y/*.HP <7.?\Y/21:.l@B-'-'GN- ‘68C[.CE13KL/ 2¢
dBCE-'@2UZ689S.?<DB^N.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.j1:DN<7DN<K]KY68.r.Y1Z@2UZ6 h -*CE9S<H\Xe “„CE67K]-*9S9S6DB^R\Y/'6b@'-'-'GS\E-
\Y/'-*.06œ=Q/'-68D¾”-;SK]-2U:U367KE\E13-*D'.- h KY-*D2\E6.]\¤dBCE-'@2UZ689S.8e
7_2¡

6%?6 A<F A 6 &5 C;  6 D  7


¡  M     s" & I
“”
D Yc'U;  OOHP\Y/'6'ž `Va “”D2\E6CED'<8\E13-*D'<U¤IF<8\Y/'689S<H\E1ZKE<U’½„U;*9Sd*13<7^ h -*Cœ/213p8/'¦
.0KL/'-'-2UB.]\Ec^B68D2\E.m™˜“EI5½  OOH7›k=?<7.„/'68U3^l13D?uw\Y/'6D'.XP*ŸwCE667K]6Be¤“Z\¤@*CE-2cp8/\w\E-'p86H\Y/'68C
 _ d'<7Ci\E1ZK]1:dB<D2\E. h CE-*9 žRKY-2cBD2\]C[1Z68.e u¤.?13DJdBCE60W21Z-2cB.T;*68<7C[.XP’\Y/'6>dBCE-'@2UZ689y.06X\
KY-*D'.Y13.]\]6^S- h .L1 xQdBCE-'@2UZ689S.8e’,k/'6 h -2cBCi\Y/b“EI5½%d'CE-'@*U369qCE6<7^<7. h -2UVUZ-7=?. ]
 E ? 

‹6X\
‰Lˆ'P:‡HŠ & &
®

@B6œ<7DQ13D2\E67p868C0P<DB^QU36H\ P P @B6œd-*.Y1V\E1 W*6œCE6<8U'D*cB9S@B68C[. \Y/*<H\
.L<8\E1:. nh ; ≥ 3 x 1 . . . xn

1 1 1 e ™ ›
 
(x1 + x2 + · · · + xn ) + + ··· + < n2 + 1
x1 x2 xn
o CE-8W*6Œ\Y/*<8\ h -*C <UVU P P =T1V\Y/ P7\Y/'6?D*cB9S@B68C[. P P
<CE6j\Y/'6T.L13^B6jU36DBps\Y/*i . j- h k<QB
D -*DB¦L1^B6≤
p86iDB68<C[<8j\E6j
<\]CEk1:<7≤
DBpXU3n6Be x i xj xk

u¤D ¥T
6 *c'1 W2<U36D2\ h -*C]9Ac'U3<H\E1Z-*D - h \Y/'6gKY-*DBK]UVcB.L13-*Dy13Dš\Y/213.d'CE-'@*U369 1:. \Y/*<H\
/'-2UZ^*. h -*C <7D;\Y/*CE676?d'<1:Ci=T1:.06T^*1:.Y\E1:DBKE\ 13DB^21ZK]6. P P e

 ˆŠˆŠ…ˆŠ‘]‰ [†2ˆ^
xi < x j + x k i j k

‘\ˆŠ2‹  
“”D–\Y/213.DB-\E6*P’=Q6A=T1:UVU¤d'CE-W*6><7DB^F^*1:.0K]cB.L.?\Y/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBpbp86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*DF- h \Y/'6

 + \P!
 
 4
<@'-W*6l“EI5½|d'CE-'@*U369
‡ '‡H‰ Vˆ ‘em‹6X\ <7DB^ @B6T1:D2\]6p86C[.XP'<DB^AUZ6X\ @'6
<QCE68<UD*cB9b@'6Cse‹6H\ m P ≥ 1 P n6?≥
@' d -*m
B .L1\E+ 1 CE68<UD*cB9S@B68C[.m\Y/*<H\¤.r<Hα
1W*6T \E13. >
h ; 1/m
x1 . . . x n
n
X Xn
1  p 2 e ™ ›
xi < n − m − 1 + m2 + 1 + m2 α + 1/α
i=1
x
i=1 i
,k/'68DkP h -*CA<7D;%.r6H\ P P P = 1V\Y/
T <7DB^ h -*C<D;|1:DB^B6Yx
P P
` ∈ {1 . . . n} \ I
PI\Y'
/⊂6T1:DB{1 >T
6 2cB2<UV1V\”.; . . n} P |I|/'2
-=
U3^'.8m
x` < α
e
xi
i∈I
¹?68CE6?<CE6j\Y/*CE676TCE69<7C]G.-*Dl\Y/213.p86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D‘e
>T
emf 69<H;b^B6^*cK]6 h CE-*9q\Y/'6l§k<8cKL/7; “”DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;\Y/*<8\¤\Y/'6QU36 h \m.Y1Z^'6?13D>™ ›
<7DB^S™ ›’1:.m<H\ UZ68<7.]\ 2 e’,k/'68CE6 h -*CE62P2\Y/'6Œ\i=Q-@'-2cBDB^'. -*D\Y/'6QK]-*C]CE68.rdB-*DB^*1:DBpTC[1Zp8/\

¥T S
.L13^B68.w9AcB.Y\’@'6œpHCE6<Hn\]68Ck\Y/*<7DQ-*C’6 *cB<8U7\]- 2 e -\E6m\Y/*<H\’@B-\Y/TCE13p8/\’.Y1Z^'6.¢<7KE\EcB<UVU;
n
<7CE6œW*6C”;SK]U3-*.06Œ\E- 2 e
n
 e‘,k/'6ŒKY-*DB^21V\E13-*D 139d-*.r67^-*D 1:. <Œ91VUZ^Q<DB^CE6<.0-*D'<7@*U36ŒKY-*DB¦
^*1\E1Z-*D‘ew½¤\Y/'68Ci=T1:.062P h -*C α > 1/m P2\Y/'6?^'6.Y13CE6^αKY-*DBK]UVcB.L13-*D P K]-2c'UZ^
α ≤ 1/m x` < α xi

!#" $&%&' ())* ,+.-+/" +.-102+3'3%4&56+3'7" 89+.:,;&!83" 47'



c
i∈I
7_

DB60W*6C/'-2UZ^ \]CEc62P@'67KE<cB.r6¤\Y/'6m9<Xx139AcB9 D*cB9S@B68C =T1:UVU<U =?<H;*.’@B6mpHCE6<H\]68C\Y/*<7D


¥T
-*C„6 *cB<8UB\E-\Y/'6?<CE1\Y/*9b6X\E1ZK„9S6<DS- h \Y/'6?.L9S<8U:U36.]\ x` D*cB9S@B68C[.e
m
M el,/'6S@'-2cBDB^–-*D>\Y/'6C[1Zp8/\œ.Y1Z^'6S- h ™  ›„1:.Œ\Y/'6@B68.Y\œdB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ6'ef 6¾ZcB.]\E1 h ;
B
\Y/213.?1:DN\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp=?<X; ‹6H\ L xi = 1
h -*C
1 ≤ i ≤ m
P¢U36H\
xm+1 = α m
P
<7DB^>U36H\ h -*C eT,k/'68D>\Y/'6UZ6 \ h
¥T
p
2
.L13^B6?- h ™ x ›i @'=67K]m α(α
-*9b68.  6 *cB+
<8UB1)/(αm .Y1Z^'6*P*<m
\]-\Y/'6TCE13p8/+\„1) DB^+ 2 p8≤
=Q6Q 6X\ i\Y/'≤ 6?.Ln9S<8U:U36.]\ d-*.L.L13@*U36

W*13-2U3<H\E1Z-*Db- h ™  ›re 7cBC[\Y/'68C]9S-*CE6*PB13D\Y/21:.ŒKE<7.r6?\Y/'6KY-*DBK]UVcB.L13-*D>^B-'68.œDB-\/'-2U3^b<D;
9b-*CE62P*.L1:DBKY6 m
P e
xm+1 = α xi
i=1
74 6H\[\E1:DBp <DB^ 13DN\Y/'6>p86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*DR;*1368U3^'.T\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp

KY-*CE-2UVU3<C”; m = 2 α = 1

Fˆ‰Lˆ>P P!8‰uem‹6H\ P
x1 . . . x n
P @'6?dB-*.L1\E1W*6TCE68<UD*cB9b@'6C[.„\Y/*<H\¤.r<H\E13. h ;

n n
X X 1 √ 2 e ™”Ms›
xi < n−3+ 10
i=1 i=1
xi

,k/'68D /'-2U3^'. h -*C¤<D;l\Y/*CE66?dB<813C˜=T13.r6?^213.]\E13DBKE\ 1:DB^*13KY68. P P e


xi < x j + x k i j k
,k/'6RK]-*CE-2U:U:<7C”;J^'69S-*D'.Y\]C[<H\]68.?\Y/*<8\œ=T1\Y/'-2c*\jUZ-*.Y13DBpl\Y/'6RKY-*DBK]UVcB.L13-*D–1:D–\Y/'6
E“ I5½ dBCE-'@2UZ689 PA\Y/'6@'-2cBDB^ ¥T
13D·13DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜; ™ ›R9S<X; @B6
CE6d*U3<7KY6^R@;S\Y/'6T=Q6<7G76C@'-2cBDBB^ 1 (n) := n + 1 √ 2 e 2-*C
2

B2 (n) := (n −›]3P¢=Q +/'68CE10)


e§ @'-\Y/
@B-2cBDB^*.AKY-21:DBK]1Z^'6 ™3.L1:DBKY6 6<. h -*CT<UVU n = 3 =Q6
/*<HW*6 e‘,B 1 (3)
/'6j 6Yx\]CE=
689SB
<8U'26L(3)
x<9S= d*UZ6 10
13D2\]CE-'^2cKY6^<@'-W*6œ.Ldn 6K]13≥
<8U:1~L46.’\E-
B2 (n) >P B1 (n) P<7DB^ p h -*C eS“Z\œ.r/'-7=?.œ\Y/*<H\œ<D;
x
h cB1C[\Y= x2CE6HU3=
/'68C„ <sx<81\E13-*xDS
3 -=
h \Y2/'6Q@'-2cBDBx^ i = 8/5 =Q-2c'U3^A49S≤ i \Y≤
<7G76j /'6QnK]-*DBK]U:cB.Y1Z-*Dl13DW2<8U:13^‘e
B2 (n)

‘  • • ˆ ŠˆŠ….ˆŠ‘]‰ [†<ˆ^¡‘\ˆŠ<‹  


¥T
½„cBCŒ9S<813DR\]-'-2U=T1VU:Uw@'6A\Y/'6b§<cKL/7;F“”DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜; 13DR\Y/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBp h -*CE9 ¨e§*-*Cœ<UVU
d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6TCE6<8UD*cB9S@B68C[. P P <DB^ P P P7=Q6?/*<HW*6
a1 . . . a k b1 . . . b k

k k k p
!2
X X X e ™:›
ai bi ≥ ai bi
i=1 i=1 i=1

S -7=v.YcBdBdB-*.062P h -*C–\Y/'6.r<7G76- h K]-*D2\]C[<^21ZKE\E13-*DkPS\Y/*<H\–\Y/'6


m + 1
D*cB9b@'6C[.
P P .L8< \E1:. h ; m ef 6b=T1:UVUm.r/'-7= \Y/*8< \QcBDB^'6C?\Y/'68.06
>T
P
x1 . . . xm+1 xm+1 ≥ α xi
K]13CEK]cB9.Y\[<7DBK]6.m1:DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;S™  ›w^'-'6.mDB-i=1
\„/'-2U3^‘e
,B-j\Y/21:. 68DB^kPH=Q6œ^'68¥BDB6 m P m
1 P<7DB^ e S -\]6
>T
P P
S= xi T = z = xm+1 /S
xi
\Y/*<8\’-2cBC<7.L.LcB9d*\E13-*DŒ;21Z6HUZ^*. i=1 P<7DBi=1
^j\Y/*<H\k\Y/'6 §k<8cKL/7;l“”DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;Q™:›
z ≥ α > 1/m
7_7

;*1368U3^'.
S · T ≥ m2
>T
e’,/213.„UZ68<^*.¤\]-\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBpœcB.06 h c'U1:DB6 2cB<UV1V\”; L
m+1 m+1
X X 1
xi
i=1 i=1
xi
m m m 
1 1 xm+1 xi
X X  X 
= xi + xm+1 + +
i=1 i=1
xi xm+1 i=1
xi xm+1

S m2 S
= S · T + 1 + xm+1 T + ≥ m2 + 1 + xm+1 +
xm+1 S xm+1
1 1 e ™”žs›
= m2 + 1 + m 2 z + ≥ m2 + 1 + m 2 α +
¥T z
¹?68CE6>\Y/'6R¥BD'<U¤13DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜; h -2U:U3-7=?. h CE-*9
z 1:≥
α
P¤<7DB^ h CE-*9y\Y/'6 h <7KE\T\Y/*<8\T\Y/'6
α 1:DBKYCE6<.L1:DBp h cBDBKE\E13-*D‘e
h cBDBKE\E1Z-*D h *
- C m
. 7
< A
D
S 6Yxf\0(z) =\Ym
P|1:Dg
2
/'6z§k+
<8c1/z ¥T
KL/7; “”DB6 z*cB><8U:1/m
1\˜;š™V7›YP5=Q6 .06X\ h -*C
§7cBC[\Y/'68C]9S-*CE6*Pj=Q6#.06X\
ai = xm+1+i
P P P?<7DB^ m+1
P e
i = 1 ... n − m − 1 an−m = xi

P 1 e S -\]6
i=1
h -*C P P P <DB^ m+1

e‘,k/'68D\Y/'6?§<cKL/7;S“”DB6>2 T cB<UV1V\”;
bi = 1/xm+1+i i = 1 ... n − m − 1 b n−m =
x
Y\ /*<8\¤™¯žX›‘dBCE-8W*13^B68.„<jUZ-7=Q68C @'-2cBDB^-*D i=1 i

;*1368U3^'. an−m bn−m

n n n−m n−m
X X 1 X X  p 2
xi = ai bi ≥ n−m−1+ an−m bn−m
i=1
x
i=1 i i=1 i=1
 p 2 e
≥ n−m−1+ m2 + 1 + m2 α + 1/α
,B-j.LcB99S<CE1~L6*Ps=Q/'68DB60W*6C\Y/'6CE6<CE6 D*cB9b@'6C[.‘\Y/*<8\W21Z-2U:<8\E6„\Y/'6KY-*DBK]UVcB.L13-*D
- h \Y/'6p868DB6C[<8U:1~L67^>dBCE-'@2UZ689 P\Y/'68D <8m+1 >T
U3.r-\Y/'6l1:DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;>1:D ™  ›¤13.W21Z-2U:<8\E67^eT,/213.
KY-*9d'U36H\E6.¤\Y/'6?<CEpXcB9b68D2\Xe

ˆ ’‰ˆ^¡‘\ˆŠ<‹  > 
f 6 K]UZ-*.r6S\Y/213.lDB-\E6 @;#^213.rK]cB.r.Y13DBpb.r60W*6C[<8U„CE6.Yc'UV\[.Q\Y/*<H\Q<UVU„<CE6RCE68U:<8\E67^–\E-–\Y/'6
.rdB67K]1:<UmK]<.06 e *;F.06X\[\E13DBp 1:DJ\Y/'6Np86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D–=Q6Np86X\?\Y/'6
h -2U:U3-7=T13DBpjKY-*CEm
-2UVU3<= L
C”; 1 m = 1

Fˆ‰Lˆ>P P!8‰uem‹6H\ α>1


<DB^
x 1 . . . xn
P P @B6Td-*.Y1V\E1 W*6TCE6<8UD*cB9S@B68C[..LcKL/\Y/*<H\
n n
e ™_ ›
2
X 1 √ 1
X 
xi < n−2+ α+ √
i=1
x
i=1 i
α
,k/'68D /'-2UZ^*. h -*C¤<D;l\i=Q-13DB^21ZK]6. <DB^ e
xi < α x j i j
“”DN\Y/213.QKY-*CE-2UVU3<C”;kP‘\Y/'6>K]-*DBK]U:cB.Y1Z-*DJ/'-2U3^'. h -*C+ F>d'<1:CT- h 13DB^21ZK]6.8eF“”DN\Y/'6
h -2U:U3-7=T13DBpŒdBCE-*dB-*.L1\E1Z-*DkP2<Q.Y139A1:U:<7C KY-*DBK]UVcB.L13-*DS/'-2UZ^*. h -*C 6 # D Œd'<1:C„- h 1:DB^*13KY68.e
2¡ O

*‰Lˆ
')* 
ˆ :ˆ ‘e‹6X\
α>1
<7DB^ P
x 1 . . . xn
P @B6?dB-*.L1\E1W*6jCE6<8UD*cB9S@B68C[. .YcKL/\Y/*<8\
n n
X X 1 1 2 e ™¡ ›
xi < 1 + α + α2 + · · · + αn−1
i=1 i=1
xi αn−1
,k/'68DA\Y/'68CE6Q6Lx13.]\w\i=Q-13DB^21ZK]6. <DB^ .LcKL/\Y/*<H\ e
   i j
, #N# f>1V\Y/'-2c*\’UZ-*.L.„- h p86DB68C[<UV1V\”;kP7U36H\
x i ≤ xj < α x i
S
e -7=.YcBdBdB-*.06 h -*C
\Y/'6l.L<G76- h K]-*D2\]C[<^21ZKE\E13-*DS\Y/*<H\„\Y/'6lK]-*DBxK]1U:cB≤ .Y1Z-*xDS
2 13≤
.„W*·13·-2·U3<H≤
\]6x
^‘ne,k/'68D
/'-2UZ^*. h -*C eu¤DQ6<.[;T1:DB^*cKE\E13-*Dj;21Z6HUZ^*. x C‘<8U:U ≥ α xie
h -*i+1
1 ≤ i ≤ n−1 xj /xi ≥ αj−i j≥i
4813DBK]6 h -*C \Y/'6 h cBDBKE\E13-*D 1 1:.œ1:DBKYCE6<.L1:DBpPB=Q6AK]-*DBK]U:c^'6 h CE-*9
z ≥ 1 f (z) = z +
\Y/213.¤\Y/*<8\ j−i i−j e’,/213.„139d'UV1Z68.
z
xj /xi + xi /xj ≥ α +α
n n
1 xj xi
X X X   X
αj−i + αi−j

xi = n+ + ≥ n+
i=1 i=1
xi 1≤i<j≤n
xi xj 1≤i<j≤n
n n
X X 1 2 e
= αi α−i = 1 + α + α2 + · · · + αn−1
αn−1
i=1
¥T i=1
84 13DBK]6T\Y/'6QCE68.Lc'U\E13DBpj13DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜;W*13-2U3<H\]68. ™ ¡ ›YP=Q6/*<XW*6QCE68<KL/'6^A\Y/'6^B68.L1:CE67^SKY-*DB¦
\]C[<^21ZKE\E13-*D‘e
,k/'6Q6Yx<79d'U36Œ=T1\Y/ h -*C ^B689b-*D'.]\]C[<8\E6.¤\Y/*<8\w\Y/'6Q@'-2cBDB^
= αi
13Dl\Y/'6?C[1Zp8/\„/*<DB^.L13^B6?- h x™ i¡ ›’ 1:.¤\Y/'6Q@'61.]\¤
≤i≤n
d-*.L.L13@*U36Be
,k/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBp–d'CE-*d-*.Y1V\E13-*DpX1W*68.><5G71:DB^- h CE60W*6C[.r6F.Y\[<8\E69S6D2\ h -*Cl\Y/'6
dBCE6KY6^*1:DBpN\i=Q-|CE6.Yc'UV\[.e}“Z\A13.b<5.]\]C[<13p8/\ h -*Ci=?<CE^%CE6 h -*C]9Ac'U3<H\E1Z-*D- h \Y/'6N=Q6HU:U3¦
¥T
GDB-7=?D•47KL/7=Q681\[~L6C“”DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜;eu¤DB^51\Q13.A<U:.0-F<–.Ld6K]13<8U KE<7.r6–- h \Y/'6 h <9b-2cB.
  ¥T
k<7D2\E-*CE-W21ZKL/ “”DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜;PŒ=Q/21ZKL/•=?<7.R.Y\[<8\E67^ <DB^d'CE-W*6^ 1:D   %@;‹6-*D*1Z^
Y ,   
1V\[<UV1;*60W21ZKL/ k<D2\]-*CE-8W*13KL/–™:\Y/'6S.L<79S6 k<D2\]-*CE-8W*13KL/>=Q/'-P‘1:D 72¡ ž2P¢CE6KY6H1W*6^ \Y/'6
S

')* 
-'@'68U o CE1~L6 h -*C£*KY-*DB-*9A1ZKE.]›Le
*‰Lˆ ˆ :ˆ ‘el‹6X\ <7DB^ P P @'6ldB-*.L1\E1W*6CE68<UD*cB9b@'6C[.Œ.YcKL/S\Y/*<H\
/'-2U3^'. h α
-*C > 1 \i=Q-l1:xDB1^*13KY. 68. . . x
7< D; <7nB
D ^ e’,/'6D
xj < α x i i j
n n
X X 1 (α + 1)2 e ™X›
xi < n2
xi 4α
§
i=1 i=1

*-*CŒ60W*68D Pk\Y/'6b@'-2cBDB^ 1:DR\Y/'6CE13p8/\Œ.Y1Z^'6S- h ™ H›„13.œ\Y/'6b@'6.]\ŒdB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ62P‘<.


.0/'-7=?D@;Q\Y/'6?6Yxn<79d'U36 h -*C <DB^ h -*C e
§*-*C¤-'^B^
xi = 1 1 ≤ i ≤ n/2 xi = α n/2 < i ≤ n
P\Y/'6Q@B-2cBDB^SKE<7DS@'6 h cBCi\Y/'6C„^B6KYCE6<.06^l\E- (α + 1)2 (α − 1)2 e
n n2 −
4α 4α
Ÿ 68CY/*<CE^ 8e*f -'67pX1:DBp86C
œm68dB<C[\]9S6D2\„- h IF<H\Y/'69<8\E13K].m<7DB^§-*9d'c*\E6C„47K]136DBK]6
,k—£13DB^'/'-W*68D
o eV½T
e -Xxlž M2PBž _ OOI  £13DB^'/'-W*68D
,/'6 S 6H\Y/'68CEU:<7DB^*.
[email protected]
2¡

    $

*Lm n-Mn-R*o'IVSpWYqrXKR*R-NIVN#SL
p WYM XKWVR-J NT~MQX!Mˆ— WKRQ^T`RL
a
wVWKIKJJTibzLMZNXYS-NEbQW]a\X!JMTX!XYMˆN'MO-SXKJ›sKLMuWKJ \'MxRS*W]\I]OeLW4L-LdTtTV^XKT`v
RJŠa
NIKJ R[b I!LyrWKJL
TzM{^W]\T`L-RN”^iR
f MJ*Ocy& XKW] \'
R S W
‡]+N T`J X!NMˆMs~\ S}+JLy&MŠs~X \ZI‰I'ƒŒ^^‹T`T`RƒdJ-a
stIKJ*ƒxJO4bL-JzN'}+X!OEMrN€*Žˆ€*ƒXKI X!v*Mˆ}+J\#NNzp€*XYI NQ‡]X!N Mˆ}\W]N+\'y&€*JI X X!I M MuI{\cR*^IVL-ST`J
N4WYXKstOQR-J
NO4-MdJQT`JM+N'J
T`s‚sˆJ \+WYXKNƒ„R-s~W]N+\\'ƒrƒxJW]L-\'R
N4…[JŒO8^sVXYX!T`N L*RI4a
X!I!M`IKL-M*J N+bS€J S
Mzy–L*X€I ƒxJI–M‘
aƒR
J_w{’Mƒx†W!LL-L-WVNN4J*LO”OcO+XYL4“ N ƒp
(?)

W]\JUI!L-N•
€\'S*J_L*€J*O-JXKR
WVR-wiT–W]\'W]\JUL-^NTV—-XYbcM#˜*L-J T~L-PN'wV|ˆJ™%LW‚L-S-T`T`srJ*O•
JMT‚R*T~XKIVJ ST#WYXKL-R-N4N#Ocp ™%L-TˆWYXYN›š{R*I]O+MWKJXYNcR
wW]\JZœ#N+XKv
J TVM`XKWYPZR
w
™ER-NW]T`JL*I'wKR-TUW]TVL-NMtI!LWYXKR-NMŒR
wiW]\'JU^T`Ra
IKJ bcM*p
¦ ›D› ¦ e§-*CECE67KE\E13-*D‘e ›
, # ) # 6 7-F . ' + =
 0 # 6 # £  # D /, # B!-9+ ,  ' ; ª dŸ   I / ,G6 
J+ 
 $+ % % +  #&% :; $+ % % +  &# % :; " )+  ‘e
‹6H\ @B6T<j\]C[13<DBpXUZ6T<DB^lUZ6X\ @B6Œ\Y/'6jUZ68DBps\Y/- h \Y/'6T.L13^B6T-*dBdB-*.L1\]6Œ\Y/'6
ABC
W*6Ci\]6Yx eQ “h 1:. \Y/'6U36DBps\Y/R- h \Y/'6la9S67^213<D h CE-*9 \E- P<DB^>1 h 1:. \Y/'6
A m
K]13CEK]cB9C[<^21:cB.Q- h a P‘d'CE-W*6A\Y/*<H\ 1:.Td-*A.Y1V\E1 W*6*BC
P‘DB6pH<8\E1 W*6*P¢R
-*C~L68CE-P
4ABC
<K]KY-*CE^213DBpj<7. 13.m<7K]c*\]62P'-'@2\EcB.r6*P'-*C C[m
1Zp8a/\Y−
¦Y<7DBRpXU367^e
¦›
∠A
  e  ,#) #6  :F  : # 6/ ?
 1 ' ' A&+ +
; ¤ ¢  +  ; xž  G' ;J. + )+ ‘e
 

‹6H\ @'6<7D;Rd-21:D2\Œ-*D>\Y/'6A.L13^B6 - h \]CE1:<7DBpXU36 eb‹6H\ <DB^


@ 6?\Y/'6?13DBK]D
B 1:CEK]UZ68.œ- h <7DB^ BCPBCE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;eTABC
‹6H\ @'6?\Y/'Γ 6l1K]-*9S9SΓ-*D 2
6Lx8\]68C]D'<8U\[<7DBp868D2\¤\]- 4ABD
<DB^ 4ACD
=Q/213KL/1:.œ^21 6CE68D2\ h CE-*9 `
e “ h 1:.m\Y/'6Qd-21:D2\ r¢
- h 13D2\E6C[.r67KE\E13-*DS- h Γ1<7DB^ ΓP*2.r/'-7=\Y/*<8\ e BC P

¦›
AD ` AB = 2AP
e  , # ) # 6  -F. ' +0 # 6 #
  £  # D , # B!-9+ ,  ' ; ª Ÿ   I (, 6 J+  
$+ % % +  &# % :; $+ %7% +  &# % 
:; " )+  e
‹6H\ @'6R\Y/'6 h -'-\l- h \Y/'6N<8UV\E1\Ec^B6 h CE-*9 \]- P =Q/'68CE6 1:.l\Y/'6
UZ-*DBp868.Y\œ.Y1ZH ^'6S- h e>‹6H\ P P‘<DB^ A
@'6l \Y/'6SBC K]13CEK]cB9C[<^21:1w- BC
h P
P'<7DB^ 4ABCP'CE68.rdB67KER \E1 W*68RU ;‘1e„48139A1:U:R
<7C[2U;P*UZ6X\ P P @'6T\Y/'6?1:4ABC
D'C[<^21:1k- h
4ABH
\Y/'6.r6j\]C[13<DBpXUZ68.4ACH
e o CE-8W*6j\Y/*<H\ r r 1 r2

™3<H› 1:.¢dB-*.L1\E1W*62P8DB6pH<8\E1 W*6*P-*C~L6CE-j<7KYK]-*CE^*1:DBpm<.’<7DBpXU36 1:.¢<7K]c*\]62P


R12 +R22 −R2 A
-'@2\EcB.r6*P*-*C¤C[1Zp8/\Y¦Y<7DBpXU367^e
™¯@7› 1:.¢d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6*P8DB67pH<H\E1W*62P-*C~L68CE-T<K]KY-*CE^213DBpm<7.¢<7DBpXU36 13.w-'@\EcB.062P
r<12K]c*+\E6*rP'22-*−C rC[1Z2p8/\Y¦Y<7DBpXU367^e A

¦›  e  ,#) #6  :F  L  L " L " +


6
E,3F&; U£ + NA&+ % # , ;     +Be
“”DA\]CE1:<7DBpXU36 P7=Q6Q/*<XW*6 P e ‹6X\ @'6?<Qd-21:D2\
-*D <7DB^ <ldBABC
-213D2\ -*D .YcAB
KL/\Y/*=<8\ AC = 5 BC P =6 E
P<DB^
AC F AB
P2=Q/'68CE6 e ‹6H\ BE @B6j\Y=
/'6QCF \m- h 13D2\E66=
dB-213D2∠EBC KE\E13-*CB
C[.r67∠F Db- h
sin
<7DB^ θ = 5/13P*<DB^AUZ6X\ @Bθ6Œ\Y=/'6?∠EBC
dB-213D2\„-*D H.LcKL/\Y/*<H\ e BE
CF K
1:DB^l\Y/'6TU36DBps\Y/- h § e BC HK ⊥ BC
HK
2¡

¦›   e  ,#) #6  :F  L  L " L " +


6
E,3F&; U£ + NA&+ % # , ;
    +Be
“”D P8\Y/'6Œ<7^¾¯<7KY68D2\¢1:D2\]68C]D'<8U2\]C[13.r67KE\E-*C[.¤- h \Y/'6Œ<DBpXUZ68. <DB^ 9S676X\
<8\ \Y/'6bdB-24ABC
13D2\ P’<DB^R\Y/'6b<7^¾¯<7KY68D2\Œ13D2\E6CED'<U’\]C[13.r67KE\E-*C[.Q- h \Y/'6b<DBB pXUZ68. C<DB^
9b66H\¤<H\w\Y/'6?dBP-213D2\ e A C
Q
§/*<C[<KE\E6C[1V~L6Œ\Y/'-*.06Œ\]CE1:<7DBpXU36.„1:D=Q/21ZKL/ e
¦ › ¦ e  , # )
AQ + BP = AB
# 6 :F B 
 £
 % +N +  7% % /;  # ' N; 1-,3+  2e

‹6H\ P P @B6Œ\Y/'6?<DBpXUZ68. - h <T\]C[13<DBpXUZ6'ew47/'-7=\Y/*<8\


A B C

cos 12 A + cos 21 B + cos 21 C csc 12 A + csc 21 B + csc 21 C


 
√ e
− cot 12 A + cot 21 B + cot 21 C ≥ 6 3


¦ › ¦ › e  ,#) # 6 :F B 
 £
 % +N +  7% % /;  # ' N; 1-,3+  2e

,k/'6bDB-*C]9<Uw<8\ \E-–<>KY-*D*13KŒ=T1\Y/ h -'K]cB. 9b66H\[.T\Y/'6 h -'KE<Uw<Xx13.?<8\ e


‹6H\ <DB^ @B6SdB-213M
D2\[.?-*D .YcKL/>\Y/*<8\ F <DB^ Ne
H K MF HN ⊥ M F KN ⊥ M N
“h 1 1 1 1 <DB^
 √ ™=Q/'6CE6 ›]P.0/'-7= \Y/*<H\
= + NK = ab a > b > 0
HN 2 a h -*C¤b.r-*9b6T.Y1ZpHD*1V¥KE<7D2\ d-21:D2\ -*D e
¦›¦
KI = (a + b)/2 I MN
 e  ,#) #6 :F B  5
 +9 % F £ ‚ª /;x£ ,G+&6 # I/;
  # D + < +'e
‹ 6H\ @'6m\Y/'6 D*cB9S@B68C¢- h -*DB68.¢1:DT\Y/'6 @*1:D'<7C”;Q6Yxd'CE6.L.L13-*DQ- h \Y/'6 d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6
F (n) §
13D2\E67p868C e 2-*C¤6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P
n
 P
F (5) = F 101(2) = 2
 e
F (15) = F 1111(2) = 4

‹6H\ X F k (n) 
P =Q/'68CE6 k 13.^B6H¥DB6^SCE6K]cBC[.L1 W*68U ;S@; <DB^
Sk = F (n) F1 = F
n(n + 1)
n=1
h -*C e
F k = F ◦ F k−1 k≥2
™3<H› o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<H\ e
S1 = 2 ln 2
™¯@7› o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<H\ 18 1 e
5
ln 2 − 15
≤ S2 ≤ 4 ln 2
™¯K[› o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<H\ 218 7 e
25
ln 2 − 25
≤ S3 ≤ 11 ln 2
™¯^7›
? §-*9d'c*\E6 Sk
e

¦ › ¦D¦ e  , # ) # 6 :F B  5+ 9 % F £ ‚ª /;x£ ,G+&6 # I/;


  # D + < +'e
‹6H\ @B6T<7D;\]CE1:<7DBpXU36Bew47/'-7=\Y/*<8\
ABC
X 1 + 2 sin A − cos 2A e
  ≤ 1
 A B−C 3A 3(B − C)
     
8 + 3 cos cos + cos cos
2 2 2 2
2¡ M

¦›¦ e  ,#) #6  :F B  5


 +9 % F £ ‚ª /;x£ ,G+&6 # I/;
  # D + < +'e
‹6H\ @'6A\Y/'6SK]13CEK]cB9SKY68D2\]CE6>- h e ‹6H\ P P‘<DB^ @B6A\Y/'6913^B¦
d-21:D2\E.‘- h O P PH<DB^ PHCE68.rdB67KE\E1 4ABC
W*68U ;5sUZ6X\ P D PH<DBE^ @B6 \YF/'6¤913^B¦Yd-21:D2\E.
- h
OA
P BCP<7CA
OB
DB^
OC
PCEAB
68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;‘e m6DB-\E6QK \Y/'6AMK]13CEK]cB9C[N œ
<^21:cB.XP1:D'C[<^21:cB.XPk<DB^
.06891:d68CE1:9b6X\]68C„- h @; P P*<7DB^ P*CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;e o CE-W*6Œ\Y/*<8\
4ABC R r s

s2 + r 2 e
2(KD + M E + N F ) ≥ R + 3r +
2R
¦›¦  e  ,#) #6  :F B +-,  +B +&,   /6 ' ;?B #   #   # <; 1:,G+  e
‹6H\ + @'6T\Y/'6?.06X\m- h BD -*DB¦YDB67pH<H\E1W*6QCE68<UD*cB9S@B68C[.e 2-*C¤<UVU P P
a b c∈
§ +P
UZ6X\ @'6j\Y/'6?.r6H\¤- h < UVU h cBDBKE\E1Z-*D'. + + .YcKL/\Y/*<8\
H(a, b, c) h: →

h(x) = h h(ax) + b(bx) + cx
h -*Cm<8U:U e o CE-8W*6?\Y/*<H\ 1:. DB-*DB¦r689Sd2\˜;1 h <DB^>-*D*U ;S1 h <7DB^
x∈ + e H(a, b, c) b≤1
4ac ≤ (1 − b)2
¦›¦  e  ,#) #6  –£
:F >@N,  6  # )  ,=.&L ,3+  % /F
; ,  6  #&% ; x£ Ÿ  e
‹6H\ @B6j<Œ\]C[13<DBpXUZ6=T1V\Y/lK]13CEK]cB9SK]13CEK]U36 UZ6X\ @B6j<Œ\]C[<D'.[W*6C[.L<U2=Q/213KL/
ABC
9b66H\[. \Y/'6 UV13DB6 <8\ P\Y/'6UV13DB6 <8\ P<7Γ
DB^S\Y/'6 `
UV13DB6 <8\ e‹6H\
BC
@B6Q\Y/'6K]1:CEK]UZ6Q\Y/*CE-2cp8/ L CA
=Q/213KL/b13. \[<7DBp868D2\m\]- M <H\ Pk<DB^>AB U36H\ N<7DB^ Γ
@B16
A
.L1:91VU3<CEU ;J^B6H¥DB6^ =T1V\Y/–CE68.rdB67KE\Œ\]- <DB^ BC
e•‹6H\ L P P¢<7DB^Γ 2 Γ
@B6S\Y/'6
3

KY-*99b-*DNKL/'-*CE^'.?- h <DB^ P <7DBB^ P‘<CDB^ <7DBQR^ RP


P‘ CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*P68U Q
;‘e o CE-W*6
\Y/*<8\ P P*<7DB^ Γ <CE6Q ΓK]1-*DBΓK]cBC]CE68D2Γ\Xe2 Γ Γ3

¦›¦
AP BQ CR
e  ,#) #6  :F ”£ + % (# ' , +
+ #¢ +-, -LE L  + N A
;  ] 
% , H&+ ' , 
/,
Ÿ _¡
        

  I / ,G6 ( <F&;  +N , % #N# ; e
§
1:DB^T<8U:U.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.1:DTDB-*DB¦LDB6pH<8\E1 W*6m1:D2\]6p86C[.\E-œ\Y/'6 h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBp ¤1Z-*dB/*<7D2\E1:DB6 Mœ
>T
6 2cB<8\E13-*D'. \
™3<H› ™¯@7› e
5m + 3 m = 2 k ? 5 m + 3n = 2k
¦›¦ e  ,#) #6  [ £ ˆ¤ N;ŒŸ
-F $+ '
% ,3+    I / ,G6 ( <F #   +
62;   ( ' ,GA
;#  ; ŒŸ " ¥Œe
‹6H\
a1
@'6b<SDB-*DB¦]~L68CE-NCE68<UwD*cB9S@B68C0P¢<DB^–^B6H¥DB6A\Y/'6S.06 *c68DBKY6 ¥T {an }∞
@; h -*C e o CE-8W*6j\Y/*<H\ n=1
an+1 = n2 /an n≥1

N
1 1 πa1 e
X  
= + ln(N ) + O(1)
a
n=1 n
πa1 4

eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee
2¡ 

¦ ›D› ¦ e’§-*CECE67KE\E13-*D‘e , # ) # 6 *
9 )+-,. ' + =
 0 # 6 # £  # D , # B!-9+ ,  ' ; ª [Ÿ   I (, 6  & 9
 $+ % % +  #&% :; $+ % % +  &# % :; -6)+
A 2e
]U >U
,U ¤
47-21V\ U:<jU3-*DBpXc68cBC ^*cSK -\ 6j-*dBdB-*. 6Œ<cA.0-*99b6X\ ^€ cBD\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 e*481
86 .Y\¤U:<QaU3-*DBpXc68cBCm^'6?U3<Q9 6^*1:<7DB6^'6 < PB6H\„.Y1 A 68.Y\¤U36QC[<X;*-*D>ABC Ÿ
^2cRKY68CEK]UZ6
mK]13CEaK]-*D'.0KYC[1V\ ^*cl\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 P9S-*D2\]CE6C A
2c6 BC 68R sT
.Y\wdB-*.L1\E1 h PD 6pH<8\E1 h -2cAD*c'U U
.Lc'1 W2<7D2\ 2c6 T ABC
6.]\¤<13pXcP'-'@2\EcB.-2cb^*CE-21V\Xe ma − R

¦›
∠A
   , # ) # 69 )+&,
e 
 - # 6F ?
 1 ' ¤ ¢
' A&+ +
;  +  ; xž  3' ;$. +/) # ‘e
 

X6 \
47-21V\ cBDd-21:D2\¤.LcBCwUZ6?K -\ 6
U36D.jK]6CEK]U36.œ13D'.rKYCE1\E.j^'6. \]BC
^2c\]C[13<DBpXUZ6
CE1:<7DBpXU36. 6HABC
\
¤ \U
eB47-21\¤CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*69S6D2\
e47-21\ U3<\E<DBp86D2\E6
Γ1
\U
6Lx8\ 6C[1Z6HΓcB2CE6TKY-*99cBDB6 < 6H\ JŸ
6H\ ^213.]\E13DBKE\EABD
6T^'6 e*ACD
481 6.]\¢U36jdB`-213D2\ ^k€ 13D2\E6C]¦
.06KE\E1Z-*D^B6 6H\ P*9S-*ΓD21\]CE6C Γ22c6 e BC PT
¦›
AD ` AB = 2AP
  ›
e , # ) # 6 9 )+&, . ' +0 # 6 # £  # D /, # B +&9 ,  ' ; *ª xŸ   I / ,G6 ( 
9  $+ %7% +  &# % 
:;
$+ % % +  &# % :; -6)+
A 2e
47-21V\ U36Œd'1367^l^B6œU3<T/*<8c*\]6HcBC ^B6 < P2- c 68.Y\’UZ6jK -\ 6œU36Œd'UVcB.¤U3-*DBp Ÿ Ÿ ¤ ]U
^ cJ\]C[13<DBpXUZH
* 6 ew47-21\TCE6.Ld6KE\E1W*689b68A
D2\ BC P 6X\ BC U36.QC[<H;*-*D'.^B68.lK]6CEK]U36.

¤ T
K]13CEK]-*D'.0KYC[1V\[.TABC
^B68.œ\]CE1:<7DBpXU36. P 6XR
\ R1 e m R6A
2 9 689b62Pk.r-21V\ P 6X\
ABC ABH ACH r r1 r2
UZ68.mC[<H;*-*D'.^B68. K]6CEK]U36.„13D'.rKYCE1\E.^'6QK]6.¤\]CE1:<7DBpXU36.8ekI5-*D2\]CE68C *c6
™3<H›
R 2 2 2 U T
6.]\¢dB-*.L1\E1 h PD 6pH<8\E1 h -2clD*c'U”P7.Lc'1 W2<7D2\ *c6œU”€ <DBpXUZ6 68.Y\’<13pXcP
-'@21\E+
cB.R-22cb−
^*CER
-21V\Xe A

™¯@7› 6.]\¤d-*.Y1V\E1 h P*D67U pH<H\E1 h -2cSD*c'U˜P'.Yc'1W2<D2\IT2c6?U”€ <DBpXUZ6 68.Y\¤<13pXcP


r-'12@2\E+ 2
−^*rCE-22 1V\Xe
cB.r-22 cb A

¦›   , # ) # 69 )+&,
e  L  L " L " +&6 E, F
; x£ + NA&+ % # , ;
    e

47-21V\
cBD?\]C[13<DBpXUZ6œ<XW*67K 6H\ e247-21\ cBDd-21:D2\
.LcBC 6X\ ABC cBDFd-21:D2\T.LcBC \]AB
6HU3. 2=c6 AC = 5 BC P =6 T E 6X\
AC F
P- c .Ÿ
AB
eB47-21\ U36QdBBE
-213D2\m=^€ 1:CF 6KE\E1Z-*Db^B6 6= ∠F 6XCB
D2\]68C[.0∠EBC \ P
sin
6H\¤.rθ-21V=
\ 5/13
K
UZ6Td-21:D2\¤θ.LcB=C ∠EBC
BC
\E68U 2c6 H
HK ⊥ BC
e ŠT BE CF
,BCE-2c2W*6C U:<?U3-*DBpXc68cBC„^'6 e
¦›
HK
   , # ) # 69 )+&,
e  L  L " L " +&6 E, F
; x£ + NA&+ % # , ;
    e

œ
„<7D'.„UZ6Œ\]CE1:<7DBpXU36 P2U36.^*CE-21V\E6.¤\]CE1:.06KE\]CE13KY68.„13D2\ 68CE1368cBCE68. ^'6.m<7DBpXU36. ]U
6H\ P'<^7¾¯<K]6D2\E6.œ<8cRK -ABC \6 ¤ \\U U
P'.06K]-2cBd68D2\<8cRdB-213D2\ P6X\KY6HU:U36.œ^'6. <7DBpXU36. B
C
H6 \ 2
C
P <^7¾¯<K]6D2\E6.<8cbK -\ 6 BC
AC
]U
§k<C[<KE\ 68CE1:.068C U36.¤\]C[13<DBpXUZ68.md-2cBC U36. *c6HU3.
¤
P*.06?K]-2cBd68D2\„<8cSd-21:D2\
Q
P e
e
A
T
¦ › ¦  e , # )
AQ + BP = AB
# 6 9 )+&, B  £
 % +$<+  % % ;  # ' $;51-,3+  2e

47-21V\
A B
P 6H\
C
UZ68.m<7DBpXU36.^k€ cBDA\]C[13<DBpXUZ6'ekI5-*D2\]CE6C 2c6 T
cos 12 A + cos 21 B + cos 21 C csc 12 A + csc 21 B + csc 21 C
 
√ e
− cot 12 A + cot 21 B + cot 21 C ≥ 6 3

2¡ ž

¦ › ¦ › e , # ) # 6 9 )+&, B  £
 % +$<+  % % ;  # ' $;51-,3+  2e

‹8<RDB-*C]9<U36 68D Ÿ
<>cBDB6 K]-*D*1 2c6 ^'6 h -8;*6C [T
KY-2cBdB6>U˜€ <Xx76 h -'KE<U¤6D e
47-21V\ 6X\ ^'68cxRd-2M
1:D2\E.Q.YcBC \E68U:. *c6 F 6H\ T
Ne
481 1
H K 
1 1 1 6X\
MF

HN ⊥ M F
™¯- c
KN ⊥ M N
›]P9S-*D2\]CE6C 2c6 .Ÿ JT
0T

= + NK = ab a > b > 0
HN 2 a d-2cBbCwcBDbK]6Ci\E<813Dd-21:D2\¤CE689S<C *cB<7@*U36 .YcBC e
KI = (a + b)/2 I MN
¦ › ¦  e , # ) # 6 9 )+&, B "  9+ % F e£ ‚ª /;U£ ,3+
6 # I ;
  # ' D + 
e
47-21V\ UZ6ADB-*9b@*CE6b^'6 ^*<7D'.jU”€ 6Yxd'CE6.L.L13-*DN@*1:D'<1:CE6b^'6AU˜€ 6D2\E136CœdB-*.L1\E1 h
F (n)
e o <7C¤6Lx7689S d*UZ62P 1
n
 P
F (5) = F 101(2) = 2
 e
F (15) = F 1111(2) = 4

47-21V\
Sk =

X F k (n) P- c
F k (n)

6.]\^ 68¥BD*1C 6K]cBC[.L1 W*69S6D2\mdB<C 1
F =F
U
6X\ ]U
n(n + 1)
n=1
dB-2cBC e
F k = F ◦ F k−1 k≥2
™3<H›>I5-*D2\]CE6C *c6 T e
T
S1 = 2 ln 2
™¯@7›RI5-*D2\]CE6C *c6 18 1 e
ln 2 − ≤ S2 ≤ 4 ln 2
T
5 15
™¯K[›>I5-*D2\]CE6C *c6 218 7 e
25
ln 2 − 25
≤ S3 ≤ 11 ln 2
™¯^7›
? §k<8UZK]c'U36C Sk
e

¦ › D¦ ¦ e , # ) # 6 9 )+&, B "  9+ % F e£ ‚ª /;U£ ,3+


6 # I ;
  # ' D + 
e
47-21V\
ABC
eT iT
cBDA\]C[13<DBpXUZ6 2c68U3KY-*D 2c6BeI5-*D2\]CE68C *c6 T
X 1 + 2 sin A − cos 2A e
 ≤ 1


 A B−C 3A 3(B − C)
     


8 + 3 cos cos + cos cos


2 2 2 2

¦ › ¦ e  , # ) # 6 9 )+&, B "  9+ % F e£ ‚ª /;U£ ,3+


6 # I ;
  # ' D + 
e
47-21V\ U36TKY68D2\]CE6?^2cbK]6CEK]U36TK]13CEK]-*D'.0KYC[1V\w<c\]CE1:<7DBpXU36 e*47-21\ CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*67¦
9b68D2\ P O 6H\ U36.œdB-213D2\[.œ91VU:1368cR^B68.jK -\ 68. P ABC
6X\ ¤ ]U
'.0-21\ P 6X\
N
dB<C
UZ68.TD d-21:E
D2\E.j9F1VU:1368c–^B68.?K -\ 6.
P 6X\ U36QC[<H;*-*Db^B6K]6CEK]U36OA
P ¤ \U
K]13CEK]-*OB
6X\ BCe‘½mCA
D'.0KYC[1V\0PBOC
D–^ 6.Y1ZpHAB
DB6CE68.rdB67KEK \E1 W*6M
9S6D2\
K]68UVc'1^*cRK]6CEK]U36?13D'.rKYCE1\m6H\¤UZ6?.068913¦
U
U ,Ÿ R r s
d 68CE1:9 6X\]CE6Q^*cA\]CE1:<7DBpXU36 eI5-*D2\]CE6C *c6
ABC
T
s2 + r 2 e
2(KD + M E + N F ) ≥ R + 3r +
2R
2¡8_

¦ › ¦ e  , # )  # 6 9 )+&, B +&, < +  B +-,   6 ' ; B # (


  #   # <; 1-,3+  2e

47-21V\ + U˜€ 6D'.r69S@*U36^B68.jDB-*9b@*CE6.jC 676HU3.ŒDB-*D D 76 pH<H\E1 h .8e o 2 ]U


- cBCm\]-2c*\ P 6X\
a b
U
‘
P 0
. 2
- 
1 \ ”
U € 8
6 '
D 0
. 8
6 b
9 2
@ Z
U b
6 B
^ 
6 E
\ 2
- *
c ]
\ 8
6 ?
. 3
U 
6 . h - *B
D E
K E
\ 3
1 *
- '
D .
c ∈ T +
]\ 6HU:U36. 2c6 H(a, b, c) h : +
→ +

ZT2c6

h(x) = h h(ax) + b(bx) + cx
d-2cBC\]-2c*\ + ewI5-*D2\]CE68C 68.Y\œDB-*DbW*13^B6.Y1¢6H\œ.06Hc'UZ689b68D2\Œ.Y1
6X\ x ∈ 2e
H(a, b, c)

¦ › ¦ e  , # )
b≤1 4ac ≤ (1 − b)
 # 6 9 )+&, >@ , 7 6
 # )  / , .&L –£ ,3+  % /F
; x£ , 76
 #&% ;xžx£¢e


47-21V\ cBDN\]CE1:<7DBpXU36R^'6RK]6CEK]U36RK]1:CEKY-*D'.rKYCE1\ ‘.r-21V\ cBDB6S\]C[<7D'.[W*68C[.r<8UZ6


KY-2cBd'<7D2\mU:<AABC ^'CE-21\]6 68D P'U3<A^*CE-21V\E6 6D 6HΓ\„U3<A^*CE-21V`\E6 68D e47-21\
U36K]6CEK]U36Qd'<7.L.r<D2BC \„dB<C L6X\ \E<DBp86D2\ CA < eŸ
68D M PB6H\„.r-21V\ 6XAB
\ ^ 6HN ¥D*1:.œ^B6 U
Γ 0Ÿ
9S1<D*1 68CE6A<7D'<8UZ-'pXc62PkCE6HU3<H\E1A W*689b68D2\ < Ÿ
6X\ BCe47-21V\ LCE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*Γ 2 6D2\ Γ3
69S P 6X\
P QP
UZ68.„KY-*CE^'6.mK]-*9S9AcBDB6.m^'6 6X\ B P*^'6 C 6X\ P*6X\ ^B6 6H\ QR
eI5 -*D2\]CERP6C 2c6 sT
6X\ .0-*D2\„K]-*DBKY-2cBC[Γ<D2\]68Γ
.e 1 Γ Γ2 Γ Γ3

¦ › ¦ Ce  , # )
AP BQ CR
%]  # ' ] 
_¡ ”£ + , #¢ +-,  -LE  zŸ 
 # 6 9 
) +-,,  N+ :
  L + N A
;   I (, 6  & 9  % , 

H&+ ' , 
/,3;  +$
/, % #N# ; e
,BCE-2c2W*6CR\E-2c*\]68.JU36.J.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.F68D6D2\E136C[.JDB-*D·D 67pH<H\E1 h .F^B68. 6 *cB<H\E1Z-*D'. U ¥U T
^*13-*d/*<D2\E1Z68D'DB6..Yc'1W2<D2\]68. m
™3<H› m ™¯@7› k e
?
¦ › ¦ ee  , # )
m k m n
5 +3 =2 5 +3 =2
 £ ,G+ ˆ¤ $;Ÿ
# 6 9 )+&, $+ '
%    I (, 6  & 9  ' +&6 ;   ( ' ,GA
;( ; Ÿ " ¥Œe
47-21V\ cBD DB-*9S@'CE6 ]U
C 668U|DB-*D D*c'Uie|½mD U
^ 6H¥D*1\U3< .Lc'1\]6
dB<C
an+1
a1
= n2 /an
dB-2cBC
n≥1
ekI5-*D2\]CE6C 2c6 T {an }∞
n=1

N
1 1 πa1 e
X  
= + ln(N ) + O(1)
n=1
an πa1 4
2¡7¡

$   !   $

¡
# ), #  % /D 6
I , ) , D +  = % F % # 6  L 8 ( # , 76+ % +-F&6 ) % /+&6  ¢
# # $ 6    ¢
, # , ) '  %  G+$  #   !6 #&%G'   # $6 # ,   N6  A=76 #  )+
6
 ), #  % /D 6&L ¢
f 6<7dB-2UZ-'pX1~L6 h -*CF-*91\[\E13DBp|\Y/'6D'<79S6- h fSuœ‹r,¹£ E u  ½ — 4*Pl—C].Yc'U:1:DB6DB¦ S
0p ;'9D'<7.Y1:cB9RP“”D'D'.r@'C[cKLGBPu cB.]\]CE1:< h CE-*9 Y\ /'6jU:1:.Y\¤- h r. -2UW*68C[.- h 7 2¡7 <DB^ h CE-*9 \Y/'6
U:1:.Y\¤- h \Y/'-*.06TCE68.0-2U W*1:DBpj<QKY-*D¾”6KE\EcBCE6Q- h 6DBKE~L6j1:D 7  8   O7O _ *ž / ž  *e 
¦ ›   O _ P O
 , # ) # 6 -F
# 6/ # " <D <F
+&; +'¢ +&62+¤ 7;N. +/)+ e
e  O7O2ž      

Ÿ¢1 W*6D–<©*
T cB<7^'C[1:U:<8\E6C[<8U ABCD P’U36H\ P P Q P R P S @'6bdB-213D2\[.-*D \Y/'6S.L13^B68.
P P P P'CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;kP2.LcKL/\Y/*<8\
AB BC CD DA
AP BQ CR DS e
· · · = 1
P B QC RD SA
‹6H\ @'6j\Y/'6j13D2\E6C[.r67KE\E13-*DS- h <7DB^ e o CE-8W*6j\Y/*<H\
O PR QS
AP DR SO e
DS · + AS · = AD ·
PB RC OQ
"$#&%('   #  -F   1 ' $ A >@ ' $ A&; 6  '  =<; Ÿ   I (, 6  E F #   # , #   # ; # , #   # ; _¡ e
f 6?CE68<7CEC[<7DBp86j\Y/'6?pX1W*68DbK]-*DB^*1\E1Z-*DkP2.06X\[\E13DBp

x DR · QC DS · CR e
= =
y AP · BQ BP · AS
uw\[\E<7KL/9S<.r.r6. P P P <8\„dB-213D2\[. P P P P'CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;e
f 6TU3-'K]<H\]6Œ\Y/'6?KYxBP 68D2\]CE6Q- xAPh 9S<.r. yDR
G
- h \YyCR/'6T.[;'.]\]689q1:Dl\i=QA-Q=? B C D
<X;'. ]
ew,k/'6QKY68D2\]CE6- h 9S<.r.- h <DB^ 13.m<8\ P'<DB^A\Y/'6QK]6D2\]CE6Q- h 9<7.L. - h
<7DB^ 13.m<H\ 2/'6DBK]6*P UV1Z68.-*D A e B P C
D e R S
-\E6\Y/*<8\ G P R @;?\Y/'6j^'68¥BD*1V\E13-*Dl- h <7DB^ e‘,/213.
139d'UV1Z68.\Y/*<H\„\Y/'6KY68xAP D2\]CE6A- · h BQ9<7.L=.Œ- yDR
h <·DBCQ
^ 13. <8\ eœ481:91VU3<CEU ;kP*x\Y/'6lKY68yD2\]CE6l- h
B C Q
9S<.r.- h <DB^ 1:.m<8\ e¤¹?68DBKY62P U:136.-*D e
*;lA\Y/'6T.06KYD-*DB^A.Y\E6SdkP7=Q6?/*<HW*6 G SQ

9<7.L.m<8\ x
AP + DR
SO Q xAP + yDR y
= 9<7.L.m<8\ = = x
OQ S xBP + yCR BP + CR
y
DR · QC DR · QC
+ DR DR
BQ BQ
=  = +
DS AD AD
   
CR +1 CR CR
AS AS AS
DR QC AS DR AS DS AP AS DR P
= · · + · = · + ·
CR BQ AD CR AD AD P B AD RC
=Q/21ZKL/l1399b6^*1:<8\E68U ;Q;*1368U3^'.¤\Y/'6?^B68.L1:CE67^CE68.Lc'U\Xe


  
 76 "1 < / ; </< ,0'2 0./F,:!" %  3 )E E<  '  # +21, +8! .
& -
490 &.9 , 0/ !5. % ,/ . +D$!"& "3F  < 101 $ < 1& '!-, - &D05,  ,+2$1 3   '  ?2)2, C&D 

+F&!" &+ ,C< 6 & !"F,81 >,+ 15 3 +>  4 2,F + .F08+ ,-' 6 &

@1- 

54 & F+ 0 + &+"./+5,  !; 8+ ,
  32&<  4  +-, - 
*1- 99 .F&+  1- 

54F5, $ ) & 8+! $ FF,>0< ,+ 15 3   + 4 / H ' +8,>1- 9 ) -0 # + & ,
'2 9F&  $ 38+ -B-!; B$  !?
1/5& 9 &   % 99:8+ @+ //+-G( 4F+0 F- FG+ 8 !;9 &  + 8@ B$ % & 
%  E  F& B-!; /
D9 G 8!;
AP : P B = DR : RC ? 1- 9A
- BQ : QC = AS : SD3 &  + /& %  5,E+ 8 %  %
. &  0 % 9:
B-!;*+ F& GH&D+ + 8 !" &D   0.-*&  1- -/+!"% 
     
SO:  OQ "!F,H. =-/! AP
% & $#* BB-4F&%'  )5 -:

>+ 8 B$ & -+ P  AB !;!;5
/+* A & 9 &
!"&+  +
: P


E+ -AB$ & -+ P 0  A0 B0 , + - B$ & 8+ &5&& /4 + 8 549:8+ P P 0 &  + 8!"/+ & AB : A0 B0
& 8+! 0

 ! . -0+! /

 !;A& + &  % +$- % 

& 8! ! 5
+ -

% &  % &D0F? @  % 0 (C.F % 
(  1/5& 9 &   % >B-!; /
D9 ,G() *&D&D0 + 8 549:-+
% & AC*) -/!"F+ &D ,-8 /+,+;. + AB : A0 B0 ,
- + 8 &5& &D AB$ & 8+ EGH&

C + &

80 % 

& 8!? PP0

- .0/1 q32\9^9^465 y ^87Dc y ^:9<;>=bAB<? AB @4BDCD?6=;>4gA%AR4FEtBDA%-@Gg=>4 &; -8H F /;@gBD-@JIK/<L]==>4MH


NDA/9-PO 4Dq
Q  L SRb)%[Q`kW(s xb(W <(!QI< [x$<9e(cdeW  ! W(s€ln(#"R 9!
" W($S$<<e 9Ee*[eW s3W(ae2W(s|ln(&"R[!]"%We"mM"%$S&"qG3s 9e* 9!ImlnW[*<Q!<e"!
xbW(<(!QOW(s c9ln QRM2| xep# c #QT(BBBn<sA ,U#Q%!Q n"%$&WQ`9*i*(#Q`"
bp!nB
# 0x$<9E eOln(#"R,"%W(!p#QLWD {A9eB} * 9e* ln(#"R,"%W(!p#Q|eW,WDpPxbW(<(
W(s qI}~k*epeWD%ILM IA aehkLep BW(s'fpWW*]xep#Q s3W!hI* LMwkxbW(<(!Q
W(s E Jq V f (E)
E
!W W0p|Ssbn"!9!*(#p$<)>MiW(s <Q c( q
E 1003 2003 ≤ f (E) ≤ 3003
X B:m7=#;BD-YC9?ZK;[\8Bb7H=bB:]_^8BDCkC]79-(;m=&?`^8B:S:>4MT4MHad;#- =4A bd/c4-8HdNK<Hfe Xg3h
Y W !2fpep$S$)M8c(lnnQ`W9l  lnp
9e* #Q' aehILW(s5Q&*QOW(sb "fW(E) :WU,=(a3n $<$ − W(ks − q 3 n = |E| ≥ 3
k
Q *eWD!  fxb l S Qw Q`wW(s0Wp!#"pQ]9e* $S$ $S#e
H E
Q fhIp(!QdG "%We9"!!<ef,pD"RZfpWW*Ixep#OW(Es xbW(<(!Q0W(s Qd*efppQq€}~iReQ"%$<<h
p0eWZmlnW~9*fpQ W(s "% "!WQ`Q pD"R]WDpgD q jpaeExxbWQ`I*efppQ e*
"!WQ`Q|pD"RnWDpgqPT5WQRG #*ep50o(aeD*!S$#%p$ q jp<e" c AB #Q.0fpCD WW*
xep#`cD!d<Q n"%<!"%$& x9QRQR<ef!W(abfp 9e* ACBD e*i"W(<#{A efdeB} Sp eW
#i)!Q <(%p!#Wgf q k pe"(c A  q jp<hiBS$#!$ M5c q k Cpe"(c
f
D
c2"%W(%D*(&"!&Wt
∠C + ∠D < π
q k e"%∠A c +<Q ∠B  x$<< 9πf9xe q
l  U c9ln "%$<<h p WpMiQR#*e W(s <Q 9k*efp W(s 
∠A + ∠B + ∠C + ∠D < 2π G
q Qg Le  QR#*e
W(s 2xbW($ MfpW qr8wWe2QR#*e,W(s H "W(<Q€eWIxeW(G#(Q0W(s ABqr5(aeQgcln
"%k*gl n"%#!"%$#H  "p(%!9*kW2p'Q&* AB W(s l S,D*(<aeQ QR a mI"%&pE (!$)M,$<9!fp Q W
p)€x9QRQ pQ€!W(abfp e* L(a0"W(<QdeW~WDxbW(<(!Q W(s `
AB
q k e"%c
c <Q 2fpWW*xep# q A r5|#QgB c <Q 9k9*fpnW(s q E
{A B}
l WD!0p cDs3W'pD"R,xeW(#( AB # cD<s #Q xbW(G<("%$#WQ pQ !W cDp
A E B A AB
#Q I*efp W(s q
l  U cQaexexeWQ 
G
<Q 9DMi9*fpnW(s q r5pp! #QnxeW(#( QRab"R2
k"%$#WQ *~*<Q " s3W%AB
hk9*~LMZi"%#!"%aehkG "%#!"%$#iW(s #(!Q`9"!CQdeW~WD
xbW(<(!QW(s u#QR<e"Γ0eW s3W(aePxeW(#(Q'!d"We">M"%$<#"v`& q n4ABC
M2xem!aeL(#ef WpM2QR#fpD!$)M8c
E
ln0Q`9OpPp$<$D!0QR#*epQ'W(s !d*efppQW(s q'3s #Q|ΓeWDP,9*fpdW(s
cekln,Q#h<$<9$)MZJ W,9eWDpxeW(#(
4ABC
WZi*"otp!(Q&*W(s
G AB
s&!Wh
H D AB
2¡8

.YcKL/A\Y/*<8\m<8U:UB\Y/*CE676Q.L13^B68.œ- h <7CE66^Bp868.Œ- h e„,k/21:.139d'UV1Z68.m\Y/*<8\¤\Y/'6


C
13D2\E6C[1Z-*C¤- h 4ABD
13.¤\]C[13<DBpXc'U3<H\]6^S@;l\Y/'6Q6^Bp868. - h e G
‹6H\ H G
^'6DB-\E6 \Y/'6¤D*cB9b@'6Ck- hh <7KY68.‘- h PX1:DBK]U:c^213DBp¢\Y/'6„6Lx8\]68CE13-*C-*DB6Be‘4813DBK]6
6<7KL/A13D2\E6C[1Z-*C h <7KY6T1:. 68DBK]UZ-*.r67^S@;bMQ67^'p86.<7GDB^l\Y/'6Q6Lx8\]68CE13-*C h <K]6T13.6DBK]U3-*.06^S@;
m
67^'p86.XPH=Q6Œ/*<XW*6 e’,/2cB.HP P8=Q/213KL/
k
\]-'p86X\Y/'6C=T1\Y/£2c'U363(m Cr€ . *− -*CE1)
9+c'U:<'kP = 2f (E) mPX;*=1368U332^'f. (E) − 13 k + 1 § e
4813DBK]6 PB=Q6A/*<XW*m 6 − f (E) + n = 2 f (E)
eT,=/'6A
3ndBCE−-*dBk-*−.063^
dBCE-'@2UZ689q13.¤\Y3/'6T ≤ k ≤ n
.rdB67K]1:<UKE<7.r6œ=Q/'6D 2n − 3 ≤e f (E) ≤ 3n − 6
n = 1003

  
    <,101 < 1& '!-,0- &D05,& , +21 G - 
 0!"&D + 8 ;9:
 ! 9 .
* /0+ & 8:#4" 8 0.dF+ .!;$ F0 F )3  '  ?!)0 $, C& 
( +8/&D!" &D+D ,@< 6 & !"/  ,1 >,
+ 15 3-- + 8HB-!; B$  !?

- .0/3/ q 2!\^D^:4 5 y ^87Dc y9y ^<; =bARB<? BA@g4AB CD?79/-*I,EtBA@JO%BPBDCw4gARB F/ AR687(4GH
e -(; c 4gA @; B(/BDBe4/p:S:&/BeB:<; B:H /p:S:&/BeB:<; B:H X ?5/p;#-tq
t

W  c$&g 0 Ln9DMkxbW(<(OWinQ&* ce9e*k$# e*
Le xbW(<(!QW4ABC nQ&*Q C e* W p$ M5cQab"RAB
c!pQ`xe9"!!  ,p 0 M eN*
V q BC AC C M k AC
C 0 N k BC
!WW n,9!piW(s 0 <QfpWhIg%!#"hIp9wW(s ,9!p9Q0W(s
9e* q 4C CN
4AC 0 N 4C 0 BM
:@,@4g- =#;#/p:S:3? = \54S@`/9Cw4S@gB:7=#;>BD- CD? F ;T74 : g Cw4-8Te7/p:`^8Bcg/@,H ^/p:#/ N; Te7(4A/H

F / :<:BDA,Om/H X ?5/p;#- `N9A!/- Om; @JO%B Et4 :<:Be= BA@ /BeBAH,1 h E h (C;S:<;B N4A%A/9A; H /:<:#/8BeB:S; B:H  
 
X ?5/;&- b/- B b7p@m4 ;[<\e/(BAH@p=!7Be4-5=H 0BD-F[;S:<: @ ^8B:S:>4MTp;#/=4d1-8@p=#;>=!7=4H pBDARBD-5=>BAHt+ 2q   
jp#e"% 0 #Q.€xe$S$&$&Wfh~cgln€JW uSlnp!
*eCN
WD!Q'CM
 !nW(s v`qk pe"(c [C 0 CN ] = [C 0 CM ]
[XY Z] XY Z
[C 0 CN ]2 [C 0 CN ] [C 0 CM ] CN CM M C0 N C0 q
= · = · = ·
[AC 0 N ][C 0 BM ] [AC 0 N ] [C 0 BM ] NA MB NA MB
jp#e"% %!<9efg$#Q 9e*  JWOxe$S$&$(Q&*Qgc M !Q#h<$<9`cgln(#"R

AN C 0 C 0M B
#hix$S&pQ'p MC 0
M B q.T WQ`9o(ab(!$ M5c
=
NA N C0
[C 0 CN ]2 c
= 1
[AC 0 N ][C 0 BM ]
ln(&"R,#QOUD"!!$ MnlnpPln€l (%*,%W,xe!W<Weq

IS:H 7)9OGNY!QRZI"H 8#+ Y3P0FXL(GTW SU6!2V#"7#FX9$&5?W 6%(Wc'SO7Y )98O5?YN*W"X+-SO+B,-7@:9:.W!Y #"ZB0"/5?5C[@*W!Y!'U+1S:2/3Y 8:H:21YT8U"41]1#".+B56@:$7dIW!"W#"8:5?8#9<5?56;#[$72>W!Y!"=('U8:5?239823\U@BUACF]^"ED> *-W F@:22&G?+1FHIS<)*-J7D12_K&\+>*04:S)M-/eL6D3Qd GNK:f KO+-)J(K`2>J1P-,a+ 7g>J79OG?J^"J7PB@:P-2a2>Fb=(dB5?M5?88#/@B@IAC/3$7"E" 2D
Q^o 05?8/VW 5?,-WT"<M2hK:MKU2 47Dj)a8#i3lp3$7KO"LO@O)V2cJ^HBPRLE23\C+1MS</*D+1PcSUf>2XK<+>+-5CUF9U J:W @B/3"2@O,ak('"(lh9#5C@7@I8"<[2 WN941l "< 2jkWTG!9#@:l&@7D%(P^5<39O=A?m#32J7Kha9FbY!M5?WP08ULODGT/Vd-J(JIqh*c=7H#=:3PK<3JIn=3aL62f
S7G[8f HIJI@B)Vf$S^DK7f7*FKS:8GC41HIQ7J7)08#P 3@:dI8J72121Kj4IH:8(Q8#'3TP-WT"<$7F!"<#2>J:@:// 2In7SLO]I2cJ78+1PBW S<2a@ODOFr3D14-"G 3lp*c*s4_#5?KOSOW 8G J^0VP /+Bo dj@:JIW!n7#"tc2>G 5?27K:["#W!YCY!#'.9O@O$7W 8U"u321@B/V/cY 2B\6"F20v0+1"uN7lpS<9##@ID>5?$#,W 8 8f\(@B+>f:$#S(@O2aFWT"SOY[J^f^5?J:[\WT/ #Y 'Z:o @-2^uBxqU/V2TYN/V"%7v0KU#uND1lh7\#9#lp*c@IJ^"<$^ K w2
qO[Y!ZIWTgBY " '* 2M/V/0K#3"#8_Y P3ZBFX+I"5?2W 5?8#HI8:@I#$($(l{8UC2a8#Dcz H#@IFj "72y| Y \W+121JOS<P-S39##zD0SplhKO8#g>G@OG?q(WKO)&8KD>M*8P+B@B20$hP3QIY +ZB41 "MmjG?]I*-HI562U#S]1lh8##l.@IY"985@:@Bf W!$7Y!'."5?2HISU]I!8U"<k:W @("<DM2Q>iJ>W L(@IJ^YN"P5n-)f 8Oih#"*0@O*-232c=:4^K2W!+1 8XS<+BDa@:L(W!#"G6LI5<+ w
7O

¦ D ¦ e  O7O2ž _ O ¡ P  O&  ,#) #6  :£ # A J+ ¡


:F   
(+&; B *ž % % Ÿ
   I / ,G6 ( <F&;
B # 
 E, /+ % ; K >e

§1:DB^<8U:UB1:D2\]6p86C¤.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.- h \Y/'6T.[;'.]\]689¨
P
ac + b c − 2 = c3 − c
P
ba + c a − 2 = a3 − a
e
cb + ab − 2 = b3 − b
"$#&%('   #  :F H   # ' ; d #&% ¤ > # D D '  (<F> &# % % A ;   
/,+$I N; 1NH
; " =+ ZŸ ¥
  1 ' NA>@ ' NA
;?6  '  =<; cŸ   I ,(6  EF #  
# , # = # ; # , #  # ; ? _¡
; D # "  - F
  ( # s, e
§1:C[.Y\0P2=Q6lK]U3<8139q\Y/*<H\ n 3
h -*C„<UVU e,k/'6lK]U3<8139 13.m\]C[c6
h -*C eu¤.r.YcB9b6Œ\Y/*<H\ 1V\w313.¤\]≥
C[c6 nh -*−
C¤.rn +6 3
-*9b e’,n/'6≥D 1
n=1 n>1

3n+1 − (n + 1)3 + (n + 1) − 3
≥ 3(n3 − n + 3) − (n + 1)3 + (n + 1) − 3
e
= (n − 1)(n − 2)(2n + 3) ≥ 0
*;A1:DB^*cKE\E13-*DkP\Y/'6QK]U3<8139 1:.mdBCE-8W*67^e¢f 6?KY-*DBK]UVc^B6 h CE-*9 \Y/21:. K]U:<1:9\Y/*<8\
™ ›
mn − 2 > n 3 − n ∗
h -*C¤<8U:U <7DB^ e
S m-7=q≥U36H3\ (a, b,n c)≥ 1@B6S<S.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*DN- h \Y/'6bpX1W*68D–.[;*.Y\E69RPk=Q/'68CE6 P P <CE6
13D2\E67p868C[.e¤“Z\w1:.mK]UZ68<7C’\Y/*<H\ DB-Q\i=Q-l- h P P KE<7D@'6Œ~L68CE-e*;l.[;*9S9S6H\]C”a;P7b=Q6jc9<H;
.LcBd'd-*.r6 e a b c
“h a ≤ b ≤
P8\Y/'6D c
s§ e 2CE-*9 ™ ›YPH=Q6œ.r676m\Y/*<8\’.YcKL/ P P K]<D'DB-\
@B6?<?.r-2U:a c*\E≥
13-*DS3 - h \Y/'6T3.[;'≤ .]\]68a9–≤e b ≤ c ∗ a b c
“h P2\Y/'68D a <DB^ 3 § e 2-*C¤.YcKL/W2<UVc6.
- h P\Y/'6T a .0≤ 6KY-*−2 >T
DB^6 2cB<8\Eb13-*DS +- hca\Y/'− 6Q-*2C[≥1ZpX1:D'−4
<U.[;*.Y\E6a9 − a DB≤
/*<7.m -A−6.r-2U:c*\E13-*D‘e
a
“h ¥T
PB\Y/'68DS\Y/'6l.r67K]-*DB^R6 *cB<H\E1Z-*DR@'67K]-*9b68. 1 eœ,/2cB.HP
¥T
1
a = −1 + −2 = 0
e Bc*\ P 13.mDB-\ <Q.r-2U:c*\E13-*DS- bh \Y/'6Tc¥C[.]\„6 *cB<H\E1Z-*D‘e
b = c“ = h 1 P\Ya/'6=D −1 b = c =e 1*;R™ ›¤<7DB^S\Y/'6l¥BC[.Y\<7DB^S\Y/213CE^R6 2cB<8\E13-*D'.j- h >T
\Y/'6Œ.[;'.]\]68a9 =P8=Q06ŒKY-*DBK]UVc0^B< 6 \Y/*b <H≤
\ c ∗ P P P P*@2c*\wDB-*DB6
- h \Y/'6.r6?dB-*.r.Y1Z@2UZ6 W2<UVc6.- h P P <7CE6T{(1, (b, c) ∈ <?.0-2UV1) c*\E1Z-*(1,
D- 2)
h \Y/'(2, 1).Y\E6(2,
6?.[;* 9Ne 2)}
“h
a = 1
P7\Y/'6D
1 ≤ b ≤
a b c
c
¥T
P2<DB^\Y/'6T.r67K]-*DB^6 *cB<H\E1Z-*D@'67K]-*9b68. e
¹?68DBKY62P P*<DB^ 1:.m<?.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D- h \Y/'6?.[;*.Y\E69Ne b + c = 2
“h b=c=
a = 2
P*\Y/'16D
2 ≤ b≤c
>T
a = b =e¤c,/'=61.r67K]-*DB^b6 2cB<8\E13-*D>@'67K]-*9b68.
b2e + c2 = 8
e
¹?68DBKY62P P*<DB^ 1:.m<?.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D- h \Y/'6?.[;*.Y\E69N
,k/'b68CE=6 h c-*CE= 62P 2 a=b=c= <DB^ 2 <7CE6l\Y/'6S-*D*U;R1:D2\]6p86C
.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.- h \Y/'6?.[;*.Y\E69Ne a = b = c = 1 a = b = c = 2


  
    <,101 < 1& '!-,0- &D05,& ,+21 3A6 "1 </ ; </< ,('2 0./F,
!" %  3$1 $ .*1 +'  1,C6 & ;  0.!"&&$ 1/ 0.F+ -! #1/+ /+#+F&!" &+ ,  BC
& F,-62, $+21 3/-+ ->B-!; B$  !?
G(   
.F+ &D 0 EG(!;&  % 9ABC
+ 8 -E&  % ! !; % +?
¦  %¤
  ¥ 
 e   7O O8 O ¡ P  &O , # ) # 6  - F  % +N B ' , ,G+:F " L  % +&D  $;
Ÿ   I / ,G6 ( <F # %  ,  +&; JD # = # N; ¥Z£ U£
+    L  L " L " +&6 E, F
; + $A-+ % # , /; <+'e
Ÿ 68DB6C[<8U:1~L6\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp 13^B68D2\E1V\”;q.r-\Y/*<8\51\F13DW*-2U W*6.|<D `Va -*CE^B68C
^ 6X\]68C]9A13D'<D2\Q13D5d*U3<7KY6 - h <
B n p868DB6C[<8UZ¦
-*CE^'6C^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7D2\0P„<7DB^5d'CE-W*6b;*-2cBC



1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D 3


b2 + bc c2 + bc

−bc
= (bc + ca + ab)3 e

2
c2 + ca

a + ca −ca
2
a + ab b2 + ab −ab


  LN,2=Q-–^21 6CE68D2\?p86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D'.Œ=Q6CE6bdBCE-8W*67^N13DN\Y/'6b.r-2U:c*\E13-*D'.T\Y/*<H\
=Q6CE6.Lc@*91\[\]6^ h -*C„\Y/21:.œdBCE-'@2UZ689–eT½mDB6l- h \Y/'68.06Q13.ŒpX1 W*6Db13DS\Y/'6Q¥C[.]\.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D
@B6HUZ-7=AP*<DB^l\Y/'6?-\Y/'6C <7d'd68<7C[.m1:Dl\Y/'6?.r67K]-*DB^<DB^l\Y/213CE^A.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D'.8e

E CŸ
Ye "$#&%('   #  -F  + %  /,. +  # ' 62; =,36 ' %   NA-F-D N
 +&6  ' D ;  N6-:, ' :;ˆ¤ c¥ ' 6 E, < +
;
D # " 6 %  A= % F :F  ( # ,se
,k/'6 9<8\]C[1 x?13DA\Y/'6QpX1W*68Db^B6X\]68C]9A13D'<D2\m9<H;S@'6j=?C[1V\[\E6DA13DA\Y/'6 h -*C]9
3×3 P7=Q/'6CE6 13.¤\Y/'6 1Z^'6D2\E1\˜;A9S<H\]CE1 xQ<7DB^
M − (ab + bc + ca)I I 3×3


b+c   e
M =  a+c · a b c
a+b
,k/21:.œ.Ycp8p86.]\E.m\Y/'6 h -2U:U3-7=T13DBp?p86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D13DW*-2U W*1:DBp P P P 13Dbd*U3<7KY6
- h P P P h -*C e x 1 x2 . . . x n
a b c n≥2
‹6H\ P <DB^ P ™V\Y/'6N¥BC[.Y\<DB^•.r67K]-*DB^#.[;'99b6X\]CE13K
S1 = xi S2 = xi xj
h cBDBKE\E1Z-*D'. - h P i
P P ›Le‹6X\ i<j
x1 x2 . . . x n
   
S1 − x 1 x1
 S1 − x 2  <DB^  x2  P
U =  .. V =  ..
   
 
 .   . 
S1 − x n xn
7< DB^AUZ6X\ ™=Q/'6CE6 ^'6DB-\E6.„\Y/'6j\]C[<7D'.Ld-*.r6Q- h ›re ‹6X\ ^'6DB-\E6
M =U ·V> V> V I
\Y/'6 1Z^'6D2\E1\˜;A9S<H\]CE1 xe
n×n
4813DBK]6S\Y/'6>9<8\]C[1 x /*<7.QC[<7DBGN-*DB62P¢1V\?/*<.Q<7DF6813p86D'.LdB<7KY6>- h ^*1:9b68D'.L13-*D
KY-*CECE6.Ld-*DB^213DBp„\E-j\YM /'6œ6H1Zp868DW2<UVc6 eku¤D;ŒW*6KE\]-*C1:DT\Y/21:. 6H1Zp868D'.rd'<K]613.¢<U:.0-
n−1 0
<7DS6813p86DW*6KE\]-*C„- h KY-*CECE6.Ld-*DB^2 13DBpœ\]-\Y/'6?6813p86DW2<8U:c6 e
f 6T<8U3.r-lDB-\E6Œ\Y/*<H\ M − S I
13.„<D6813p86DW*6KE\]-*C¤- h
2 K]-*C]CE68.rdB-*DB^*1:DBpœ\E-Q0\Y/'−6?S6H21Zp8=
68DW2−S
<UVc26
U e•,k/21:.139 Md'UV1Z68.Q\Y/*<8\ 13.l<D#6813p86DW*6KE\]-*CQ- h
V > · U =K]-*S 2
P 2
− x = 2S
C]CE68.rdB-*DB^*1:DBpŒ\E-\Y/'6?6813p86DW2<8U:c6
1 i i 2 U e¤“Z\ h -2U:U3-7=?.¤\Y/*<H\
M − S2 I 2S2 − S2 = S2
e
det(M − S2 I) = (−S2 )n−1 S2 = (−1)n−1 S2n


E E]e "$#&%('   #  -F B 


 £
 % +$<+  % % ;  # ' N; 1:,G+  e
‹6H\ P
x1 x2 . . . x n
P P @'6
n
–§
13DB^'6H\E6CE91:D'<8\E6.8e 2-*CŒ68<KL/
i
PU36H\
pi =
Q
x`
P
<7DB^ h -*CT<UVU„^213.]\E13DBKE\ P P PwUZ6X\ Q eF,k/'68DFU36H\ P `6=i<DB^
i j k pi,j,k = x` s = p`
P h -*C e5™3,/'6>1:DB^B6Yx CEcBD'. h CE-*9
`6=i,j,k
\]- .Lc@7¾”67KE`\j\E-N\Y/'6
>T
si,j = pi,j,` i 6= j ` 1 n
13DB^21ZKE<8\E67`6^CE68.Y\]C[1ZKE\E13-*D'.eku#dBCE-'^2cKE\m-8W*6C <7DS689Sd2\˜;A.06X\„- h 1:DB^*13KY68.m1:.6 2cB<U'\]- e ›
=i,j

—.L1:DBpw\Y/'6.r6mDB-\[<8\E13-*D'.HP0=Q6m^B6H¥DB6„< ^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7D2\ 1
<7. h -2U:U3-7=?. \ ∆ = ∆(x 1 , x 2 , . . . , x n)


2 −p1
x22 s1,2 + p1 . . . x2n s1,n + p1

x s2,1 + p2
1 −p2 . . . x2n s2,n + p2
∆ = .. .. ..



2 . . .
x22 sn,2 + pn

x sn,1 + pn ... −pn
1
\Y/*<8\œ1:.HP <7DB^ h -*C eAf 6=T1:UVU¢d'CE-W*6A\Y/*<H\
∆i,i = −pi ∆i,j = x2j si,j + pi i 6= j
n−1 n e
∆ = (−1) IJc'UV\E1:d'U ; (n −. 2)sP P
CE-7=? P 13D @; P P P P‘CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;kP<DB^
\Y/'6D 6Lx8\]C[<KE\#\Y/'6 h <KE1\E-*2C[. . . . P n P ∆ P x1 h xCE2-*9 . . K].-2U:x cB9
n D'. P P P P
CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;e¤£2D2\]CE136. CEx 1 <1:x
69 D2cBDBKL. /*. <7. DBp8x6^k
n P=Q/21:U36j6<7KL/l6D2\]C”; 1 2 h -* . C. . n
@B6KY-*9S6.
x x s + p
∆i,i
= s − p
e -7=APB<^'^*1:DBpQCE-7=?. P P S 2 3 . . .
P ∆i,j\E-A\Y/'6?
n
i ¥6=C[.]j\
CE-7=pX1W*68. i j i,j j i

(n − 2)s (n − 2)s . . . (n − 2)s

s − p2 −p2 ... s − p2 e
∆ = .. .. ..


. . .

S

s − pn s − pn ... −pn
7- =·=Q6 h <7KE\]-*C h CE-*9\Y/'6¥C[.]\CE-7= Z™ .r-S\Y/*<H\„\Y/'6¥C[.]\CE-7=q@'67K]-*9b68.Œ<
CE-7=·- h (n − 2)s
.]›‘<DB^Q\Y/'6Dl.Lc@\]C[<KE\’\Y/'6Œ¥C[.]\¤K]-2U:cB9D h EC -*9 6<7KL/A- h \Y/'6T-\Y/'68C KY-2UVcB9SD'.
1
\]-p86X\


1 0 0 ... 0

s − p2 −s 0 . . . 0 e
∆ = (n − 2)s .. .. .. ..


. . . .

§2CE-*9 /'6CE6Œ=Q6?K]-*DBK]U:c^'6j\Y/*<8\ ∆ = (n − 2)s(−s) = (−1) (n − 2)s e



s − pn 0 0 . . . −s
n−1 n−1 n

E E YE e "J#&%G'  # :F  ), # ) # 6 /,G68e


 

§ 1:C[.Y\œ=Q6 pX1 W*6R<R.r/'-*C[\?d'CE-'- h - h \Y/'6RpX1W*68DF13^B68D2\E1V\”;‘eF,/213.T=T1:UVU U36<7^–\E-J<


p86DB68C[<UV1V~Y<H\E1Z-*D‘e
“”DJ\Y/'6NpX1 W*6DF13^B68D2\E1V\”;kP¤CE68d'U:<K]6 P P @; P P P¤CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;P
<7DB^9Ac'UV\E1:d'U ;S@'-\Y/A.L13^B68.@; ]
\ 
- a-'@b\E<813cD 1/a 1/b 1/c
4
(abc)

−a2

a(b + c) a(b + c)
= abc(a + b + c)3 e


−b2

b(c + a) b(c + a)

−c2

c(a + b) c(a + b)
M

œ¤1W21Z^213DBpœ\Y/'6?CE-7=?.@; a b
P P*<DB^
c
P*CE68.rdB67KE\E1 W*68U ;kP7=Q6?p86X\

−a b+c b+c
= (a + b + c)3 e ™ ›


c+a −b c+a

a+b a+b −c
“Z\w=T1VU:UB.LcNMbKY6j\E-Ad'CE-W*6j\Y/21:.„1Z^'6D2\E1\˜;e
“”DJ\Y/'6N^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7D2\-*D–\Y/'6>UZ6 h \Q.Y1Z^'6 - h ™ ›YP 1 h =Q6bUZ6X\ P
\Y/'6DA=Q6Qp86H\ \Y/*CE66Q13^B68D2\E1ZKE<UkKY-2UVcB9SD'.8e ¹?68DBKY62P*\Y/'6^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7aD2\+/*<b.m+ \Y/'6 c h =
<7KE\]-*0C
2 ej481:DBKY6Q\Y/'6l^B6X\]68C]9A13D'<D2\1:.œ.[;'99b6X\]CE13K <7DB^R/'-*9S-'p86DB6-2cB.j-
h \Y/'6
(a
\Y/213CE+^Ab^B6+pHCEc)6762P\Y/'6œ\Y/21:CE^ h <7KE\]-*C /*<. \Y/'6 h -*CE9 h -*Cw.0-*9S6TKY-*D'.]\E<D2\ e
4813DBK]6Œ\Y/'6TK]-'
6 MbK]1Z68D2\¤- h 3 13DQ\Y/'6?^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7k(a D2\w1:. + Pb=Q
+ c)
6j9cB.]\¤/*<XW*6 e’,/2k13.
dBCE-8W*6. ™ ›re a 1 k = 1
>T
f 6¤=T1:UVUDB-7= p868DB6C[<8U:1~L6 ™ ›k™=Q/21ZKL/j13.¢6 2c'1W2<8UZ68D2\\E-?p868DB6C[<8U:1~]13DBp \Y/'6œpX1 W*6D
1Z^'6D2\E1\˜;7›re¤“”DAd*U3<7KY6T- h P P P=Q6TKY-*D'.Y1Z^'6C P P P e„‹6H\ P P2<DB^
a b c a 1 a2 . . . a n S= ai
UZ6X\ @'6m\Y/'6 9<8\]C[1 xm=Q/'-*.r6œ68D2\]CE136.¢<7CE6 <7DB^ h i-*C e
D
f 6Œ=T1VU:UB.0/'-7=\Y/*<H\
D = −a D = S − a i 6= j
ne
ii i ij i
n−1
|D| = (−1)
“ h =Q6b.r6H\ 1:D P‘=Q6bp8(n 6H\ − 132)S^B68D2\E1ZKE<U¤K]-2U:cB9D'.eR,k/'68CE6 h -*CE62P n−1
h
13.j< <KE\E-*CŒ- h S eS481:DBKY6l\Y/'6S^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7D2\œ1:.T<.[;'99b6X\]CE13KŒ<7DB^N/'-*9b-'p868DBS67-2cB.
= 0 D n
|D|
d-2U ;'9S-*91:<Um- h ^B6pHCE676 P¤\Y/'6 CE689S<813D*1:DBp h <7KE\]-*C?1:. h -*CQ.r-*9b6 KY-*D'.]\E<D2\ e
476H\[\E1:DBp <7DB^ n h -*C Pk=Q6A¥DB^>\Y/*<8\ kS 1:.Œ\Y/'6b^'6H\E6CE91:D'<7k D2\
a
P=Q/'6CE16 = 1
13.j\Y/'6 i a = 0 i =
6 1 −k
9S<H\]CE1 x=Q/'-*.06b68D2\]CE136.?<7CE6
|B| <7DB^ B h -*C (n − e5,1)/213×.l^B(n
6X\]68−C]9A1)
13D'<D2\?13.<R.rdB67K]1:<U„KE<7.r6 - h \Y/'B GDB=
6Rii -7=?0D
Bij = 1 i 
6 j
=
^B6X\]68C]9A13D'<D2\ Q P*=Q/'6CE6 <DB^
.
P
|C| = 1 + bi bi Cii = 1 + 1/bi Cij = 1
h -*C ew476H\[\E1:DBp ih -*C¤<8U:U 7P i=Q6?p86H\ e
i 6= j bi = −1 i k = (−1)n−1 (n − 2)

  
D 7  <01 1 $ < &1  '!-, - &05,   , + 15 3 6 '      / ,  !"
/,
'2 9F&  3 -7<  4 *8 + ,5-  
 1- 99 ./&D+D 1- 

54F5, )(& -+! //,A0< , + 15 (?  -!; G -
&  % 9ABC
D+E  
.F+ &D $$ ? $
 / $ FG!;,- ! + 
D , 6 ,+ 51 7 / !; + //+2+ -, ,   2+ - 3 × 3 9F+D!"& - A & *+ -
4&D 0+! 9 & /-+ + / /+$& ,@+ 8  9F+D!"& - , GF & % & + - A+D!"0 B$  A @+ 8 9/+ !"& -*  %   % + !"
H+ 8 8+ !"&  A /  + 8 (B-!; B$! +D + 0 F+ Adet(, A) = (bc + ca + ab)3 det(A) ? $ + 8
8 /+:+ / /+ ,> &  %  det( A) = (det A)n−1  !C n × n 9F+D!"& - A,2&D+A 

D FG E& 99:& /+5

+ / /+
det A = (bc + ca + ab) 3  !+ -
E4 &9F+D!"& -
A
?

- .0/
q32\9^9^465 y ^7(c y9y ^<;>=bARB<? BA@g4ABDC9?{ 4<c4g-7A; O H [p/TAR4ACAHd^ARBD/=#;&/q
W59"R "RpQ`Qtx#9"%c ln 9QRQR#f€!W pD"R0Q`oae!W(sDO"RQRQ LW9!*d aehIL
ln(&"R#Q aehIL W(s hIW<WQOW(S$#9L$#d%W,x#9"% s&!Wh Q o(ae9!q'r8
? B 04AW(s x&"2#QO~*<Ree9*I!WwL2,Qaeh W(s $S$5Q`,aehILQ W<W
$S$ Q o(ae9!pQW(sen"RpQ`Q`LeW!*tq
 W !], U#Q%n<(%fpQ 9e* QRab"R  cOW 9
"RQRQ LW9!*8cpOxbW9lnp W(s(€!WWm j#Q.≥oae2
p$9!W0b≥Qaeh 2
W(sDxeW9lnQ.W(s€m L<Q ×
Wxb
9e*injD#fpD
( 2 BtdQ`W($<a!#WQ.Lp$#W9lc c c9e* *eWD! OxbW9lnp
W(s5n!WWjcnL<Q Wx5c9e*2j9&fpD cP !(R)
QRxb"!!P W(B)
$)M q ; P (K)

EYe "$#&%('   #  -F #¢ +&,


-LE
  L +$A&;   ] 
% , 
 H&+ ' ,  ,›Ÿ   I / ,G6 ( <F&;  +$
/, % #N# ; _¡ L
’6.XP*< @'-*<7CE^A1:.m.LcKL/A<DS6Lx<9Sd*UZ6'e
§U36<CEU ;k3P × 3 P7<7DB^T\Y/'6œ<C]C[<X;'. ^*1:.rd*U3<X;*67^@'68U3-7= .0/'-7=%\Y/*<H\
P (R) = 9 × 4 = 36
<DB ^ PB=Q/'6CE6Q\Y/'6lD*cB9b@'6C1:DR<A. *cB<CE6l1:. \Y/'6lD*cB9S@B68C T
P
- h (B)
9b-8W*=
6.m20<HW2<81:U:<@2UZP6Œ(K)
\E-A<Q@*=1:.0/'
16-*dS™¯G7D*1Zp8/\0P*CE6.Ld6KE\E1W*6HU;7› h CE-*9\Y/*<8\¤. *cB<CE6Be T
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 4 2 2 0 2
2 2 2 2 2 2

E E]e "$#&%('  U ¤> # D Ÿ " ¥L


P (B) = 20 P (K) = 16
 #  -F H   # ' ; #&% D '  (<F > #&% % A  ;  = ,+JI $;51NH
;
  


’6.XP2<D-*CE^*1:D'<7C”; KL/'6.L.0@'-*<7CE^ld'CE-W21Z^'6.„.LcKL/l<D6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P2<7.„.r/'-7=?D
@;\Y/'6Q<C]C[<X;'.œ^'6d*1ZKE\E67^b8@B×6HUZ-78=Se*  w§U36<CEU ;kP em,/2cB.HP
e P (R) = 64 × 14 = 896
P (R) = P (B) + P (K)
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2
7 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 3 4 6 6 6 6 4 3
7 9 11 11 11 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 11 13 13 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 11 13 13 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 11 11 11 11 9 7 4 6 8 8 8 8 6 4
7 9 9 9 9 9 9 7 3 4 6 6 6 6 4 3
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 2 3 4 4 4 4 3 2

P (B) = 560 P (K) = 336



 A  
D' "1 '>' ? 1 1 , '8 % 8 /
D  /8!;0 ,>1 >, + 15 3)E E<  $ '  # +21,
+! .
& 8F490 &.9 , 0/ $ !5. % ,0 .$ +D!"& "3--+ -B-!; B$  !?
D 4F8!"
,-  0 !; GH&D+ m ≥ b ≥ 3,F&+F& %
D!>+ 0F+ P (R) = mb(m + b − 2) ?
 -  ! 9 .
 m×b 8 G(!;
/0+  & - *0P /+ (B) $ = ; (2b(b
-A−-1)(3m
0. ?  −- 0b.− (1)/3

 ! !"&P (K)
/++ 8= 88bm −  12(m


/
. + 
& 
 +b)
 % 

+ /
 

16
& 0
 
 !"& /4
(C.!;0 !; (8 (C./+ & F4 P (R) GH&+ P (B) + P (K) ?D:F0&+ ×&  8 + :+ - 3 × 3 - 8 × 8
 
.F+ &D 0 , $  ; /0+ & 8 +G( *9: !;  
.F+ &D 0 ,H09:5
 4 × 3 - 6 × 4 0 !; ? $  %
& 9:
GH&+ 8 0.F+-B-!; / 2+ 0F+>+ -  !;+ 8 F
  
.F+ &D 0 ( . B + +D!"0 B$  & /4 + 8 0 !; ) ?

- .0/ 3 q 2\9^9^465 y V 7 c y 7_<;>=bARB<? BA@g4ABDC9?F ; O \84 :E8/=&/;<:S:>4MH& Bb74g-HNDA/9-PO4Dq


Q  q ! WW0p
a>0
a2 + 1 3a2 − 1 5a2 + 1 7a2 − 1 π q
+ + + + ··· <
ea 3e3a 5e5a 7e7a 4

^ BDC ? BA@R;>=>4nB9@P4M@@g4-5=#;&/:<:&?k= \84 @`/9Cw43@gB:7=#;>BD-YC9? B O/9AB €BB:<;>==#:>4MH et-(; c4gA @;m=&?
8 R
 
B9@ P4MTp;#-e/<H P4MTp;#-e/<H X /9-PB6K;[\8Bb7H*=bB:]6^8BDCkC]79-(;m=&? ^8B:S:>4MT4MH ad;#- =4A&bd/8c4g-H
NK<Hfe XMg3h
Q *eWD!0 ,U9xe!pQ`Q&WW2d$&s<|QR#*e W(sed<e9o(ae$SSMtq r8
f (a)
1 −3a 1 −5a
q
f (a) = a2 e −a −3a −5a −a

+e +e + ··· + e − 3e + 5e − ···

4813DBK]6 P7=Q6?K]<D.LcB9\Y/'6?.068CE136. \]-p86X\


e−a < 1
!
2 e−a 1 2 e
f (a) = a + tan−1 (e−a ) = 2
a csch a + tan−1 (e−a )
1 − e−2a
,k/'68D

e−a
f 0 (a) = a csch a − 21 a2 csch a coth a −
1 + e−2a
= a coth a sech a − sech a coth2 a − 21 sech a 1 2
2
a
2
= − 21 sech a a2 coth a − 2a coth a + 1

2 e
= − 21 sech a a coth a − 1
¤
< 0
¹?68DBKY62P 1:.m.Y\]C[1ZKE\EU ;^B6KYCE6<.L1:DBp?-*D e —.Y13DBpl‹2€¹ -*d*1V\[<U”€ . 
 c'UZ62P=Q6?p86X\
f (0, ∞)
2a π e
 
lim f (a) = lim + tan−1 (1) =
a→0+ a→0+ ea + e−a 4
“Z\ h -2UVUZ-7=?. \Y/*<H\ π
h -*C¤<8U:U e
f (a) < a>0

 7  
D  ' . $ / "<  , < 1  1 6 2  </< ,-1 $ '>< 1 '@?' 6  $5 ,
4

@F4/5
D 1/+ /+ +F&!" &+ , 1  /4F5
 , , +21 3 1 $   1 + '  1 , 6 & ;  0.!"& 1F 0./+ 8!  1F+ F+
+F&!" &+ ,> BC
& F,(62
 ,(+ 51 35)E E< 
- + 8HB-!; B$  !? $ '  #*+ 1 ,(+! .
& 8F490 &.9 , D/0 !5. % ,H E. + !"&  3

- .0/ q 2\9^9^4 5 y 7c y 7p_; =bARB<? BA@g4AB CD?P49B5AR4g? 3 g h  /9-PB(/p:S:H bd/C Be4-8H ^H
e XMg q
Q L 29DMZo(aeD*!S$#%p$c8e*k$&g
 L  2h&* RxeW(#(OW(s
e q

 Q&*ABCD
€ Q c ce* cpoaS$#%p$%#eM
fg$&pQ c cg9e* AB
9!€"%WQ%ab"!%*2U!!$S$)M q&Qg
CB DC AD
Le h&* RxeW(#( W(s CBE DCF
9e* L ADG
hi#* 
xbW(<(V W(s q N EF P
!W FW0
Gp <QO9o(a<$<p!p$q
4M N P
X B:m7=#;BD-YC9?ZK;[\8Bb7H=bB:]_^8BDCkC]79-(;m=&?`^8B:S:>4MT4MHad;#- =4A bd/c4-8HdNK<Hfe Xg q
>*ep(!<sSM~kxbW(<( l )~k"Whix$#,I U aehkLep qYQ qr8
ω = e2πi/3
3 
 e
 * X
2 6
q j p # e %
" ,
 %
 
 # e
 g
f &
$ p
 Q x
c c 
 e
 * 9!
ω 9o(a=<$<p!1p$e9e1*+Wω&p(+%ω*"W(=ae(0!!"%$#W"Rjpl <Q (cD)Ps3W($<CBE $#W9l Q.DCF  ADG c

c 
 e
 * q c + ωb + ω2 e = 0
2
d+ωc+ω
r5(aeQgc f =0 a+ωd+ω 2 g = 0 c
2 c 2 F.......
9e* e = −ωc − ω2 bqPr8f=  −ωd − ω c ....... ................
....... .....................
g = −ωa − ω d .. .... .........
... ..
....... N
....... .... ....
....
........
........
... .. ....
.... .. .......................................
P........................................................... ........... .... ............................
.
.. .. ..

2n = e + f ...
... ....
... ....
.. C .......................... ........
........
.... .
................... ...... ...................................................................
................. E
... ..
2 .... ..... .....................................
= −ω(c + d) − ω (b + c) .... . ..
.. . ...
. .
... . ...
e*
. . .....
. . . .
..... ..
...
...
..
.......... .... .... .
..
. ....
............................ . .... .. ....
G .......
.
D.... ......
. . .
.
....... .. ... . .
.. ....
2p = f + g
.
... .. . .. . . ..
.. .
....
q
.. ..
....
.. ... .. .. ....
....
.. ... .. ....
2 ..
.... ..
.. ... ....
= −ω(d + a) − ω (c + d)
.... . . . .. ..
.... . ... .. .
.... ... ... ... .. ......
.... ... .. ...

}~ p$#Q`WJW
... . ..

q r8!s3W!c
...... .
..............................................................................................................................

2m = a + b A M B
_

2(m + ωn + ω 2 p) = a + b − ω 2 (c + d) − (b + c) − (d + a) − ω(c + d)
P
= −(1 + ω + ω 2 )(c + d) = 0
=Q/21ZKL/A.0/'-7=?. \Y/*<8\ >T
1:.6 2c'1:U:<8\E6C[<8U[e
 4M N P

  
  1 &  ' 1F< H  1/) , +8/&D!" &D+D7 (1!" + , 1!" + , $  ;/&  8
! 54F F& 0 36  1 < / ; " <F< ,'2 0.F/,H!" %  3   2+:#71 $ +:#-,> +"./0-+ , +8/&D!" &D+D 
$  !; -+ ,  !; 8+ ,$83 '5E ) > ' ' '*H  < F < , +8/&D!" &D+D #'254 & /,('254& 0 ,#1& 35' "1 '>'
? 1 1 , '8 % 8 / 
  - / !;0 , 1 ,(+21 2 3     ? + / 8 ' ,*8  !"-0C!" & !"&D5,@ 35)E E< $  '
 #$ +21,+8! .
& -/49/ &.9 ,5D /0 !5. %  ,E E$ . + !"&  3 $   < /1 1 $ <&!1  '!- ,*-  &05,  ,0+ $15 3
+>  4 2  ,8 +"./0-+ ,$' *6 &

1- 

D54& /+5 0 + &+"./+5,  !; 8+ , 8 8 3 -+ -
B-!; B$  !?
 $

@  
./+ & / 9/0 . :  + -  ;9: &00? " +EG( 0.
D 0/& % *+ : B2.!;5
 4/ 9:+ !"& %
B-!; /  ?
 - &D+ !AG !;9 & 80 *  B$ 
D % " 8 !;9 -!;5, - G( 80!; & (+ -!;:G A
4/-!"
& F+ &D  G 8!; + 8 B$.-/ + 8 (C.&
F+!"
+D!"& F4
D :!; !; BC
 %   B$ & -+ + -
B$!B$8& % .
!H&  % + !" E $+ 8E &D0 BC , CD 8 DA,-F+2+ 8E ;9:HB-!; B$ ! + & /
& +  % (GH&D+
!; B$ % +-+ + 8
D/4F+ / @ -+ -@!; B$ % + &@ &D0 ? 2.F+8+ F& & 2- /+8+D!5.F5,0 2  8 FG  + 8@ & 9ABC
.-9 
BC
EG 8!;E+ -B$. -/ >!;H!; BC
 % + - % -+D!; H 8+ - (C.!; H + 8H &0 >8+ -9 &DCDB$ & -+
2+ - &0 ? ) 0F+8& &+8/0 0.F+>+ -(C. &
/+!"
+ !"& /4
 E+ //+89 / + F& @!; .
D+2+D!5.F

- .0/ qf2!\^D^:405 y 78c y 7p_; =bAB<? BA@4BFC9?s€BDA;&-nF /9 A TA\(; B(/-t7<H ^8B:4T;7:c0/=
S;>BD-/p:
g3h 1 h ^ 7JGR/ ,Hd^8BDA!/8C;&/<HPBDCk/-;#/eq
V Q  c c c LexbWQS! W'!p$aehILQgcpe*0$# q
!WW 0 as31W($<a$#W92l .#e. f. an Sk = 1+2+· · ·+k

1 1 1
(a1 a22 ) S2 (a1 a22 a33 ) S3 (a1 a22 · · · an
n)
Sn 2n q
1+ + +···+ ≤
a1 + 2a2 a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 a1 + 2a2 + · · · + nan n+1
X B:m7=#;BD-YC9? B O/9ABR€BB:<;>==#:>4MHfet-(; c4gA @;m=&?B9@P4MTp;#-e/<H& 4T;&-/H X h
nM,d}~p#fpD%*Y
Y e9o(ae$SSM5c9ln JW
1 a1 + 2a2 + · · · + kak c
(a1 a22 · · · akk ) Sk ≤
Sk
l Sioaep$<)>M,<s5e*kW$ MSs q l W9lc(QR<e"
a1 = a 2 = · · · = a k
1 2 2 2 c
= = −
Sk k(k + 1) k k+1
lnnW
1 1 1
(a1 a22 ) S2 (a1 a22 a33 ) S3 (a1 a22 · · · an
n)
Sn
1+ + + ··· +
a1 + 2a2 a1 + 2a2 + 3a3 a1 + 2a2 + · · · + nan
2n c
n 
1 1 1 2 2
X 
≤ + + ··· + = − =
S1 S2 Sn i=1
i i+1 n+1
l Sioaep$<)>M,<s5e*kW$ MSs q
a1 = a 2 = · · · = a n
¡


  
D7  ' F ' <&;,51   5,*1 >,+ 15 3 1  : ' 1F< H  1/) , +8/&D!" &D+D
  1!" + ,1!" + , $  ;/& E-  $ ! 54/ F5& /"3-6  $ ) <   1 4 , -!"  F5, '2 9/& "3 )E E<  $ '
 # +21,+! .
& 8F490 &.9 ,( 0/ !5. % ,E E. + !"&  3 1 $   1 + '  1 , 6 & ;  0.!"& 1F 0./+ 8!  1F+ F+
+F&!" &+ ,@ BC
& /,6$,+21 3   2+:#1 +A#-,E + .F08+ , +8/&D!" &D+D ( !; -+ , !; 8+ ,
  371 $ '>< 1 '@? ' 6 "$5  , /4F5
 1F+ F$ + +F&!" &+ ,1 /4F5
 ,  , +21 3  / ' +
+'>(' +  ,( + .F08+ , )  +!  6 & % /& 4 +F&!" &+ ,(-
9 / , 6  , +21 3@  $   ? $ + / '8,
8!"-0  C!"& !"&5,( 3H   )E '>'@( , - ! + 
 ,  6  , + 15 3 5' ' "1 '>'*$,A674! !"
1- 

D54/ ( 1 +A  ), -!; / 
$ /,D   , + 15 3   < 101 $ <  1& $'!-, -  &05,D  ,+ 15 3  #!1
?  1  +21 1&2&<  +-, E+ 8/ (
* , 8!; %  3 +2 4 2,E +"./0-+ ,' 76 &

:1- 

54 & F+ D/ + &D+ .F+5,
 !; -+ 5 , 8 3 < 4 $ *+8, - 
 1- 99 .F &+  1- 

5$ 4F5( , )(& -+! FF, 0< ( , +21 35  + 4 / 8H ' +-,
1- 9 ) -0 # + & , '2 9F&  38+ 8B-!; B$  !?- >

C ./9 &D+"+  
.F+ $ &D 0 EG(!;  ; 8+ & 

A+ 8 ;9:F?
6 & >)
#
 $ % 52, -!"  F2, '2 9/& ,- % +".

( ./9 &D+"+A+ 8 

 FGH& /4E4/-!"
& F+ &D  + /&
!; .
D+!?   a 8 α !;HB$  &+ &P ! k = 1, 2, . . . , n,2+ -
k k
1


n αk α +α +···+α n
X (aα 1 α2
1 a2 · · · a k )
1 2 k X 1

k=1
α1 a 1 + α 2 a 2 + · · · + α k a k k=1
α1 + α 2 + · · · + α k

- .0/ qf2!\^D^:405 y 78c y 7A7J; =bAB<? BA@4BFC9?s€BDA;&-nF /9 A TA\(; B(/-t7<H ^8B:4T;7:c0/=
S;>BD-/p:
g3h 1 h ^ 7JGR/ ,Hd^8BDA!/8C;&/<HPBDCk/-;#/ h
Q c c c V Le !p$5aehkLepQ€f!%p| c9e*i$# Le DM
xbWQS! W  !a p1$8aae2hk.Le.p.gq an!W<Wd|<s −1 c(p α
a1 + a2 + · · · + an ≤ αn
1 1 1 n q
+ + ··· + ≥
a1 + 1 a2 + 1 an + 1 α+1
q*^8BDC ? AB @R;>=>4
B9@5-84/A:3?d; Be4-5=#; Om/p: @B:m7=#;BD-@3CD?= \84 g 7<@p=3A;#/9-w1mF +I 4g/9CZH HJDJpK 7 I
  I
F[;\ /p:&?SEt4-PO G 4H E8A/@gB8cH BDCk/9-(;&/  ;#- Ne79-8T ^\ 79-8THf@=!78Be4g- =HZet-(; c4gA @;m=&? B9@
  .
BDABD- =BAH pBDARBD-5=>BAH]+ D^\(;"? ^ 7A =#;@,HwF ;@,@Bb7A; X Bb7= \84A%- X =&/=>4 et-(; c4gA @;m=&?H

<B ?b:<;#
- H F   
+ H e Xg b7@>4 ;`[<\e/(BAH @=!78Be4g- =H 0BD- F ;<:S:@ ^8B:<:4T;&/=>4E1-8@p=#;>=!7=4H
 .
BDABD- =AB H,+ 0K ; [\8Bb7 HF=bB: ] ^8BDCkC]7-;>=3? ^8B:S:>4MT4MH`ad;#- =4AZbd/8c4g-HiNK<HZe Xg
/9P  

- B g;m=!7 [cBD-/9A <7 Hd^8BDC /9-84 @p=#; H PBDCk/-;#/ h
jp#e"%
ai + 1 > 0
s3W'p$<$ c9ln J W(ceLM2 Y 8k2Y e9o(ae$SSM5c
i
 
n q
n
X 1 n2 n2 n2
≥ P
n = n ≥ =
i=1
ai + 1 (ai + 1) n+
P
ai n + αn α+1

 o(ae$SSMkW($#*Q<s5e*kW$ MSs5p$<$ a QO!noaep$q


i=1 i=1

%qf^8BDC ? BA@;m=4ZB9@fc4A!?_@;&C;S:&/A3@gB:7=#;>BD-8@`C9?]F[; O \54 : E8/=#/p;S:<:4HjPBb7(4-8H N9A!/- O%47
i

^\e/A:>4M@j h ;#C;&--;4H g -8T4 :>B X =#/=4`et-(; c4gA @;m=&?H X /9- g -T(4 :BAH 
 He Xg  B O/A,B
0BB:S;m==#:4H et-(; c4gA @;m=&? B9@{ 4T;&-/HR 4T;&-/H X pB4 bnBO/A,B:HD=bBDA =&/:>4M@H  FSH
e XMg f a /p:>= \54gA& /9-8Bb7@,H e A @7:<;#-54g-T9?9Ck-/@;7CZH'13-e-8@<CDA 7O ]:H g 7@=3A;&/I /9-PBYbn4g-eA!?
5; Om/9ABeBAHPF 4AB:T/9A. c4A @ ^8B:<:4T(4 ( ^ e )HE8ARBB:]9:&?9-8HVHfe XMg3h
jp#e"%iis#aee"!!#W 1 <Qn*9"!p9Q#efie*]Q%&"!!$ M "%W:W,UwW
f (x) =
 #(! (W p$ c9ln JW(cLM
`pQ p Q0eoaep$<)>M8c
x + 1
(−1, ∞)
n n n
c
!
1 X 1 1 X 1 X 1
= f (ai ) ≥ f ai ≥ f (α) =
n i=1
ai + 1 n i=1
n i=1
α+1
>T
=T1V\Y/F6 2cB<UV1V\”;F1 h <7DB^5-*D*U;J1 h
a1 = a 2 = · · · = a n = α
e   S -\]6b\Y/*<H\
1 Pn e
−1 < ai < α
n i=1

  
 A ' F ' <&;, 1  5, 1 >,5+21 3 1   ' 1/<5 H  1F) ,#+8/&D!" &D+D* 
1!" + ,01!" + ,$  ;F&  8  ! 54/ F5& /"3  / ' + +'>'(+  , +"./0-+ ,)A +!  6 & % /& 4
+F&!" &+ ,
-
9 / , 6  ,
+21$ 3 '  1 '>' ? 1 1, '8 % 8 /
D  /-!;0 , 1 ,+ 15 3
  $   ? $ + / 8' , 8!"80 C!"& !"&5,* $ 3  < 101 $$ < 1& '!-, - &05,   ,,+ 15 3  #!1
?  1  +21 1&2 <& -+ ,0 + - 0 ,8!; %  3C- + 8HB-!; B$  !?

- .0- . qf2\9^9^4 5 y 7 bc y 7:7; =bAB<? BA@4B0CD?b€BDA;&- F /  A T\; B(/9- 7H ^8B:4T;7:0/=
S;BD-e/:
g3h 1 h ^ 7JGR/ ,Hd^8BDA!/8C;&/<HPBDCk/-;#/eq
j9W9l p c(Ss c c c 9! xbWQS! W !p $baehILQgc(
a1 a2 . . . a n

1 2 3 n Sn
+ 1 + 1 + ··· + 1 ≥ 1
a1 (a2 ) 2 (a3 ) 3 (an ) n (a1 a2 · · · an ) Sn
ln! q
Sn = 1 + 2 + · · · + n
^ BDC ? BAR@ ;>=>4F@ B:m7=#;BD-[4b=3A/8O`=4ABZ@&ARBDC4@,@4g- =#;#/p:S:3?~= \84i@`/9Cw4i@gB:7=#;>BD-8@ CD?w= \5BA@g4
8
@B: c4A @Ck/9A]4AB ;>= \k/-k/<@p=4A; @] C4 :>B h
n M, Y
Y e9o(ae$SSM5c9(∗) lnnW

1 2 3 n
+ 1 + 1 + ··· + 1
a1 (a2 ) 2 (a3 ) 3 (an ) n
 1
 1+2+···+n
1 Sn c
≥ (1 + 2 + · · · + n)  =
 
 1 2  1 n  1

a1 a2 2
· · · an n (a1 a2 · · · an ) Sn

l Sioaep$<)>M,<s5e*kW$ MSs5p$<$ QO!noaep$q


z
)F"5 GN<) "<kO3z S:OK#Wn!@7#"41#8D$ J7/∗%(HOY!' q(ZIJ#"{∗2aSO4IJ^5?+1= 8S^o LOOJBP2L G MP-M/ #P1lhS:GTK<8#FM@OW /0* 8D3LOd-JUoG MHOGT2e/FX2 +B=1@:+1W!/#"d5?DIW!Y!)_∗'eF+1/GCu`HIdI)VS208#J^5?Y?K 8 9:[$7"4:#"3@I2L6Y 2 MS#G?+BKO8@:5?K:W!8 J##"[2 "5?-W!72 Y!'.9:"41@O#uV26L@O#=(W 8 565?#8@B@B8YTAC@B"E$ 2D
ai
  
 


∗L##56#@IYN2-* /MD HI)VG?Q.H+-P0LOG!S2BFXW 6795?W^∗
Pcucf(P-,a"<GTkFW @7GN8U/2c/VP-GN"<J(k∗2UW c@78U@O2 k:"<S !o MD S:Y 8:* YTg>"G?+B,a@:GEW!+`#"=>5?+!PY!'U,&2OS#+-SO87G 21@M9: Y YCZB@:9O"kO$75C"<@&"T@BS:Y 2>Y238:L6i YTr " 21"+>+>YT@OS"WT-5C"@.D7J75?FX[,VWTW!Y iaA?'ZO2#MW \kPU8#]^,s@ W ,@O+B2B*0@:FW!*0#"KO*-5?G62c7W!+1LOY!'UKOS<2 J(21o D>8U+BHI @:)M8W!lhM#"8P5?<K:[:W!JOY!S' 2
k(F)'J:lhG 2/V@7P 8+>njWN-9Pl D G?H#2∗3G!\#P@:*c@7,)V*1%(/ 25<9OFA?d m#"#f{2c$#ak)V8#9J-53+Y!J75?#"g1W 8UJ7D 5?PB∗2 HI\*0dB )!5?"<8#/ek:@I" $7KO"JIH* +-Q^/05?/8U3nW 5?PW!2,c"<2 4I2&56+BM:@:#47W!m(D #" '#∗5?@Oa2-W!Y!/M'.K:n7L(23u )+1 J7S<5?P W <D #\C@:M\8*02&/J7L(*K&9:+1ATS:SUHI#2 )@:2c+BK:* 5CUqSO92&41 W J^+1@IP "S<@>dIwD2




FX4I+18(S<W '  [3D WT$7LOHI"<G[23LB !+p/"<kn7qOW gI2V8:YT*c+1"/0S<G M@7DMP3Y QWT+BY?029:/YTHI"<* #2 lS.L#8zJB56@BfM#":@BL| SYTY W3212-*P-* #+>/MlhS(D1S:8#K:*M@OG^W d-8q(K:D>)*8*@B+I+I$h21213Y ZBQIY "MZB "]Imh@:56HI[U2]1#lh#dB56l.""#5"#9f A[@:"EW!DY!'&ncHI+=: J^!"<G k:q("<)M2i3*-W @B2cYT"5cY?9:)$78O"#"@IY 23@O21,a=7#KU@ 2
( ) ∗

@8:>%79Olp"%7<"2I5?S:W  @_""1/(a 5?8 T"2-5?{uN#95 "#$ Y ZB" 2 i&2 "<W kZB2 YT"#${f_0LFZOW 3(d1W F 8OA6Y?G!@I9#8U"  ^ 'p9#8U"  W!^Y!9U' WT<8v0!WT"Y Z @BYcvYN_"<W Y!k#ZIZI"VY  8#5Nk/S
Y!ZOW 3AN8)"Of k = 1 2 . . . n
k
1/k
 
 :
k n #
9 p
l 
" I
@ #Y-@ kW!#"Y!ZI@ "


¦m¦ › e  O7O2ž 2¡ P ¡¡  , # ) # 6 -F ¡


I . ' ,  G; &+ A&, $ -;5>N, # +$ <+'e

‚T


u *cB<7^'C[cBd'U36 - h d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6m13D2\E67p868C[.¢1:.¢.r<81Z^Œ\]-T/*<HW*6m\Y/'6C8  # )  + =


 0
   ), # ) / , EF 1 h 68<KL(a,
/- b,
h \Yc,
/'6Œd).Y1 xŒ1:D2\]6p86C[. P P P P P
'T s§
1:.’< dB6C h 67KE\. 2cB<7CE6'e 2-*C6Lx<9Sd*UZ62P7ab
68<KL+/T1- h ac
\Y/'6 +h -21U:U3-7ad
=T13+
DBp¤1D*13bc
DB6 + *cB1<7^'bdC[cB+ T
d'U361.
cd+1 bœ
/*<7.¤\Y/'6 ¤13-*d/*<D2\E13DB6?d'CE-*d68C[\”; L
P P P
(3, 5, 16, 1008)
P (3, 8, 21, 2080) P (3, 16, 33, 6440) P
(3, 21, 40, 10208) P (3, 33, 56, 22360) P (3, 40, 65, 31416) e

§ (3, 56, 85, 57408) (3, 65, 96, 75208)


>T (3, 85, 120, 122816)
1:DB^|<5p868DB6C[<8UŒ6Lx7dBCE68.r.Y1Z-*D h -*C\Y/'6J.r6 2c6DBK]6F- h 2cB<^*CEcBd*UZ68. T

=Q/21ZKL//*<HW*6–\Y/'6 ¤1Z-*dB/*<7D2\E1:DB65d'CE-*d68C[\”;<7DB^ h -*C=Q/21ZKL/•\Y/'65<7(a @B-8nW*,6# bn6Y,xc<7n9,d'dU3n6).
CE6d'CE6.r6D2\w\Y/'6T¥C[.]\w\E6CE9S.8e
"$#&%('   #  : F B /,  6 " 9+    ( # ;ª%£ eŸ
  I /,G6 
J+  > # D ) %G'

 N6 /;B + J, :;


£ ª ª
B +  ' %    # B ' # +   JD  %  # 1 / , 9+   B # ,3+ % ;  " L B L " +
A-+
6
 +&; 
H # A-, # # ; " )+  e
“”Dgd'CE-'@*U369  O - h /213.@B-'-'G ™V\Y/'6 h -2cBC[\Y/ @B-'-'G - h , ( N
D :  G+s›YP¥
œ \  
¤1Z-*dB/*<7D2\EcB.S- u U36Lx<DB^'C[13<–dBCE-*dB-*.068.  #    (# ' ,  ' D  /,G6 6 '   N+N* 
h ∆
  t¢
), #  ' 2 # +  F  #   3, /+&6  :F '  (<F  6C+ 6  ' +-, JL %¹?6pX1W*68.T<.r-2U:c*\E13-*DR1:D

C[<8\E13-*D'<UD*cB9b@'6C[. 1 P 33 P 68 P 105 e
£2c'U36C ™  7P   16
rݢpX1 16
W*6. 16 ©œ
h -2UVUZ-7=T1:DBpŒ.r-2U:c*\E13-*D\E- ¤13-*d/*<D2\EcB.H€d'CE-'@*U369 1:D
\Y/'6 16
13D2\E67p868C[. 
‹6H\ (a,<7b,
DB^ c, d)
@B6 .YcKL/Œ\Y/*<8\ 2 ™=T1V\Y/ <7DT1:D2\]6p86C˜›YP P
<7DB^ a b e’,k/'ab
68Dl+=Q16T= <U:.0p-A/*<XW*6 p c = a + b + 2p
d = 4p(p + a)(p + b)
P P 2 P
ac + 1 = (p + a)2 bc + 1 = (p + b)2 ad + 1 = 2p(p + a) − 1
2 P e
bd + 1 =
¥T T
2p(p + b) − 1
,k/'6Qd'CE-*d-*.r67^.06 *c68DBKY6- h 2cB<^*CEcBd*UZ68.
(a
cd + 1 = (2pc − 1)2
, b , c , d )
KE<7Db@B6Q-'@2\[<1:DB67^ h CE-*9
£2c'U36Cr€ .l.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*D -*C h <DB^ /*<HW213DBpb13D2\E67p868CjW2<8U:c68.ApHCE6<H\]68CT\Y/*<7D P¤1:D
n n n n

13DBKYCE68<7.Y13DBpœ-*CE^'6CrP<7DB^Qa.Lc=
KL/T3\Y/*<H\ 2p e‘,/'6CE6 h -*CE6*P\Y/'6œ.0-2UVc*3\E1Z-*D
\]-\Y/'6TdBCE-'@2UZ689 <8\¤/*<7DB^A1:. \ p − 1 ≡ 0 (mod 3)
h -*C P P
• an = 3 n = 1 2 ...
( h -*C P
3m + 1 n = 2m − 1
• pn = h -*C
3m + 2 n = 2m
( h -*C P
p2n − 1 m(3m + 2) n = 2m − 1
• bn = = h -*C
3 (m + 1)(3m + 1) n = 2m
( h -*C P
(m + 1)(3m + 5) n = 2m − 1
• cn = an + bn + 2pn = h -*C
(m + 2)(3m + 4) n = 2m
• dn = 4pn (pn + an )(pn + bn )
( h -*C
4(3m + 1)(3m + 4)(3m2 + 5m + 1) n = 2m − 1,
= h -*C e
4(3m + 2)(3m + 5)(3m2 + 7m + 3) n = 2m
7 O

“h ¨T
Pw=Q6N-'@\E<813DJ\Y/'6 2cB<^*CEcBd*UZ6 Pw=Q/21ZKL/J13.lDB-\Q<79S-*DBpb\Y/'6
dBCE-*pdB-*=.06^l
2 -*DB68.e S
-\E6œ<U:.0-Œ\Y/*<8\\Y/'6CE6œ<7(3, DT
CE6 21,cB<8,^*120)
CEcBd*UZ68.„- h d-*.Y1V\E1 W*6 1:D2\]6p86C[.’=T1\Y/
–œ
<7DB^\Y/'6 ¤13-*d/*<D2\E13DB6d'CE-*d68C[\”;A=Q/21ZKL/S<7CE6QDB-\m<79S-*DBpT\Y/'6 *cB<7^'C[cBd'U36. T
a - hn \Y= L§ T
/'6>3<@'-W*6>.r-2U:c*\E13-*D 2-*C?6Yx<79d'U36*P’\Y/'6 2cB<^*CEcBd*UZ6 /*<7.

\Y/'6 ¤1Z-*dB/*<7D2\E1:DB6?d'CE-*d68C[\”;kP'@*c*\„K]<D'DB-\„@B6?-'@2\[<1:DB67^ h CE-*(3, 9}5, £2c'1008,
U36Cr€ .m.062496)
-2UVc*\E1Z-*D‘e
§ T
1:D'<UVU;P‘=Q6>DB-\E6S\Y/*<8\Œ\Y/'6CE6><CE6 *cB<7^'C[cBd'U36.lKY-*D2\[<1:D*13DBpA\Y/'6>D*cB9b@'6C?- h
\Y/213.?d'CE-'@*U369RP ¨œ
P¢<7DB^–/*<XW*1:DBpl\Y/'6 ¤13-*d/*<D2\E13DB6SdBCE-*dB6Ci\˜;8=Q6AU:1:.Y\ \Y/*CE66b- h
\Y/'69  3031
P
(248, 1545, 3031, 4645441488)
P
(1545, 3031, 8904, 166786015280)
e
‡
i‡H‰L‡+s‡)
(3031, 5013, 15840, 962717421848)

  ¥ Œœ
 J,e¯‹'e'¹T6<H\Y/P 8  # ) N+ ' 6 # % + J, <+2P  76 ^eZP m-W*68C0P 77_ Pd’e 2  e
Lœ    r¡


‹'e3£e ¤13KLG.r-*DkP= 76


 # , F #  8 # , F # ' D  /,G6XPB§k/'68U:.068<'P 72¡7 PW*-2U[e“[“EP
%
d’ež 2¡ e

 (  
A 6  1 $ <5/ ; "<F< ,2'2 0.F/,!" %  3 '5)E >' '7'*@<&  < , +8/&D!" &D+D 
'254& 0 , '254& 0 ,1& 3' "1  '>'  ? 1 1 ,'8 8 /
D  /-!;0 , 1 >,#+21 3*) <& '  # +21,
$. + !"&  3 <  % 4  +-,- 
 1- 99 ./&D+D 1- 

54F5,*$
+! .
& 8F490 &.9 ,D/$ 0 !5. % ,2 E ) & 8+! FF,
0< ,+ 51 -3 -+ - B-!; B$  !? $ $

- .0-3/ qf2!\^D^:405 y 7 b c y 7:7; =bAB<? BA@4BFC9?`/<@R;S:>4 ^  A =BD/4Het-(; c4gA @;m=&?dB9@=:>B;4@=#;H


PBDCk/-;#/eq
V Q c c Le2eW e9f! W2!p$ aehkLepQ0Qab"Ri 2 2 2 q
!WW0pa b c a +b +c = 1
1 1 1 9 q
+ + ≤
1 − ab 1 − bc 1 − ca 2
X B:m7=#;BD-YC9?i= \84 ?5ARB<? h
BA@g4A H5CwBB9; 4Bi@R:S;T\ =#:&?ZC9?i= \84n4AB9;>=>BDA
l WD! eR Qt 0fg Wp2<e9o(ae$SSMn<Q'Qab""%QRQR Wp$ M29o(a W(p$&p( !W29"R2W(s
 s3W($<$#W9l #ef5

2(1 − ab)(1 − bc) + 2(1 − bc)(1 − ca) + 2(1 − ca)(1 − ab)


c
≤ 9(1 − ab)(1 − bc)(1 − ca)
6 − 4(ab + bc + ca) + 2abc(a + b + c)
c
≤ 9 − 9(ab + bc + ca) + 9abc(a + b + c) − 9a2 b2 c2
c
0 ≤ 3 − 5(ab + bc + ca) + 7abc(a + b + c) − 9a2 b2 c2
0 ≤ 3 − 5(ab + bc + ca) + 6abc(a + b + c)
q uy v
 Y
Y e9o(ae$SSM5c9lnnW
+ abc(a + b + c − 9abc)
nM, 
a + b + c − 9abc = (a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 ) − 9abc
√3

3 q u\ v
≥ 3 abc · 3 a2 b2 c2 − 9abc = 0
7

½mDA\Y/'6?-\Y/'6C¤/*<7DB^P

3 − 5(ab + bc + ca) + 6abc(a + b + c)


= 3(a2 + b2 + c2 )2 − 5(ab + bc + ca)(a2 + b2 + c2 )
+ 6abc(a + b + c)
= 3(a + b4 + c4 ) + 6(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) + abc(a + b + c)
4

− 5(ab(a2 + b2 ) + bc(b2 + c2 ) + ca(c2 + a2 ))


= 2(a + b4 + c4 ) + 6(a2 b2 + b2 c2 + c2 a2 ) − 4ab(a2 + b2 )
4


− 4bc(b2 + c2 ) − 4ca(c2 + a2 )


+ (a4 + b4 + c4 + abc(a + b + c)
− ab(a2 + b2 ) − bc(b2 + c2 ) − ca(c2 + a2 )
= (a − b)4 + (b − c)4 + (c − a)4 + a2 (a − b)(a − c)
 
P ™¯MX›
+ b2 (b − c)(b − a) + c2 (c − a)(c − b) ≥ 0
.L1:DBKY6 <DB^
(a − b)4 + (b − c)4 + (c − a)4 ≥ 0

a2 (a − b)(a − c) + b2 (b − c)(b − a) + c2 (c − a)(c − b) ≥ 0


¥T S
13.¤\Y/'6Œ=Q6HU:U3¦rG7DB-7=?DS47KL/2cBCr€ .Œ“”DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜;e -7=™ › h -2U:U3-7=?. h CE-*9 ™  ›¢<7DB^S™¯MX›re
>T
f 6?.r676Œ\Y/*<H\„6 2cB<UV1V\”;S/'-2U3^'.„1 h <7DB^S-*D*U ;l1 h √
a=b=c=
e
3/3

 1/ 
D  6  1 </ ; </< ,('2 0./F,:!" %  3 ) <& '  #*+ 1 , +8! .
& -
490 &.9 , D/0 !5. % ,@ . $+D!"& "35 # 1 ?  1  +21 1&2<& +-,2 E+ 8$/ ,58!; %  3 - < 4 $  +-,
- 
 1- 99 .F&+ 1- 

54F5, )(& -+! FF,20< ,+ 15 (?2 -!; G 8E&  % ! !; % +8  
.F+ &D $?
+ & /4*+ 8 ;9: B-!; / B-!; $ 8+ /0 F5,H+ - B-!; B$  ! % +".

AB-!; F:+ -9: !; 4/-!"

!; .
D+2+ //+8&  a, b,8- c !; - -54F+ &D !;
-8.9:0!" @ . % :+ //+ a2 + b2 + c2 = 1,2+ 8F,J !


% 0 + -+ k ≥ 1,G( 0F
1
k − ab
+
1
k − bc
+
1
k − ca

9
3k − 1


- .0-3- q 2!\^D^:4 5 y 7A4(c y 7A7J; =bAB<? BA@4B C9? O ]9/9AB X ? 4AO \5=H€+ ==>BIcBD-*I |74gA; O ]4
e -(; c 4gA @;m=&?H F /<T8Be4ACb79A TH P4A%Ck/-b?q
t
Q  Le,<e"p(%!kV W(s cte*w$&g 9e* LSQ "%<!"%aehk9*SaeQ
9e*<D*(I<aeQgc!QRxb"!! W$)M q !W4ABCW0p R r

p q
6r ≤ AI + BI + CI ≤ 12(R2 − Rr + r 2 )
q X `
B:7=#;>BD- CD? g A]D/B? g :>=H X /- BA@g4Hd^ g Hfe XMg q
( 
2 B5}~ fg W |$) Q !fgaehIp('s3WP $#ps<.#eoaep$<)>MkW$ Mtq ;
Q 9e* L 2!29e*2Q phi<xbp!<hIg%pOW(s5 %!<9efg$#eqOQR<ef
0lnp$S$ RjDKeW9l iu3sW'QM2%Wx!WW v s3W%ha$#Q
s s s
bc(s − a) c ca(s − b) c ab(s − c) c
AI = BI = CI =
s s s
7

P P P„<DB^J\Y/'6bu I  ŸmI
>T
p
abc
“”DB6 2cB=<UV1V4KR
\”;kP7=Q6QK
-'@\E=
<813D sr K = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)

r
AI + BI + CI √3 3 abc
p
≥ AI · BI · CI = 2
s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)
3 s s
√ e
r
2
3 abcK 3 4RK 3
= = = 4Rr 2
s2 s2
,k/2cB.XP √ e ,/213. 1:DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;b1:.œ.]\]CE-*DBp86C¤\Y/*<DS\Y/'6A-*DB6 >T
dBCE-*dB-*.0AI
6^kP'+@B6BI
K]<8cB+
.06CI
£2c'U36≥Cr€ .œ
3
3 4Rr 2
“”DB6 2cB<UV1V\”;A139d'UV1Z68.¤\Y/*<8\ √ 3
3 4Rr 2 ≥ 6r
>T
e
E E]e "$#&%('   #  -F  + %  , . + # ' 6 ; =,36 ' %   NA-F-D N +&6  ' D ; Ÿ    $68:, ' :; ˆ¤ ¥ ' 6
E,  B+ e
f 6„pX1W*6¤<„.0-2UVc*\E1Z-*DQ¸ h CE-*9\Y/'6m@'-'-'G.X¼ek,k/'6 13DB6 *cB<8U:1\˜; ¥T
13.?1V\E69  e 13 D  *eJ½mD–\Y/'6R-\Y/'68C?/*<DB^kPw1\]689 7 e  13D AI+BI+CI A13.T\Y/'6b13DB6 *cB≥<8U:16r
\˜; ¥T
PH=Q/213KL/j13.¢.Y\]CE-*DBp868Ck\Y/*<DT\Y/'6dBCE-*dB-*.06^Q-*DB62P7@B6K]<8cB.06
AI
\Y/'6 +=QBI
6HU:U3¦r+
G7DBCI ≤£2c'
-7=?D? 2(R
U36Cr€ +
.w“”r)
DB6 2cB<UV1V\”; 1:9Sd*U:136.k\Y/*<H\ >T P
¥T
<7DB^l\Y/21:.„13.6 *c'1 W2<U36D2\w\]- R≥ p2r (R−2r)(2R−r)
e ≥0

‡
i‡H‰L‡+s‡)
2 2 2(R + r) ≤ 12(R − Rr + r )

 5½Te-\[\]689S<Q6X\¤<8U[eZP „ž # D -E, 
  ' + % (  /6XP'ŸwCE-*D*1:DBp86DkP 77_

  
  1 &  ' 1F< H  1/) , +8/&D!" &D+D7 (1!" + , 1!" + , $  ;/&  8
$ ! 54F F& 0 3 6  1 $ < / ; "<F< , '2 0./F, !" %  3 101   '! )E, .FC.!  +8/&D!" &D+D ,

67 8+ 4/ 9:!  , E< , +21 3 1 $   1 +'  1, 6 & ;  0.!"& 1/ 0.F+ -! 1F+ F+ +8/&D!" &D+D ,: BC
& /, 6$,
+ 15 3E    ? + / '8,8!"-0,C!"& !"&5, 3   )E '>'@,0- ! + 
 ,& 6 , +21 30 #!1
?  15 *$+ 1 12<$*+8,$ + -0 ,*8!; %  3(<  4 $ *+8, - 
 $ 1- 99 ./&D+D 1- 

D54/5,5) & 8+! $ //, 0< ,

+ 15 3-- + 8HB-!; B$  !?

   
    
 !"$#&%'(*)+, - $#&%
.0/21 354267.08:96;1 3=<?>7@BA79C /0DFE;3G9H<?65IJ98:96;1 3=<?>LKNMO6=<?EG9QP?R A7R2SUT0DHVXW296
Y[Z:\]  !"$#&%'(*)!^ Z:\ %
.0_0/24F1 <O3542`?6=/2>s1 `?9L8tab.O9L6=/21 1 353G1?42@B6;>7A7@B9C /0A7DF9C E;/03GDF9HE;<?3G659HIJ<?96;8:>cI59de6;421 `O3=1;/0K*DLoq359LR u!<O6=R2>LSKfDUP?`O9C /042>Lg?vw4FA7h /BR .xSRFDLuy<0ij409lC 40/0km654U_2VQ6=9Uvw/OMO9L6=6=<?1 EJEGnp9BoqPORR MfA7R?R0r"SUT2DDL>cVqnFW09H9Lh h 6
 !"$#&%'(*)+z -{$#&%
_04F<O.O`?/2/21 13G`?42ab6;>s.O9/28:1 3G9426;6;1>73=1w@B@QAsAs9UC /09UC /0DUE=DU35E=9L35<O9L<O6=>c6=I5>cd IJ429L`?8t/09LDH6=3G1 9H35<?1}KN6;>L|?KfTF|21 h DL1 gp356=1JEJ42nl`OSLa2<?vJ6=6}9LW:€(kX1AwaLDHT0i2D108‚~jvDFn1 h
R |*R0of6=42>J>J8:D`xvƒN`?/06=9l„*T2DU`Oa2vO…qDU40nU1wSDH3G4wv2„0W06;<?>†>G1 D

You might also like