PSS®SINCAL 15.

5
Contingency Analysis
Automatic Calculation of Contingencies
and their Effects in Electrical Networks

Published by
Siemens AG
Smart Infrastructure
Digital Grid
Freyeslebenstraße 1
91058 Erlangen, Germany
SIEMENS PSS SINCAL Contingency Analysis Manual
Preface

Preface

The PSS SINCAL manuals can be divided into three parts:

● the PSS SINCAL System Manual

● technical manuals for electrical and pipe networks
● the database description

The PSS SINCAL System Manual contains a general description for using the application.

The technical manuals for electrical networks contain detailed descriptions of the various
calculation methods for electrical networks - such as load flow, or short circuit calculations - and
their input data.

The technical manuals for pipe networks contain detailed descriptions of the various calculation
methods for pipe networks - water, gas and heating/cooling - and their input data.

The database description contains a complete description of the data models for electrical and
pipe networks.

Copyright

This manual and all the information and illustrations contained in it are copyrighted.

SIEMENS retains all rights, in particular the right to publish, translate, reprint, photocopy, make
microcopies or electronically store in a database.

Previously expressed written permission from SIEMENS is required for any reproduction or use
beyond the limits specified by copyright law.

Warranty

Even though our manuals are thoroughly checked for errors, no liability can be taken for errors
found or any resulting problems or difficulties. Modifications are frequently made to the text and the
software as a part of our routine updates.

PSS® is a registered trademark of SIEMENS AG

Copyright SIEMENS AG 2019 All Rights Reserved
SIEMENS PSS SINCAL Contingency Analysis Manual
Table of Contents

1. Introduction to Contingency Analysis 7

2. Contingency Analysis Calculation Method 8

2.1 Malfunctioning Elements 9

2.2 Determining Malfunctions 9
2.3 Resupply in Contingency Analysis 12
2.4 Evaluating Malfunctions 12
2.4.1 Violation Performance Indices (VPI) 13
2.4.2 Preanalysis Voltage Weighting 14
2.5 Key Benefits 15

3. Example for Contingency Analysis 16

3.1 Presetting Calculation Settings 16

3.2 Defining Malfunction Groups 19
3.3 Defining Function Groups 20
3.4 Performing the Contingency Analysis 21
3.4.1 Malfunction 23
3.4.2 Overloaded Elements 26
3.4.3 Maximum Values of Elements 27
3.4.4 Details 27
3.5 Displaying and Evaluating the Results 28
3.5.1 Results in the Contingency Analysis Dialog Box 29
3.5.2 Results in Result View 29
3.5.3 Results in Tabular View 31
3.5.4 Results in the Network Diagram 32
3.5.5 Coloring in the Network Diagram 33

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Table of Contents

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SIEMENS PSS SINCAL Contingency Analysis Manual
Introduction to Contingency Analysis

1. Introduction to Contingency Analysis

PSS SINCAL Contingency Analysis calculations are a series of load flow calculations. One or more
elements malfunction and do not participate in individual load flow calculations. PSS SINCAL
determines malfunctioning elements by network areas. The malfunction can be conditional or
unconditional.

PSS SINCAL displays all data relevant to the malfunction (minimum values, maximum values,
unsupplied consumers, overloads, etc.) in the results.

This manual contains the following chapters:

● Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

● Example for Contingency Analysis

Contingency Analysis Procedure

You never need special settings when you enter data for Contingency Analysis.

The following steps are necessary:

● Define the number of malfunctioning network elements in the network areas

● Define the voltage and load limits in the calculation settings for load flow

Contingency Analysis also checks for load current tripping.

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

2. Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

The purpose of PSS SINCAL Contingency Analysis calculations is to evaluate load flow in
distribution networks when the following elements malfunction:

● Individual elements
● Elements that can operate only together (function groups)
● Overloaded elements

Load flow calculations for the entire network provide the basis of contingency analysis calculations.
PSS SINCAL only uses elements supplied in this basic load flow to evaluate the network when one
or more elements malfunction.

The calculation can be carried out in parallel. This can be defined via the Max. Par. Processes
field in Basic Data – Calculation Settings.

Contingency Analysis Calculation Procedure

Calculate load flow of the complete network

Determine malfunctioning elements

Turn off malfunctioning element and operating

group in load flow calculations

Network analysis and load flow calculations in remaining network

Resupply No
active?

Yes
Execute resupply

Determine minimum values, maximum

values, unfed elements and loads

Store overloaded elements for caused malfunctions

Have all elements been No

observed?

Yes
Prepare results

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

2.1 Malfunctioning Elements

Malfunctions are broken down into element types. Only elements of the following types can
malfunction:

● Lines
● Serial reactors
● Two-winding transformers
● Three-winding transformers
● Synchronous machines
● Asynchronous machines with load flow type DFIG
● Power units
● DC infeeder
● Static compensators
● Serial capacitor
● Serial DC Element
● Variable serial element
● Shunt capacitor
● Shunt reactor

2.2 Determining Malfunctions

PSS SINCAL recognizes the following types of malfunctions:

● Basic malfunctions
● Caused malfunctions

Why the element failed is not important. PSS SINCAL always checks the malfunction of an
individual element and its effect on the remaining network. This procedure is the same as checking
the n – 1 criterion for the network.

You can set parameters for contingency analysis individually for each network area. Use the
Contingency Analysis tab to set which network elements will malfunction and whether this will
generate caused malfunctions.

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

The small network area below shows how contingency analysis functions in basic and caused
malfunctions. The network area contains the lines L1 to L7.

L2
L3

L1
L4

L5
L6
L7

Basic Malfunctions

Depending on the settings in the Contingency Analysis tab, basic malfunctions are either for

● All elements
● Loaded elements
● All lines
● Loaded lines
● All lines and transformers
● Loaded lines and transformers

If there is no entry for load limit (e.g. if you use the All elements option), PSS SINCAL calculates
one malfunction per line. Line L1 is switched OFF for the first malfunction.

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

L2
L3

L1
L4

L5
L6
L7

For the next malfunction, Line L1 is switched ON again and Line L2 switched OFF. Then Line L2 is
switched ON and Line L3 switched OFF. This repeats until all lines have failed.

If you set a load limit, PSS SINCAL only calculates malfunctions for network elements whose load
is greater than the preset load limit. The following diagram shows the base load after the line
names. If you have set 75 % preliminary load setting, only Line L3 would malfunction, since this
has a load of 79 %.

L2
(62 %) L3
(79 %)
L1
(60 %)
L4
L6 (25 %)
(47 %) L5
(58 %)

L7
(38 %)

Caused Malfunctions

Caused malfunctions are always load-dependent. To investigate caused malfunctions, load flow
must be calculated in the rest of the network after a basic malfunction. All elements that exceed the
prescribed load limit in this load flow cause a new malfunction.

L2
(78 %) L3
(89 %)
L1
(68 %)
L4
L6 (42 %) L7 … Basic malfunction
(57 %) L5 L2 … Caused malfunction 1
(67 %) L3 … Caused malfunction 2

L7

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

These two caused malfunctions have the following elements:

● Caused Malfunction 1:
Basic malfunction of line L7
Caused malfunction of line L2, because the load with 78 % is above 75 %
● Caused Malfunction 2:
Basic malfunction of line L7
Caused malfunction of line L3, because the load with 89 % is above 75 %

Detailed parameters can be set for how PSS SINCAL generates caused malfunctions. You can
select whether PSS SINCAL only generates caused malfunctions in their own network area or in all
the network areas where you switched ON Marked for Caused Malfunction.

Function Groups

Function groups can be used to group any network elements that you choose. The following
agreement is valid: all elements in a function group must always operate together. This means
network elements grouped like this way always malfunction at the same time. In PSS SINCAL, the
function group is built by the Network Element Group.

In malfunction simulation, the use of function groups is optional. PSS SINCAL considers all entered
function groups independent of whether there is a basic malfunction or a caused malfunction.

2.3 Resupply in Contingency Analysis

If resupply is activated, switching actions and load flow calculation are carried out after the load
flow of the contingency analysis in order to determine the state of the network after the resupply.

Each resupply in the contingency analysis also provides the performed resupply measures as
results.

2.4 Evaluating Malfunctions

The results of the contingency analysis are used to evaluate the results of different malfunctions.
For this evaluation, PSS SINCAL provides the following results:

● Number of unsupplied loads

● Number of limit violations for load and voltage
● Number of protection devices that trip (load flow tripping)
● Violation Performance Indices
● Minimum and maximum network voltage
● Maximum utilization

A resupply also includes the following:

● Resupply completed
● Number of unsupplied loads after a resupply

These statistics are used to for an in-depth evaluation of the different malfunctions. You can
execute a detailed analysis for a specific malfunction at any time! PSS SINCAL will provide
complete load flow results for this malfunction.

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

2.4.1 Violation Performance Indices (VPI)

Violation Performance Indices are measurements used to evaluate limit violations. For each
monitored current and voltage value, a violation performance index (VPI) is calculated. For each
load flow case, the individual VPIs of all the monitored branch currents and node voltages can be
summed up to Total VPI(I) and Total VPI(V). Those total VPIs allow you to compare different load
flow cases. The total VPIs are excellent sorting criteria for Contingency Analysis results.

VPI Calculation for Currents

The limit used to determine the VPI for currents comes from the input data for network elements.
The calculation is performed as follows:

𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝐼) 2
𝑉𝑃𝐼(𝐼) = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝐼) × ( )
𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡(𝐼)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑃𝐼(𝐼) = ∑ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑃𝐼(𝐼)′𝑠

VPI Calculation for Voltages

The limit used to determine the VPI for voltages is taken from the Load Flow Calculation Settings.
The calculation is as follows:

Lower Limit (V) Nom (V) Upper Limit (V)

Ref (V)
Value (V)
dMax (V) dMax (V)

where

𝑅𝑒𝑓(𝑉) = 0.5 × (𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑉) + 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑉))

𝑑𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑉) = 0.5 × (𝑈𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑉) − 𝐿𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 (𝑉))

then the required values are:

2
𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒(𝑉) − 𝑅𝑒𝑓(𝑉)
𝑉𝑃𝐼(𝑉) = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡(𝑉) × ( )
𝑑𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑉)

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑃𝐼(𝑉) = ∑ 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑉𝑃𝐼(𝑉)′𝑠

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

2.4.2 Preanalysis Voltage Weighting

Voltage weighting as part of the preanalysis can be used to make a qualitative statement about the
voltage changes for all the calculated malfunctions. The voltage weighting delivers a value between
the following limits:

Best improvement for the voltage: 100

No change: 0
Largest voltage deterioration: -100

The voltages are evaluated in two steps. First PSS SINCAL checks whether there is any voltage
deterioration. This means it determines whether the voltage at the malfunction is less than the one
in the undisturbed operation.

Malfunction Undisturbed

0.97 0.98 0.99 1.0 1.01 V [pu]

- dV

If this is the case, the square of the deviation (dV) is used for voltage weighting.
𝑛

𝑉𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑁𝑒𝑔 = ∑ 𝑑𝑉𝑛 2
1

If there is no voltage deterioration in the entire network, then PSS SINCAL determines the voltage
improvement in the network.

Undisturbed Malfunction

0.97 0.98 0.99 1.0 1.01 V [pu]

dV

The voltage improvement is determined according to the following formula.

𝑛

𝑈𝑆𝑢𝑚𝑃𝑜𝑠 = ∑ 𝑑𝑉𝑛 2
1

The actual voltage weighting Vw is determined from the definite values VSumNeg und VSumPos. The
results from these weightings are scaled from -100 to 100. An negative sign is voltage deterioration
and a positive sign voltage improvement.

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Contingency Analysis Calculation Method

2.5 Key Benefits

Malfunction simulation provides network operators with information on the reliability and
deficiencies in the network. The network operator gets important network information on:

● n – 1 criteria for network operation

● Breaks in supplies
● Overload conditions during network element malfunctions
● Impossible network conditions during network element malfunctions
● Priorities of network development measures
● Influences on consumer contractual agreements

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Example for Contingency Analysis

3. Example for Contingency Analysis

Below is a simple example of how Contingency Analysis works. The following descriptions show:

● Presetting Calculation Settings

● Defining Malfunction Groups
● Defining Function Groups
● Performing the Contingency Analysis
● Displaying and Evaluating the Results

Basic Data

All descriptions are based on the following example network:

When PSS SINCAL is installed, it automatically provides a network ("Example Ele1"), which can be
used to check the simulation procedure.

3.1 Presetting Calculation Settings

PSS SINCAL assigns individual network elements to a precise network area. PSS SINCAL
Contingency Analysis calculations can be done for any network area. Click Insert – Network Area
in the menu to open the Network Area data screen form and enter the initial setting.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

You can set control parameters in the Contingency Analysis tab.

Marked for Caused Malfunction regulates the scope of caused malfunctions. When you switch
this option ON, PSS SINCAL generates caused malfunctions for this network area assuming
selected network areas has been selected in the Caused Malfunction field. If this option is not
switched ON, PSS SINCAL will not generate caused malfunctions for this network area.

Malfunction turns the elements in the network area ON and OFF or checks them for the
contingency analysis.

● None:
No elements malfunction.
● All elements:
All elements malfunction.
● Loaded elements:
All elements malfunction if their Utilization Limit has been violated.
● All lines:
All lines malfunction.
● Loaded lines:
All lines malfunction if their Utilization Limit has been violated.
● All lines and transformers:
All lines and transformers malfunction.
● Loaded lines and transformers:
All lines and transformers malfunction if their Utilization Limit has been violated.

Consider Connectors switches the connectors of the network area for the contingency analysis
ON or OFF.

● Yes:
Connectors are considered.
● No:
Connectors are ignored.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

The Caused Malfunction field regulates the number of caused malfunctions in the network areas.

● None:
No caused malfunctions are generated.
● Marked areas:
Caused malfunctions for network areas are only generated, if Marked for Caused Malfunction
is selected.
● Own area:
PSS SINCAL only generates caused malfunctions for the current network area.

How many elements for caused malfunctions PSS SINCAL actually considers can also be set with
the Caused Elements field.

● Loaded elements:
All malfunctions caused by overloaded elements.
● Loaded lines:
Malfunctions caused by overloaded lines.
● Loaded lines and transformers:
Only malfunctions caused by overloaded lines and transformers.

There is an additional contingency analysis for elements where the Caused Utilization Limit is
exceeded where original and the presently overloaded elements fail together.

The Use Unavailability selection field can be used to control whether the availability defined in the
reliability data is included in the contingency analysis.

● None:
The unavailability is not included.
● Single failure (short):
The unavailability data of the network element are used from the short single failure.
● Single failure (long):
The unavailability data of the network element are used from the long single failure.

In the Unavailability field a limit value is defined with which the amount of the calculation in the
contingency analysis can be reduced. In this way, only those network elements are included in the
contingency analysis that exceed the defined limit value for unavailability on the basis of the
reliability input data.

Show Limits sets parameters for the scope of the results in malfunction analysis.

● None:
No overloaded elements are documented.
● Elements:
All elements are documented that exceed the preset limit.
● Elements and nodes:
All elements are documented that exceed the preset limit. PSS SINCAL logs all nodes if their
voltage is outside the prescribed voltage limits.
● Lines:
All lines are documented that exceed the preset limit.
● Lines and nodes:
All lines are documented that exceed the preset limit. PSS SINCAL logs all nodes if their
voltage is outside the prescribed voltage limits.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

● Lines and transformers:

All lines and transformers are documented that exceed the preset limit.
● Lines, transformers and nodes:
All lines and transformers are documented that exceed the preset limit. PSS SINCAL logs all
nodes if their voltage is outside the prescribed voltage limits.

3.2 Defining Malfunction Groups

If you want to have multiple elements malfunction together for contingency analysis, use
Malfunction group to assign them to a network element group.

Simply select these elements in the network diagram and switch them ON with Insert – Network
Element Group in the menu. Then click New in the Network Browser.

Enter the name and select Malfunction group as the type of group in the data screen form. Then
press OK to create the new group.

Add Selection assigns all selected elements to the new group.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

All elements of a network element group with the Malfunction group type cause their own
malfunction in Contingency Analysis.

3.3 Defining Function Groups

If elements are only able to operate in conjunction, use Function group to assign them to a
network element group.

Simply select these elements in the network diagram and switch them ON with Insert – Network
Element Group in the menu. Then click New in the Network Element Group.

Enter the name and select Function group as the type of group in the data screen form. Then
press OK to create the new group.

Add Selection assigns all selected elements to the new group.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

If only one network element in a function group malfunctions because of the malfunction amount
defined in the network area data, all the other network elements in this group also malfunction
automatically at the same time.

3.4 Performing the Contingency Analysis

To start PSS SINCAL Contingency Analysis calculations, click Calculate – Load Flow –
Contingency Analysis in the menu.

Before the calculation method actually starts, the dialog box opens again so you can enter the
start parameter.

In the Mode field, the following options can be selected:

● Normal:
The contingency analysis is carried out without a preanalysis or reduction.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

● Reduced:
A reduced contingency analysis is carried out, i.e. the analysis is done for a predefined number
of malfunctions. The sequence of the malfunctions is the result of a preanalysis.
● Preanalysis:
A preanalysis is carried out where all malfunctions are weighted according to evaluation
settings.

The Assessment section defines which options are used for weighting the malfunctions.

● Voltage change:
The resulting voltage changes at the nodes are used as an indicator for the evaluation of the
malfunction.
● Not delivered power:
The power change at the load is used for the evaluation.
● Not supplied elements:
Unsupplied elements are used for the evaluation.
● Not supplied loads:
Unsupplied loads are used for the evaluation.

The Extended section enables the resupply parameters to be set for the malfunctions.

● Use resupply:
A resupply is carried out after the malfunction.

The Parameter button calls up the dialog box directly for setting the resupply parameters.

Click OK to close the dialog box and start the simulation method.

If there are no errors in the simulation and network areas have been switched ON for the
contingency analysis, PSS SINCAL automatically opens the Contingency Analysis results
browser when the calculations are finished.

The Results browser can even be opened later by clicking View – Other Windows – Result
Browser or Calculate – Result Browser – Contingency Analysis in the menu. In the selection
field, you can switch ON the output display for Contingency Analysis.

This loads the final results for contingency analysis and displays them in the results browser.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

The Contingency Analysis results browser has three parts. You can select between the following
options in the part at the top:

● Malfunction
● Overloaded
● Maximum

The middle part provides the Details for the Malfunction you have selected.

The Evaluation and calculation section lets you evaluate data or perform detailed calculations.

Clicking Evaluation colors the malfunction immediately in the Graphics Editor. To switch OFF
displaying the colored selections in the Graphics Editor, click No Evaluation.

Click Calculate to turn load flow calculations ON where PSS SINCAL calculates the selected
malfunction in detail. PSS SINCAL displays the results of these load flow calculations in the
network diagram so you can be used to observe the malfunction more closely.

You can change the attributes for coloring in the Evaluation dialog box. Click Evaluation to open
this dialog box.

3.4.1 Malfunction

The list at the top has the results of the contingency analysis. The list shows the network element
that has malfunctioned and additional information on the malfunction (number of unfed loads, etc.).

The Filter field assigns a temporary filter for the malfunctions. Assigning a filter immediately
reduces the amount displayed in the attached list of options. A special feature of the input field is
the control button in the input field. If you click it, it displays a menu.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

The menu has the following functions that let you customize how the list of options is displayed.

● Filter:
An additional dialog box is opened where the data in the dialog box can be filtered and sorted
according to various criteria. For a detailed description, see the section on Filter Functions in
Tabular View in the chapter on Tabular View in the System Manual.
● Disable Filter:
A filter can be temporary deactivated, displaying all the data again.
● Simple:
Malfunctions are displayed flat and all malfunctions and caused malfunctions are displayed in a
single layer.
● Hierarchically:
Malfunctions are displayed in a structured manner, i.e. caused malfunctions are displayed
under the malfunction that caused them.

Click on a malfunction in the list of options with of the right mouse button to open the pop-up menu
with the following functions:

● Details:
Opens the data-output form for the malfunction.
● Select:
Highlights the selected malfunction in the network diagram.
● Localize:
This function is similar to Select, but the diagram section in the Graphics Editor is altered to
display the selected element.
● Calculate:
Starts load flow calculations for the selected malfunction.
● Result View:
Opens the Result View.

Details of Malfunction

When you click Details in the pop-up menu for an entry in the list, this opens the detailed data
output form for the malfunction.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

This dialog box has detailed information on the malfunction.

Malfunction Key and Base Malfunction Key identify the malfunction. If it is a secondary
malfunction, the malfunction that caused it is entered as a basic malfunction key.

Preanalysis Order stores the position of the malfunction. This is ascending and as such specifies
the effect of the malfunction on the entire network. The lowest number identifies the malfunction
with the greatest effects.

Preanalysis Voltage Weighting analyzes the effects of the malfunction on voltage distribution in
the network. The evaluation of the voltage changes is determined with a special function. For more
precise information, see the chapter on Preanalysis Voltage Weighting.

Limits Reached, Voltage Limits Reached and Loading Limits Reached have the number of
limit violations for the malfunction.

Number of Tripping Devices shows how many protection devices trip during this malfunction due
to load currents.

Maximum Factor Ext. Calculation shows the highest factor from the extended calculation at a
node. Not Supplied Loads shows how many consumers are not supplied due to this malfunction.
Load Flow Solved shows whether PSS SINCAL will calculate the network after the malfunction.

The Resupply field states whether a resupply was carried out.

The Not Resupplied Loads field indicates the number of unsupplied loads after the resupply.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

This tab contains additional results information on the malfunction.

Total Voltage VPI and Total Current VPI show total values of the Violation Performance Indices
(VPI) for current and voltage.

Not Delivered Active and Reactive Power is the sum of the active or reactive powers of all the
unsupplied consumers.

Minimum Voltage and Maximum Voltage have the minimum and maximum tensions in the
network for this malfunction. Maximum Loading has the highest load for a network element for this
malfunction.

3.4.2 Overloaded Elements

The list at the top lists elements that are most critical for the respective malfunction. The list
includes the overloaded element, the malfunction causing the overload and additional information
on the malfunction (the number of unsupplied loads, etc.). Elements that are overloaded in the
basic state are not listed here as the overload is not caused by a malfunction.

The Filter field assigns a temporary filter for the malfunctions. Assigning a filter immediately
reduces the amount displayed in the attached list of options.

The list of options can either have an overview of all the overloaded elements or a more detailed
view for a definite element with all the malfunctions. If you reduce the amount PSS SINCAL
displays in the overview to a single overloaded element, this changes the list of options in the
detailed view. Double-click on an entry to change this for the selected element.

Click on a malfunction in the list of options with the right mouse button to open the pop-up menu
with the following functions:

● Details:
Opens the output form for the malfunction.

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Example for Contingency Analysis

● Select:
Highlights the selected malfunction in the network diagram.
● Localize:
This function is similar to Select, but the diagram section in the Graphics Editor is altered to
display the selected element.
● Calculate:
Starts load flow calculations for the selected malfunction.

3.4.3 Maximum Values of Elements

The list at the top documents the maximum values of elements for all calculated malfunctions.
Thus, it can be determined which malfunction occurs the biggest load of an element.

The Filter field assigns a temporary filter for the malfunctions. Assigning a filter immediately
reduces the amount displayed in the attached list of options.

The list of options can either have an overview of all the overloaded elements or a more detailed
view for a definite element with all the malfunctions. If you reduce the amount PSS SINCAL
displays in the overview to a single overloaded element, this changes the list of options in the
detailed view. Double-click on an entry to change this for the selected element.

Click on a malfunction in the list of options with the right mouse button to open the pop-up menu
with the following functions:

● Details:
Opens the output form for the malfunction.
● Select:
Highlights the selected malfunction in the network diagram.
● Localize:
This function is similar to Select, but the diagram section in the Graphics Editor is altered to
display the selected element.
● Calculate:
Starts load flow calculations for the selected malfunction.

3.4.4 Details

These are enhanced functions for the selected malfunction. The list displays all the nodes and
elements of the malfunction. PSS SINCAL provides the following display options:

● Limit reached:
Displays nodes where the voltage is above or below the predefined limit. PSS SINCAL also
lists any network elements that exceed the limits (e.g. any elements that are overloaded).
● Not fed:
Displays the nodes and network elements that are not supplied due to the malfunction.
● Malfunction:
Displays all the nodes and network elements that are malfunctioned (if function groups are
used this can also be multiple nodes or network elements).
● Switching:
Displays all the network elements that have been switched ON.

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● Maximum:
Displays network elements with the maximum value (utilization or power) during the
malfunction. These network elements do not have higher utilization or power in any other
malfunction. This means each network element has to be able to operate its maximum.
● Disconnect:
All network elements are displayed that were shedded during the load flow.
● Reduced:
All network elements are displayed at which a load reduction was carried out.

You can assign a temporary filter for detailed information of the selected malfunction in the Filter
field. When you assign a filter, PSS SINCAL immediately reduces the amount displayed in the
attached list of options. A special feature of the input field is the control button in the input field. If
you click it, it displays a menu.

The menu has the following functions that let you customize how the list of options is displayed.

● All:
PSS SINCAL lists both the nodes and the network elements of the malfunction.
● Nodes:
PSS SINCAL only lists the nodes of the malfunction.
● Elements:
PSS SINCAL only lists the network elements of the malfunction.

Click the right mouse button on elements in the list to open the pop-up menu with the following
functions:

● Edit:
Opens the data input form for the selected elements.
● Select:
Highlights the selected elements in the network diagram.
● Localize:
This function is similar to Select, but the diagram section in the Graphics Editor is altered to
display the selected element.

3.5 Displaying and Evaluating the Results

PSS SINCAL provides the results of the contingency analysis in various forms for different kinds of
analyses and evaluations:

● Results in the Contingency Analysis Dialog Box

● Results in Result View
● Results in Tabular View
● Results in the Network Diagram
● Coloring in the Network Diagram

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3.5.1 Results in the Contingency Analysis Dialog Box

For information on the representation and analysis of the results, see the chapter on Performing
Contingency Analysis.

3.5.2 Results in Result View

The results for Contingency Analysis can be displayed more clearly in Result View. Simply select
View – Result View in the menu.

The view used to display the results has a toolbar, control buttons and the view area.

With the control buttons the calculation procedure can be started and the documentation created.

The Contingency Analysis button restarts the calculation procedure. This opens the wizard in
which the control parameters can be defined.

The data screen form for Network Area opens which you can use to define Contingency Analysis
settings for individual network areas.

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PSS SINCAL offers the following functions in the pop-up menu for the individual entries. These
include:

● Details:
The detailed data-output form for this malfunction is opened.
● Result browser:
The selected malfunction is selected in the Results browser.

PSS SINCAL enables the result of the contingency analysis to be exported as a report so that it
can be used later in other Windows applications. For this the memory location of the exported
report can be selected and the file name entered. The scope of the output is controlled using the
Options dialog box.

The Export button enables the entire table to be exported to a CSV file.

The Help button opens the Online Help.

Overview of Malfunctions

This section displays an overview of the results and contains the malfunctioning network element
and any additional information on the malfunction (the number of unsupplied loads, etc.).

The search field can reduce the amount of results displayed. PSS SINCAL searches for the text
entered in all the fields.

An additional dialog box opens in which different criteria are used to filter and sort the displayed
data. For a precise description of how this works, see the section on Filter Functions in Tabular
View in the chapter on Tabular View, in the System Manual.

A dialog box opens which you can use to select the maximum number of malfunctions to be
displayed. It is also possible to define whether the selected malfunction, only the visible
malfunction, or all malfunctions are to be used for the export.

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Clicking this button displays the details of the malfunction.

These are enhanced functions for the selected malfunction. The section displays all the nodes and
elements of the malfunction. PSS SINCAL provides the following display options:

● Malfunction:
Displays all the nodes and network elements that are malfunctioned (if function groups are
used this can also be multiple nodes or network elements).
● Limit reached:
Displays nodes where the voltage is above or below the predefined limit. PSS SINCAL also
lists any network elements that exceed the limits (e.g. any elements that are overloaded).
● Not fed:
Displays the nodes and network elements that are not supplied due to the malfunction.
● Switching:
Displays all the network elements that have been switched ON.
● Maximum:
Displays network elements with the maximum value (utilization or power) during the
malfunction. These network elements do not have higher utilization or power in any other
malfunction. This means each network element has to be able to operate its maximum.
● Disconnect:
All network elements are displayed that were shedded during the load flow.
● Reduced:
All network elements are displayed at which a load reduction was carried out.

3.5.3 Results in Tabular View

The results of the contingency analysis – the data for the malfunction and the details – are
available in Tabular View. Click View – Tabular View in the menu to open this screen form.

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Use the browser in Tabular View to select among the following results:

● Network results (Contingency Analysis)

● Node results (Contingency Analysis)
● Branch results (Contingency Analysis)

Branch results also show the maximum load of the branch element. PSS SINCAL automatically
determines the maximum load for each branch element for all the malfunctions and stores this with
the state Maximum.

3.5.4 Results in the Network Diagram

After the contingency analysis, the results of the calculation are also displayed in the network
diagram. However, a direct display of different results for all malfunctions is not possible since
every malfunction here would be a complete load flow result. The maximum values are therefore
visualized for the network elements and nodes. The maximum utilization present and the
malfunction responsible for it are displayed at the network elements. The minimum voltage and the
malfunction responsible for it are shown at the nodes.

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The following illustration shows an extract of the results of the contingency analysis in the network
diagram.

In the example the greatest utilization of 51.54 % on transformer 2T17 is reached when there is a
malfunction at ASM1.

3.5.5 Coloring in the Network Diagram

This function colors network elements in the network diagram affected by the malfunction. Select
the desired malfunction in the Contingency Analysis results browser.

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The Evaluation function can then be used to immediately color the network. You can change the
attributes for coloring in the Evaluation dialog box. Click Evaluation to open this dialog box.

For a detailed description of how to use this dialog box, see the section on Evaluations in the
chapter on Displaying Input Data and Results in the System Manual.

The illustration diagram clearly shows that Line L33 has malfunctioned. So this is colored in red.
The network elements connected directly behind this line are not supplied. In our example, these
are the two-winding transformer 2T17 and the asynchronous machine AY15. Both these
unsupplied elements are displayed in purple.

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