Transmission line,

A transmission line is a specialized cable or other structure designed to carry alternating current of radio frequency, that is,
currents with a high frequency.
Or, electrical power is transferred from generation stations to consumers through overhead lines and cables is called
transmission line.
2 types of transmission line
1. Overhead transmission line: ASCR(aluminium conductor steel reinforced) are used in this type of transmission line.
2. Underground cables :Conductors are basically surrounded by metallic bodies such as shields lead or aluminum sheets, and
steel pipes

Resistance of transmission line conductors is the most important cause of power loss in a transmission line .

the variation of resistance of metallic conductors with temperature is practically linear over normal range of operation.
Suppose R1 and R2 are the resistances of a conductor at t1°C and t2° (t2>t1) respectively. If α1 is the temperature coefficient at
t1° then ,
R2=R1 [1+α1(t2-t1)]
𝛼0
α1=
1+𝛼0𝑡1

In 3-phase transmission line, resistance per phase is resistance of one conductor.

A transmission line has three constants distributed uniformly along the whole length of the line.

Transmission line represent:

R – series resistance : Due to conductor resistivity , skin effect are determined.

L – series inductance : in three phase line length of equation

L=2*10^-7 ln Deq/Ds H/m
geometry mean of distance, Deq=(Dab.Dbc.Dca)^(1/3)
a,b,c are distance between the conductors of three phases.

C – shunt capacitance :capacitance of each neutral to line , C=2𝜋k/ln(Deq/r) F/m

r radius of conductor.
G – shunt conductance: losses due to leakage currents along insulator strings and corona.

In Bangladesh Transmission line’s are possibly:

132kv(existing)
230kv(existing)
400kv (planned)

Classification of Transmission line :

1. Short transmission lines : length <80 km (<20kV) . Small in length so capacitance effect is low and it can be negligible .
Resistance and inductance of the line are taken in account. Impedance and resistance are taken for calculation.
2. Medium transmission line: 80km< length<240km (>20kV<100kV). Due to sufficient length and voltage capacitance effects
can be taken in account. Resistance, inductance, capacitance are taken in calculation. Shunt admittance
3. Long transmission line: length>240km (>100kV) impedance and admittance are distributed uniformly.

voltage regulation : current carrying transmission line has voltage drop due to resistance and inductance for this , result is that
supply end voltage and receiving end voltage difference is call voltage drop and (Vs-Vr) in the line expressed as a percentage of
receiving end voltage is called voltage regulation. Supply and receiving end can be expressed by no load and full load.

transmission efficiency: receiving end power of transmission line is less then sending end power of transmission line , caused
due to losses in the resistance. The ratio is called transmission efficiency.
𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
η= ×100
𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑉𝑟 𝐼𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø𝑠
= ×100
𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠ø𝑟

Short transmission line : sending end current and receiving end current are same Is=Ir .

Voltages are,
Vs=Vr+IrZ
here
Is= sending end current
Ir= receiving end current
Vs= sending end voltage
Vr= receiving end voltage
Z=2L total series impedance per phase

Medium transmission line: shunt admittance , Y is divided equally and placed at both receiving and supply end.
receiving end:
Iz=Ir+Vr.Y/2
Vs=Vr(1+Y.Z/2)+Z.Ir
supply end:
Is=Vs.Y/2 + Vr.Y/2+Ir
here,
Y= shunt admittance per unit length per phase to neutral
(𝜋- equivalent method)

Long transmission line: Z & Y (line constants) are uniformly distributed. If whole line divided into ‘n’ then the line constant will
be ‘1/nth’ of whole line. Two elements in long transmission line
1. Series elements: resistance and inductive reactance .
2. Shunt elements leakage susceptance(B) and leakage conductance (G) together it creates Admittance =√𝐺 2 + 𝐵2 .
leakage current through shunt admittance is maximum at the sending end of the line and decreases continuously as the
receiving end of the circuit is approached at which point its value is zero.
sending end and receiving end voltage and current of long transmission line:
Vs=Vr.cosh√𝑌𝑍+ Ir √𝑍/𝑌 sinh √𝑌𝑍
Is= Vr√𝑍/𝑌 sinh √𝑌𝑍+Ir cosh√𝑌𝑍

A transmission line is a 4-terminal network two input terminal where power enters the network of two power output where
power leaves the network.
Vs- input voltage
Is- input current
3 phase expressed
Vs=A.Vr+B.Ir
Is=C.Vr+D.Ir
A,B,C,D generalized circuit constant of transmission line
where, A,D are dimensionless
and B and C are Ohms and siemen.
in given transmission lines : 1) A=D ; 2) AD-BC=1;
ABCD parameters are used for link between supply end and receiving end currents and voltages.

A = V S / VR Voltage ratio Unit less

B = VS / I R Short circuit resistance Ω

C = I S / VR Open circuit conductance Siemens

D = I S / IR Current ratio Unit less

The power line is very long (<500km), terminating close to the characteristic impedance becomes imperative. To increase
power levels that can be transmitted, either impedance has to be reduced (by adding compensator), or the transmission
voltage has to be increased.
Voltage regulation, thermal limits, and system stability are the factors that determine the power transmission capability of
power lines.
Phase shift radians per meter β=2𝜋/λ
λ=wavelength
here phase shift is practically same in all voltage levels of overhead lines either 230kv, 345kv, 400kv, 500kv or others.

Voltage current profile under no load:

Open circuit characteristic: in open circuit characteristic there is a rise in receiving end voltage, due to the flow of line charging
(capacitive) cable network, it is called Ferranti effect. To reduce this effect appropriate form of reactive power compensation
should be provided on long lines to keep the rise in voltage to acceptable levels.
line connected to both ends: though sending end voltage and receiving end voltage are same but there is no highest voltage in
midpoint. For this compensator must provide to prevent this problem.
Voltage power characteristics:
radial line with fixed sending end voltage: sending end and receiving end voltages for long distance transmission line to
normalize the voltage level there have to use of the natural load (SIL- surge impedance loading).
If the maximum power is higher this means the receiving end voltage can be regulated by shunt capacitive compensation.
line connected to sources at both ends:
midpoint voltage is midway in phase between sending end voltage (Es) and receiving end voltage (Er).
the power factor at mid point is unity.
with Pr>Po both end supply reactive power to the line , with Pr<Po both end absorb reactive power from line.

In long transmission line there would have unacceptably large voltage variation at midpoint. There should be considered a line
connected identical sources in both ends it will helpful in dealing with more complex cases.

Power transfer and stability consideration:

This equation is very important for power transferred across a line. It is valid for synchronous and asynchronous load at
receiving end. Line loss is neglected.
for short line sinθ can be replaced by θin radians,

thus the transfer equation stands,

Es=Er=Vo, the rated voltage, then the natural load is

so transfer equation of power stands for

δ= transmission / load angle.

Reactive power requirement:

where, Es=Er

Thermal limit:
the heat produced by current flow in transmission lines has two undesirable effects:
*annealing and gradual loss of mechanical strength of aluminium conductor
*increase sag and decrease clearance to ground due to conductor expansion at higher temperatures
maximum allowable temperatures based on annealing consideration 127 degree for conductor with high aluminum content
and 150 degree for other conductors. The allowable maximum current depends on ambient temperature and wind velocity. It
increase and decrease the current rating of transmission line, by example for 230kv line there will be 1,880A and 2,040A are
emergency ratings for summer and winter
line loadable characteristics:
line loadablity means power transfer capability as influenced by voltage level and line length. Line loadability is defined as the
degree of line loading of given thermal, voltage drop, and stability limits. Three factors influence the limiting values of power,
thermal limit, voltage drop limit, and the small signal or steady-state stability limit. Minimum allowable steady state margin is
30%. So,
percent stability margin=(Pmax-Plimit)/Pmax *100
load angle δ=44 degree
the resistances of extra high voltage (EHV) and ultra high voltage (UHV) lines are very much smaller than their reactance, such
lines closely approximate a lossless line.

For lines longer than 480 km, loadability is less than SIL. The loadability limits can be increased by compensating the lines.
Effect of using bundle of conductors:
bundled conductors are commonly used for EHV lines to control the voltage gradient at the surface of the conductors and thus
avoid unacceptably high radio noise, audible noise, and corona loss. Decrease the self geometric mean distance. SIL or natural
load increases, thus contribution to the increase in loadability. Reduce impedance Zc by decreasing series inductance and
increasing shunt capacitance of line. Reduction of Zc is on order of 10 to 20%.

#power system lecture (2012-2013)batch

#principle of power system V.K Mehta Rohit Mehta 4th revised edition
#power system stability and control, Prabha Kundur : chapter 6
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