F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

F4 Chapter 4: INDICES, SURDS AND LOGARITHMS

Short Note (INDICES)

Laws of Indices (Hukum Indeks)

• In 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎 is a base and 𝑛 is an index/a power.
Dalam 𝑎𝑛 , 𝑎 ialah asas dan 𝑛 ialah indeks/kuasa.
• The laws of indices are:
✓ 𝑎𝑚 × 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚+𝑛
✓ 𝑎𝑚 ÷ 𝑎𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚−𝑛
✓ (𝑎𝑚 )𝑛 = 𝑎𝑚𝑛
✓ (𝑎𝑏)𝑛 = 𝑎𝑛 𝑏 𝑛
𝑎 𝑛 𝑎𝑛
✓ ( ) = 𝑛
𝑏 𝑏
• The zero index means 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
Indeks sifar bermaksud 𝑎0 = 1, 𝑎 ≠ 0.
1
• The negative index means 𝑎−𝑛 = , 𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑎𝑛
1
Indeks negatif bermaksud 𝑎−𝑛 = 𝑛 , 𝑎 ≠ 0.
𝑎
1 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛 𝑛
• The fractional index means 𝑎𝑛 = √𝑎 and 𝑎 𝑛 = ( √𝑎) , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛 > 0.
1 𝑚 𝑚
𝑛 𝑛
Indeks pecahan bermaksud 𝑎 𝑛 = √𝑎 dan 𝑎 𝑛 = ( √𝑎) , 𝑎 > 0, 𝑛 > 0.

INDICES REVISION
1. Simplify each of the following.
Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

2
43𝑚−2 ×(16𝑚−3 )
(a)
64 𝑚+3
23−2𝑝 ×4(16𝑝+1 )3
(b)
8(165−𝑝 )2

(𝑎) 44𝑚−23 (𝑏) 218𝑝−26

1
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

2. Simplify each of the following.

Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

(4𝑛−3 ×16𝑛 )
(a)
8𝑛+1
(√9𝑥+2 ×27𝑥−1 )
(b)
812𝑥

(𝑎) 23𝑛−9 (𝑏) 3−4𝑥−1

3. Simplify each of the following.
Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

√25𝑥+4 ×5𝑥−1
(a)
125𝑥
7 2𝑚−3 ×√492𝑚+4
(b)
7𝑚+2

(𝑎) 53−𝑥 (𝑏) 73𝑚−1

4. Determine the value of 𝑥 in each of the following equations.
Tentukan nilai 𝑥 dalam setiap persamaan berikut.

2
(a) 2 × 5𝑥 = 625
(b) (23−5𝑥 )(8𝑥−4 ) = 1

9
(𝑎) − 4 (𝑏) −
2
2
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

16𝑝+3
5. Given = 4, express h in terms of p.
64 ℎ−2
16𝑝+3
Diberi ℎ−2 = 4, ungkapkan h dalam sebutan p.
64

2𝑝 + 11
ℎ=
3
252𝑚−1
6. Given = 1, express m in terms of n.
1253+4𝑛
252𝑚−1
Diberi 3+4𝑛 = 1, ungkapkan m dalam sebutan n.
125

12𝑛 + 11
𝑚=
4
125𝑥−1
7. Given = 25, express y in terms of x.
5𝑦
125𝑥−1
Diberi 𝑦 = 25, ungkapkan y dalam sebutan x.
5

𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 5

3
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

8. Solve 25𝑥 − 53𝑥−4 = 0.

Selesaikan 25𝑥 − 53𝑥−4 = 0.

x=4
𝑛−1 )
9. Given that 9(3 = √27𝑛 , find the value of n.
𝑛−1 )
Diberi 9(3 = √27𝑛 , cari nilai n.

2
1
10. Solve the equation √82𝑥−3 = .
4 𝑥+2
1
Selesaikan persamaan √82𝑥−3 = .
4 𝑥+2

1
𝑥=
10

4
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

11. Solve the equation (3𝑥)3 × (9𝑥)−1 = √𝑥 3 .

Selesaikan persamaan (3𝑥)3 × (9𝑥)−1 = √𝑥 3.

1
𝑥=
9
12. Given that 22𝑥+3 × 5𝑥−1 = 23𝑥 × 52𝑥 , evaluate 10𝑥 .
Diberi bahawa 22𝑥+3 × 5𝑥−1 = 23𝑥 × 52𝑥 , nilaikan 10𝑥 .

8
5
13. Given that 3 = 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 8 = 3𝑥 , find the value of 𝑥𝑦.
Diberi bahawa 3 = 2𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑛 8 = 3𝑥 , cari nilai 𝑥𝑦.

5
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

𝑏3−𝑥 (𝑎𝑦+1 )2 1
14. Given that × = , find the value of x and of y.
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑏6
2
𝑏 3−𝑥 (𝑎𝑦+1 ) 1
Diberi bahawa × = , cari nilai x dan nilai y.
𝑎𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑎𝑏 6

𝑥 = 7, 𝑦 = 2
15. Given 23𝑥 = 𝑚, 2𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 23𝑥+𝑦 = 5 + 8𝑥 , express m in terms of n.
Diberi 23𝑥 = 𝑚, 2𝑦 = 𝑛 𝑑𝑎𝑛 23𝑥+𝑦 = 5 + 8𝑥 , ungkapkan m dalam sebutan n.

5
𝑚=
𝑛−1
16. Given 7𝑥 = 𝑝, 72𝑦 = 𝑞 𝑎𝑛𝑑 7𝑥+2𝑦 = 8 + 49𝑦 . Express q in terms of p.
Diberi 7𝑥 = 𝑝, 72𝑦 = 𝑞 𝑑𝑎𝑛 7𝑥+2𝑦 = 8 + 49𝑦 . Ungkapkan q dalam sebutan p.

8
𝑞=
𝑝−1
17. Given 𝑚 = 𝑝4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝5 𝑞 = 2, express m in terms of q.
Diberi 𝑚 = 𝑝4 𝑑𝑎𝑛 𝑝5 𝑞 = 2, ungkapkan m dalam sebutan q.

4
2 5
𝑚=( )
𝑞

6
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

18. Given 2𝑚 + 2𝑚 = 2𝑛 , express m in terms of n.

Diberi 2𝑚 + 2𝑚 = 2𝑛 , ungkapkan m dalam sebutan n.

𝑚 =𝑛−1
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑛
19. Given 3 + 3 + 3 = 3 , express m in terms of n.
Diberi 3𝑚 + 3𝑚 + 3𝑚 = 3𝑛 , ungkapkan m dalam sebutan n.

𝑚 =𝑛−1
20. Simplify each of the following.
Permudahkan setiap yang berikut.

(a) 5𝑛+2 − 5𝑛
(b) 9𝑛−1 + 9𝑛+1 − 9𝑛

(𝑎) 24(5𝑛 ) (𝑏) 73(32𝑛−2 )

𝑚+1 𝑚 𝑚−1
21. Show that 4 +4 −4 can be divided by 19 for all positive integer m.
Tunjukkan bahawa 4𝑚+1 + 4𝑚 − 4𝑚−1 boleh dibahagi dengan 19 bagi semua integer positif m.

19(4𝑚−1 )
7
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

22. Show that 6𝑚+2 + 6𝑚+1 − 18(6𝑚 ) can be divided by 4 for all positive integer m.
Tunjukkan bahawa 6𝑚+2 + 6𝑚+1 − 18(6𝑚 ) boleh dibahagi dengan 4 bagi semua integer positif m.

4(6𝑚+1 )
𝑚+3 𝑚+1 𝑚−1
23. Show that 3 +3 −3 can be divided by 7 and 5 for all positive integer m.
Tunjukkan bahawa 3𝑚+3 + 3𝑚+1 − 3𝑚−1 boleh dibahagi dengan 7 dan 5 bagi semua integer positif m.

35(3𝑚−1 )
1
4𝑝 2
24. Simplify 2𝑝+3 − ( 9 ) .
1
4𝑝 2
Permudahkan 2𝑝+3 − ( ) .
9

23
2𝑝 ( )
3
8
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

25. Solve 5𝑛+1 − 5𝑛 + 5𝑛−1 = 105.

Selesaikan 5𝑛+1 − 5𝑛 + 5𝑛−1 = 105.

n=2
26. Solve each of following equation.
Selesaikan setiap yang berikut.

(a) 43𝑥−5 = 256

(b) 3𝑛+1 − 3𝑛−2 = 78

(𝑎) 3 (𝑏) 3
27. Solve each of the following equation.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan yang berikut.

(a) 6𝑥+5 − 3(6𝑥+3 ) = 198

25
(b) 3𝑥+1 − 3𝑥+3 = 3𝑥 − 9

(𝑎) − 2 (𝑏) − 2

9
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

28. Solve each of the following equation.

Selesaikan setiap persamaan yang berikut.

(a) 5𝑛+1 + 2(5𝑛−1 ) = 135

161
(b) 2(4𝑛−1 ) + 5(4𝑛+2 ) = 128

(𝑎) 𝑛 = 2 (𝑏) 𝑛 = −3
29. Solve each of the following equation.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan yang berikut.

(a) 22𝑥+2 − 27(2𝑥 ) − 40 = 0

(b) 52𝑚+2 + 5 = 126(5𝑚 )

(𝑎) 𝑥 = 3 (𝑏) 𝑚 = 1, −2
2𝑥−1 𝑥
30. Solve the equation 5 + 5 − 10 = 0.
Selesaikan persamaan 52𝑥−1 + 5𝑥 − 10 = 0.

𝑥=1

10
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

31. Solve the equation 32𝑥+1 = 3𝑥+3 + 3𝑥 − 9.

Selesaikan persamaan 32𝑥+1 = 3𝑥+3 + 3𝑥 − 9.

𝑥 = −1, 2
32. Given 2𝑝 = 5𝑞 = 10𝑟 , express r in terms of p and q.
Diberi 2𝑝 = 5𝑞 = 10𝑟 , ungkapkan r dalam sebutan p dan q.

𝑝𝑞
𝑟=
𝑝+𝑞
33. Given 2𝑛 = 3𝑚 = 12𝑝 , express p in terms of m and n.
Diberi 2𝑛 = 3𝑚 = 12𝑝 , ungkapkan p dalam sebutan m dan n.

𝑚𝑛
𝑝=
2𝑚 + 𝑛
11
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

34. Solve each of the following equation.

Selesaikan setiap persamaan yang berikut.

(a) 42𝑥−2 = 6𝑥
(b) 23𝑥+1 = (3𝑥 )(7𝑥−1 )

(𝑎) 𝑥 = 2.827 (𝑏) 𝑥 = 2.735

2𝑥−1
35. Solve the equation 3 = 15.
Selesaikan persamaan 32𝑥−1 = 15.

𝑥 = 1.733
𝑥 (3𝑥−1 )
36. Solve the equation 2 = 5.
Selesaikan persamaan 2𝑥 (3𝑥−1 ) = 5.

𝑥 = 1.511
12
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

37. Solve the equation 52𝑥 − 5𝑥+1 − 6 = 0.

Selesaikan persamaan 52𝑥 − 5𝑥+1 − 6 = 0.

1.113
38. Solve each of the following pairs of simultaneous equations.
Selesaikan setiap persamaan serentak yang berikut.

27𝑚
(a) = 81 , 2 × 4𝑚 = 32𝑛
9𝑛
2𝑝 1
(b) 5 ∙ 252𝑞 = 125 , 4𝑞 = 8
𝑝

(𝑎) 𝑛 = 1, 𝑚 = 2 (𝑏) 𝑝 = −1, 𝑞 = 1

39. Zack has 𝑅𝑀1 000 000. He invests that sum of money into an investment institution that offers an
annual return of 8%. Zack’s investment amount after n years is calculated with the equation
𝑀 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑘)𝑛 using 𝑎 as the investment at the beginning of the year and 𝑘 as the annual return
rate. Determine Zack’s investment amount after 10 years.
Zack mempunyai wang sebanyak 𝑅𝑀1 000 000. Dia melaburkan wang itu dalam sebuah institusi pelaburan yang
menawarkan pulangan sebanyak 8% setahun. Jumlah pelaburan Zack selepas n tahun dihitung menggunakan persamaan
𝑀 = 𝑎(1 + 𝑘)𝑛 dengan 𝑎 sebagai pelaburan awal tahun dan 𝑘 sebagai kadar pulangan setahun. Cari jumlah pelaburan
Zack selepas 10 tahun.

𝑅𝑀2 158 925

13
 F4 Chapter 4: Indices, Surds and Logarithms | Revision

40. In a research, a type of bacteria will multiply itself in 1 minutes. The amount of bacteria at the start
of the research was 300. The amount of bacteria after t minutes is given by 300(3𝑡 ).
Dalam satu kajian, sejenis bakteria akan menggandakan bilangannya dalam masa satu minit. Bilangan bakteria pada
permulaan kajian ialah 300. Bilangan bakteria selepas t minit diberi oleh 300(3𝑡 ).

(a) Determine the amount of bacteria after 9 minutes.

Cari bilangan bakteria selepas 9 minit.
(b) Determine the time, 𝑡, in minutes for the amount of the bacteria to be 72900.
Cari masa, t, dalam minit untuk bilangan bakteria itu menjadi 72900.

(a) 5 904 900 (b) 5 minutes

41. The total savings, 𝑅𝑀 𝑠, of Encik Zaidi after n years is given by the formula 𝑠 = 20000(1.032)𝑛 .
After how many years does Encik Zaidi total savings exceed 𝑅𝑀 30000 for the first time?
Jumlah simpanan, 𝑅𝑀 𝑠, Encik Zaidi selepas n tahun diberi oleh rumus 𝑠 = 20000(1.032)𝑛 . Selepas berapa tahunkah
jumlah simpanan Encik Zaidi akan melebihi 𝑅𝑀 30000 buat pertama kalinya?

13
42. The diameter of the tree trunk increases according to the formula 𝐷 = 𝐴 × 100.04𝑛 , where D is
diameter in cm, tree trunk after n year and A is initial diameter of the tree trunk. If the diameter of
the tree is 25cm at a certain time, when will the diameter of the tree trunk increases more than
40cm?
Diameter batang sepohon pokok bertambah mengikut rumus 𝐷 = 𝐴 × 100.04𝑛 , di mana D ialah diameter, dalam cm,
batang pokok itu selepas n tahun dan A ialah diameter awal batang pokok itu. Jika diameter pokok itu ialah 25cm pada suatu
ketika, bilakah diameter batang pokok itu akan bertambah melebihi 40cm?

6 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠

14