Quick Guide

to APA 7th
Referencing

For more information see the full APA 7th Referencing Guide: Index:
APA Basics 1

libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th Journal Articles

Books & eBooks
2
3

Produced by the University of Newcastle Library, February 2020. Web Resources 5

Based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 7th edition (2020). Other Sources 7
APA BASICS
GENERAL
• APA is an in-text referencing style. This means that short referencing information (Author, Date) must be included in the text of your assignment
when you quote information from outside sources. Full details of references used are then included in a reference list at the end of the document.
• References cited in-text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions are personal communications and classical works –
see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/reference-list for more information.
• For more information on APA 7th see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th
IN-TEXT CITATIONS
• When inserting a citation into the text of your document, include the authors’ surnames and the year of publication, enclosed in parentheses, e.g.
(Smith & Jones, 2016). This brief citation allows the reader to find the appropriate full reference in the list at the end of the document.
• If you include a direct quote (word-for-word), the in-text citation must include the page number/s where the quotation appeared, e.g. … “correct
referencing is a necessity” (Smith & Jones, 2016, p. 16).
• For multiple in-text citations within parentheses, alphabetise citations by first author and add a semi-colon (;) between them to differentiate
citations, e.g. (Smith & Jones, 2016; Williams, 2014).
• Use “and” when citing authors’ names in sentences and “&” for parentheses. E.g. Smith and Jones (2016) … versus … (Smith & Jones, 2016).
• For more on in-text citations see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/in-text

REFERENCE LIST
• The reference list starts on a separate page and is always organised in alphabetical order. Do not use numbers or bullet points.
• The second and subsequent lines of each reference in the list must have a hanging indent.
• For more on the APA reference list see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/reference-list
THINGS TO LOOK OUT FOR
• When you have multiple resources from exactly the same authors in the same year, alphabetise by title for your reference list and then add a, b, c,
and so on after the year to differentiate the references for the in-text citations. For example:
Smith, D. (2014a). Care facilities for the elderly [Brochure]. NSW Health.
Smith, D. (2014b). Hand hygiene [Pamphlet]. NSW Health.
The in-text references would then be (Smith, 2014a) or (Smith, 2014b), depending on which document you cite.
• Capitalise all names and proper nouns as appropriate. Examples include Generation Z, YouTube, iPad, and PowerPoint.
• Digital Object Identifiers (DOIs) are important for APA 7 and need to be included as part of reference list entries (where provided). Examples in this
guide show which resources are likely to include DOIs. For more information see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/DOIs
• APA 7 no longer requires access URLS for ebooks from library/database sources. Only include URLs for ebooks found via the web.

Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 1
JOURNAL ARTICLES
For more information and examples see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/articles
TYPE IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
One author … notes its prominence (Acciari, 2014). Acciari, M. (2014). The Italianization of Bollywood cinema: Ad hoc films. Studies
OR in European Cinema, 11(1), 14-25.
Acciari (2014) notes that … https://doi.org/10.1080/17411548.2014.903099
Two authors … has surfaced (Marra & Edmond, 2014). Marra, A. R., & Edmond, M. B. (2014). New technologies to monitor healthcare
OR worker hand hygiene. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 20(1), 29-33.
Marra and Edmond (2014) describe … https://doi.org/10.1111/1469-0691.12458
Three to twenty authors … supports this (Wilson et al., 2014). List all authors in the reference list entry, up to 20
Use only the first author’s OR Wilson, N. J., Cordier, R., & Wilkes-Gillan, S. (2014). Men's Sheds and mentoring
name, followed by ‘et al.’ for Wilson et al. (2014) state that … programs: Supporting teenage boys' connection with school.
all in-text citations. International Journal of Men's Health, 13(2), 92-100.
https://doi.org/10.3149/jmh.1302.92
Twenty-one or more authors Follow the same pattern for in-text List the first 19 authors, insert an ellipsis (…) then add the last author’s name
citations for 3-20 authors Davies, G., Lam, M., Harris, S. E., Trampush, J. W., Luciano, M., Hill, W. D.,
This example also shows how … a change (Davies et al., 2018). Hagenaars, S. P., Ritchie, S. J., Marioni, R. E., Fawns-Ritchie, C., Liewald,
to format an article from a OR D. C. M., Okely, J. A., Ahola-Olli, A. V., Barnes, C. L. K., Bertram, L., Bis, J.
journal that uses article Davies et al. (2018) suggest … C., Burdick, K. E., Christoforou, A., DeRosse, P., ... Deary, I. J. (2018).
numbers instead of Study of 300,486 individuals identifies 148 independent genetic loci
consecutive pages. influencing general cognitive function. Nature Communications, 9,
Article 2098. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04362-x
Corporate author … trial (SPRINT Research Group, 2015). SPRINT Research Group. (2015). A randomized trial of intensive versus standard
Written by an organisation, OR blood-pressure control. New England Journal of Medicine, 33(22), 2103-
government body, or a group The SPRINT Research Group (2015) 2116. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1511939
concluded that …
Systematic Reviews For Cochrane and JBI examples, see the guide at libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/health
For other systematic reviews, reference as a journal article as appropriate.
‘Online first’ articles … supports the evidence (Mackey & Mackey, A., & Bassendowski, S. (2016). The history of evidence-based practice
Also known as ‘advance Bassendowski, 2016). in nursing education and practice. Journal of Professional Nursing.
publication’, etc. OR Advance online publication.
This example follows the Mackey and Bassendowski (2016) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.profnurs.2016.05.009
pattern for 2 authors suggest that …

Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 2
Reference within an article For this example, Baker’s 2008 study is Reference the article you have, not the one being quoted
(secondary source) being quoted in Bail’s 2016 article. The Bail, C. A. (2016). Emotional feedback and the viral spread of social media
Where possible, try to access original year is included messages about autism spectrum disorders. American Journal of Public
the work being cited, Baker’s study (2008, as cited in Bail, Health, 106(7), 1173-1180. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2016.303181
otherwise follow this pattern 2016) suggested a higher prevalence ...

BOOKS
For more information and examples see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/books or libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/chapters
TYPE IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
NOTE: APA 7 has changed the expectations for referencing books and ebooks:
• DOIs (where provided) and publisher names are now standard for both print and ebook formats.
• Where a book/ebook is accessed from the Library or a database (and does not have a DOI), do not include the place of publication or access link.
• Where an ebook is accessed from the general web (no log-in is required), include the full access link.
One author … notes its prominence (Ellis, 2012). The example shows a book with a DOI
OR Ellis, R. (2012). Language teaching research and language pedagogy. Wiley-
Ellis (2012) notes that … Blackwell. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118271643
Two authors … has surfaced (DeWit & O’Neill, 2014). This example shows a print or e-book without a DOI
OR DeWit, S. C., & O’Neill, P. A. (2014). Fundamental concepts and skills for nursing
DeWit and O’Neill (2014) describe … (4th ed.). Elsevier.
Three or more authors … this idea (Haralambos et al., 2014). Haralambos, M., Holborn, M., Chapman, S., & Moore, S. (2013). Sociology:
Use only the first author’s OR Themes and perspectives (8th ed.). Collins Educational.
name, followed by ‘et al.’ Haralambos et al. (2014) state that …
Corporate author … in their guide (American Psychological In this example the author is also the publisher, so the publisher’s name is left
Written by an organisation, Association, 2020). out. Where the publisher is not the same as the author, add the publisher
government body, or a group OR name as shown in the example above
The American Psychological Association American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the
(2020) states that … American Psychological Association (7th ed.).
Book without a date … about Nelson (Southey, n.d.). This example shows an older print book with no date
Use (n.d.) instead of a year OR Southey, R. (n.d.). The life of Nelson. Blackie.
Southey (n.d.) suggests …
eBook with URL from web … makes a start (Trenbert et al, 2000). Where an ebook from the web does not have a DOI, add the full access link
Only use a URL for ebooks OR Trenbert, K. E., Miller, K., Mearns, L., & Rodes, S. (2000). Effects of changing
found on the web, not for Trenbert et al. (2000) notes that … climate on weather and human activities. University Science Books.
those found using the Library http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/staff/trenbert/books/ChangingClimate.pdf
Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 3
Syllabus documents … changed its structure (NSW Education Online:
Follow the same pattern as Standards Authority, 2019). NSW Education Standards Authority. (2019). Mathematics K-10 syllabus.
books/ebooks from the web. OR https://educationstandards.nsw.edu.au/wps/portal/nesa/k-10/learning-
Be careful to use the author The NSW Education Standards Authority areas/mathematics/mathematics-k-10
name as listed on each (2019) dictates … Print (may include volumes):
syllabus Board of Studies NSW. (2012). Mathematics K-10 syllabus: Vol. 2. Mathematics
years 7-10.
Graphic novels For Graphic novels see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/books
Chapter in a book … has surfaced (Lumby & Probyn, 2003). As this whole book is written by the same authors, we reference the book.
Where the same authors OR This example shows a print book without a DOI
have written the whole book, Lumby and Probyn (2003) describe … Lumby, C., & Probyn, E. (2003). Remote control: New media, new ethics.
reference the book, not the Cambridge University Press.
chapter
Chapter in an edited book … has a problem (Ashman, 2009). As this chapter has specific authors listed, we reference the chapter in the
Where each chapter has OR book. Each chapter cited gets a separate entry in the reference list
separate authors listed, Ashman (2009) notes that … Devaraj, M. (2007). Nutrition management in nursing homes. In J. E. Morley &
reference the chapter. D. R. Thomas (Eds.), Geriatric nutrition (pp. 323-340). Taylor & Francis.
https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420005493
Chapter in a book with … notes its importance (Hales, 2018). Follows a similar pattern to the chapter above, but without the (Eds.)
separate chapter authors, OR Hales, M. (2018). Community health. In A. Berman et al., Kozier and Erb’s
and no editors listed Hales (2018) notes that … fundamentals of nursing (4th Aust. ed., Vol. 1, pp. 127-140). Pearson.
Entries in reference works Individual author listed: Individual author listed (e.g. print):
(dictionaries, etc.) … is tailor-made (Kellner, 2006). Kellner, D. (2006). Critical theory. In B. S. Turner (Ed.), The Cambridge dictionary
Treat like they are chapters OR of sociology (pp. 104-106). Cambridge University Press.
from edited books. Kellner (2006) states … Corporate author listed (e.g. online):
Use an editor if listed, Corporate author listed: Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Congenital. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary.
otherwise leave out. Include … is stated (Merriam-Webster, n.d.). Retrieved November 11, 2019 from https://www.merriam-
an access date for online OR webster.com/dictionary/congenital
entries with no clear date. Merriam-Webster (n.d.) contradicts …
Brochures & pamphlets For physical see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/health. For online see Online document under Web Resources.
Reference within a book For this example, Grieve and Gear’s Reference the book (or chapter) you have, not the resource being quoted.
(secondary source) 1996 study is being quoted in Kirtley’s This example shows a book without a DOI
Where possible, try to access 2006 book. The original year is included Kirtley, C. (2006). Clinical gait analysis. Elsevier.
the work being cited, Grieve and Gear (1996, as cited in Kirtley,
otherwise follow this pattern 2006) suggest a pattern of ...

Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 4
WEB/ONLINE RESOURCES
For more information and examples start with libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/web
TYPE IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
NOTE: APA 7 has changed the expectations for referencing some online resources:
• DOIs (where provided) and publisher names are now standard for online documents (including papers, reports, etc.).
• Where no DOI is available, the full URL should be provided to assist with accessing resources.
• Titles of web pages should now be italicised. Add the name of the website before the access link (with no italics).
Web page with author/s For in-text citations use the year only For the reference list, include the month and day (if provided). New for APA 7
listed … notes its prominence (Palmer, 2008). – add the name of the website before the access link.
Follows the same author OR Palmer, L. F. (2008, July 17). Insufficient milk syndrome: A fallacy becomes a
formatting as other resources Palmer (2008) notes that … reality. Baby Reference. http://babyreference.com/insufficient-milk-
syndrome-a-fallacy-becomes-a-reality/
Web page with corporate For in-text citations use the year only For the reference list, include the month and day (if provided). Do not add the
author ... in their care (HealthTimes, 2015). name of the website (as shown above) if it is the same as the author.
Created by an organisation, OR HealthTimes. (2015, May 27). The future of aged care nursing in Australia.
government body, or a group HealthTimes (2015) suggests ... https://healthtimes.com.au/hub/aged-care/2/news/nc1/the-future-of-
aged-care-nursing-in-australia/495/
Web page with no date … in their guide (Australian College of Australian College of Midwives. (n.d.). Midwifery practice review.
If a proper date cannot be Midwives, n.d.). https://www.midwives.org.au/mpr
found on the page, use (n.d.) OR In this case there is a copyright date at the bottom of the page, but this is a
instead of a year The Australian College of Midwives (n.d.) footer repeated across every page on the site – it is not a true creation date.
states that … As the name of the site is the same as the author, this information is left out.
Web page from a news site … the problem (Daly, 2019). Daly, N. (2019, November 20). Australian scientists may have discovered
OR solution to our plastic recycling problem. ABC News.
Daly (2019) suggests … https://www.abc.net.au/news/2019-11-20/scientists-may-have-found-
solution-to-plastic-recycling-problem/11679326
Online magazine article … brought change (Riederer, 2019). Riederer, R. (2019, October 17). The stark inequality of climate change. The
OR New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/books/under-review/the-
Riederer (2019) suggests … stark-inequality-of-climate-change
Online document … is important (Hand Hygiene Australia, Hand Hygiene Australia. (n.d.). Hand hygiene [Fact sheet].
Provide description as n.d.). https://www.hha.org.au/UserFiles/file/Hand%20Hygiene%20Fact%20Sh
required, e.g. [Brochure], OR eet%284%29.pdf
[Pamphlet], [Policy brief] Hand Hygiene Australia (n.d.) state …
Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 5
Government document … in bats (Queensland Health, 2014). Queensland Health. (2014). Lyssavirus in bats prompts reminder not to touch
Use the name of the OR the animal: Care and treatment (Report 432).
department as shown Queensland Health (2014) suggests … https://www.health.qld.gov.au/news/stories/140313-lyssavirus.asp
Research report … that year (United Nations, 2015). United Nations. (2015). The Millennium Development Goals report 2015.
This example follows the OR http://www.mdgs.un.org/unsd/mdg/Resources/Static/
corporate author pattern The United Nations (2015) report … Products/Progress2015/English2015.pdf
Code of ethics or conduct … is paramount (International Council of International Council of Nurses. (2012). The ICN code of ethics for nurses.
Nurses, 2012). https://www.icn.ch/sites/default/files/inline-
OR files/2012_ICN_Codeofethicsfornurses_%20eng.pdf
The International Council of Nurses
(2012) state that …
Social media For Blogs, Facebook, Instagram and Twitter, see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/web
Conference paper with DOI … cloud (Liu et al, 2014). Liu, L., Zhang, M., Lin, Y., & Qin, L. (2014). A survey on workflow management
This example follows the OR and scheduling in cloud computing. In P. Balaji, I. Forster, X.-H. Sun, K.
pattern for 3 or more authors Liu et al. (2014) suggest … W. Cameron, & D. S. Nikolopoulos (Eds.), 2014 14th IEEE/ACM
International Symposium on Cluster, Cloud and Grid Computing (pp.
837-846). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/CCGrid.2014.83
Conference paper with URL … notes its prominence (Bland, 2010). Bland, D. (2010). Drawing on imagination: Primary students’ ideal learning
This example follows the OR environments. In J. Wright (Ed.), AARE 2010 Conference proceedings
pattern for 1 author Bland (2010) notes that … (pp. 1-22). AARE.
https://aare.edu.au/data/publications/2010/1744Bland.pdf
Critical appraisal tools For CASP, JBI, STROBE, PEDro, and other appraisal tools, see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/appraisal
Evidence-based & drug No author listed: No author listed:
resources - UpToDate, … has side-effects ("Lipitor", 2015). Lipitor. (2019). MIMS Online. Retrieved November 20, 2019, from
MIMS, etc. https://www.mimsonline.com.au/ Search/AbbrPI.aspx?ModuleName=
Authors may be listed under Author listed: Product%20Info&searchKeyword=lipitor&PreviousPage=~/Search/
‘Contributors’ (or similar). … in adults (Rosenson, 2019). QuickSearch.aspx&SearchType=&ID=37190001_2
You will need to add an OR Author listed:
access date, and remove the Rosenson (2019) summarises … Rosenson, R. S. (2019). Hypertriglyceridemia. UpToDate. Retrieved November
UON proxy from the access 20, 2019, from
link (see the examples) https://www.uptodate.com/contents/hypertriglyceridemia
Online images For Online Images, see libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/web-images
Podcast episodes … has ended (Titi & Zakiya, 2019). Titi & Zakiya (Hosts). (2019, April 11). Lab 005: Wakanda forever [Audio podcast
List the host/s as author/s OR episode]. In Dope labs. Spotify Studios.
with their role in brackets Titi and Zakiya (2019) discussed … https://www.dopelabspodcast.com/podcast-episodes/wakanda

Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 6
YouTube and other … colour (Vsauce, 2013). Add the description [Video], as well as the host site name after the title
streaming video clips OR Vsauce. (2013, February 17). Is your red the same as my red? [Video]. YouTube.
Vsauce (2013) posits that … https://youtu.be/evQsOFQju08
Streaming movies – … the hero (Moorhouse, 2015). Add the description [Film], and the production company (no link needed)
ClickView, Netflix, Kanopy, OR Moorhouse, J. (Director). (2015). The dressmaker [Film]. Film Art Media.
STAN, etc. Moorhouse (2015) presents …

OTHER
For more information and examples on other resources such as apps, art works, data sets, film & TV, images, intranet documents, newspapers, poetry,
standards, statistics, theses, and more - start with libguides.newcastle.edu.au/apa-7th/
TYPE IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST
Lecture notes and … notes its prominence (Bowen, 2019). Add [PowerPoint slides] or [Lecture notes] after the title
PowerPoints OR Bowen, L. (2019, March 3). Clinical placement and evidence [PowerPoint slides].
Bowen (2019) notes that … Blackboard. https://uonline.newcastle.edu.au/
Recorded lectures … in education (O’Neill, 2019). Add [Lecture recording] after the title
OR O’Neill, R. (2019, April 1). EPHUMA122: Week 6 lecture [Lecture recording].
O’Neill (2019) suggests … Blackboard. https://uonline.newcastle.edu.au/
Forum posts in Blackboard … was important (Smith, 2019). Add a description in square brackets after the title
OR Smith, J. (2019, May 6). Reflective journal entry, assignment 1 [Online forum
Smith (2019) noted that … post]. Blackboard. https://uonline.newcastle.edu.au/
Personal communication C. Brisden (personal communication, Personal communication is not included in your reference list.
Telephone interviews, letters, June 4, 2019) commented …
emails, texts, and other OR Be sure to check with your lecturer if these kinds of resources are suitable for
material not publicly … was suggested (C. Brisden, personal use in your assignments.
available. communication, June 4, 2019).
COMMON ABBREVIATIONS USED IN APA 7
Ed. or Eds. Used for editor or editors. Do not confuse with edition (below).
ed. Used for editions. You do not need to include edition information for a ‘standard’ first edition.
et al. This is used for in-text citations when there are three or more authors to mean ‘and others’.
n.d. Used for references that have no publication/creation date listed.
p. or pp. p. is used for single page citations; pp. when multiple pages are involved [Examples, p. 302 or pp. 12-13]
para. or paras. para. is used for a web page paragraph; use paras. for multiple paragraphs [Count the paragraphs on the page, e.g. para. 3]

Quick Guide to APA 7th Referencing. University of Newcastle Library. Updated February 2020. 7