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Antimatter Weapon Technology: Coming Into 21th Century

Conference Paper · March 2015

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.2594.9602

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 Antimatter Weapon Technology: Coming Into 21th Century
Suriya VN, B.E Mechanical Engineering(Pursing)
Dhanalakshmi Srinivasan Engineering College,Perambalur
Tamil Nadu,India
Email: [email protected] Ph:8526565019

ABSTRACT:

Weapons are built for nations security purpose. in 21th century every nation
have nuclear and chemical and biological and electronic weapons. But this type of
weapons are made low level destruction. If we have a chance to face Alien War or other
anti human activities. That time the world need super destruction weapons. Nuclear
bombs are Do this Perfectly but antimatter weapons are do this more perfectly. It is
destroy everything and made permanent destruction. it is completely made for protection
of human race.

1.INTRODUCTION:

What is matter? We know what matter is! It's all around us. Some of us
might think that the smallest piece of matter is an atom. We are wrong. One of the smaller
divisions of matter is an electron. Protons and neutrons are also smaller than an atom but are
almost 1000 times bigger than an electron. There many smaller sub-atomic particles such as
quarks, neutrinos, and mesons but understanding these requires knowledge of physics. An
atom is made up of electrons, protons and neutrons. They are called sub-atomic particles.
There are 118 known different types of atoms and they all have different numbers of each
sub-atomic particle. For example hydrogen is made up of one proton, which is orbited by a
single electron. It has no neutrons at all. The history of antimatter begins with a young
physicist named Paul A.M.Dirac (1902-1984) and the strange implications of a mathematical
equation. This British physicist formulated a theory for the motion of the electrons in electric
and magnetic fields. Such theories had been formulated before, but what was unique about
Dirac’s was that his included the effects of Einstein’s Special Theory of Relativity. This
theory was formulated by him in 1928.Mean while he wrote down an equation, which
combined quantum theory and special relativity, to describe the behaviour of the electron.
Dirac’s equation won him a Nobel prize in I 933,but also posed another problem; just at the
equation x2 = 4 can have two solutions (x 2, x = -2). So Dirac’s equation would have two
solutions, one for an electron with positive energy, and one for an electron with negative
energy. This led theory led to a surprising prediction that the electron must have an
“antiparticle” having the same mass but a positive electric charge.1n1932, Carl Anderson
observed this new particle experimentally and it was named “positron”. This was the first
known example of antimatter. In 1955, the anti proton was produced at the Berkeley
Beaverton, and in 1995, scientists created the first anti hydrogen atom at the CERN research
facility in Europe by combining the anti proton with a positron Dirac’s equation predicted
that all of the fundamental particles in nature must have a corresponding “Antiparticle”. In
each case, the masses of the particle and anti particle are identical and other properties are
nearly identical. But in all cases, the mathematical signs of some property are reversed. Anti
protons, for example have the same mass as a proton, but the opposite electric charge. Since
Dirac’s time, scores of these particle-antiparticle pairings have been observed. Even particles
that have no electrical charge such as the neutron have anti particle.

2.ANTIMATTER:

The term matter is then extended, by convention, to include:

 All quarks, (charges +2/3 and -1/3).
 All negatively charged leptons.
 Left handed neutrinos.

Antimatter is, then, any particle built from:

 Antiquarks (charges of -2/3 or +1/3).
 Positively charged leptons.
 Right-handed neutrinos.
 Fig1 : Antimatter
Positron :
Electrons with a positive instead of negative charge.
Discovered by Carl Anderson in 1932, positrons were the first evidence that antimatter
existed. Positrons were reported in November 2008 to have been generated by Lawrence
Livermore National Laboratory in larger numbers than by any previous synthetic process.
A laser drove electrons through a millimetre radius gold target's nuclei, which caused the
incoming electrons to emit energy quanta, that decayed into both matter and antimatter.
Positrons were detected at a higher rate and in greater density than ever previously detected
in a laboratory. Previous experiments made smaller quantities of positrons using lasers and
paper-thin targets; however, new simulations showed that short, ultra-intense lasers and
millimetre-thick gold are a far more effective source

Anti-protons:

Protons that have a negative instead of the usual positive charge. In

1955, researchers at the Berkeley Bevatron produced an antiproton. The antiproton was
experimentally confirmed in 1955 by University of California, Berkeley physicists Emilio
Segrè and Owen Chamberlain, for which they were awarded the 1959 Nobel Prize in
Physics . An antiproton consists of two up antiquark and one down antiquark (uud). The
properties of the antiproton that have been measured all match the corresponding properties
of the proton, with the exception that the antiproton has opposite electric charge and
magnetic moment than the proton. Shortly afterwards, in 1956, the antineutron was
discovered inproton–proton collisions at the Bevatron (Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory) by Bruce Cork and colleagues. In addition to antibaryons, anti-nuclei consisting
of multiple bound antiprotons and antineutrons have been created. These are typically
produced at energies far too high to form antimatter atoms (with bound positrons in place of
electrons). In 1965, a group of researchers led by Antonino Zichichi reported production of
nuclei of antideuterium at the Proton Synchrotron at CERN.[16] At roughly the same time,
observations of antideuterium nuclei were reported by a group of American physicists at the
Alternating Gradient Synchrotron at Brookhaven National Laboratory.

Anti-atoms:
Pairing together positrons and antiprotons, scientists at
CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, created the first anti-
atom. Nine anti-hydrogen atoms were created, each lasting only 40 nanoseconds.
As of 1998, CERN researchers were pushing the production of anti-hydrogen
atoms to 2,000 per hour.

3.PRODUCTION OF ANTIMATTER:
There is technology available to create antimatter
through the use of high-energy particle colliders, also called "atom smashers." Atom
smashers, like CERN, are large tunnels lined with powerful super magnets that circle
around to propel atoms at near-light speeds. When an atom is sent through this accelerator,
it slams into a target, creating particles. Some of these particles are antiparticles that are
separated out by the magnetic field. These high-energy particle accelerators only produce
one or two picograms of antiprotons each year. A picogram is a trillionth of a gram. All of
the antiprotons produced at CERN in one year would be enough to light a 100-watt
electric light bulb for three seconds.
 Fig2: Atom smasher
Antiproton Decelerator (AD)

The Antiproton Decelerator is a very special machine compared to what already

exists at CERN and other laboratories around the world. So far, an "antiparticle factory"
consisted of a chain of several accelerators, each one performing one of the steps needed
to produce antiparticles. The CERN antiproton complex is a very good example of this.
At the end of the 70's CERN built an antiproton source called the Antiproton Accumulator
(AA). Its task was to produce and accumulate high-energy antiprotons to feed into the SPS
in order to transform it into a "proton-antiproton collider". As soon as antiprotons became
available, physicists realized how much could be learned by using them at low energy, so
CERN decided to build a new machine: LEAR, the Low Energy Antiproton Ring.
Antiprotons accumulated in the AA were extracted, decelerated in the PS and then injected
into LEAR for further deceleration. In 1986 a second ring, the Antiproton Collector (AC),
was built around the existing AA in order to improve the antiproton production rate by a
factor of 10. The AC is now being transformed into the AD, which will perform all the tasks
that the AC, AA, PS and LEAR used to do with antiprotons, i.e. produce, collect, cool,
decelerate and eventually extract them to the experiments.

What does the AD consist of?

The AD ring is an approximate circle with a circumference of 188 m. It consists of a
vacuum pipe surrounded by a long sequence of vacuum pumps, magnets, radio-frequency
cavities, high voltage instruments and electronic circuits. Each of these pieces has its
specific function:
- Antiprotons circulate inside the vacuum pipe in order to avoid contact with normal
matter (like air molecules), and annihilate. The vacuum must be optimal, therefore several
vacuum pumps, which extract air, are placed around the pipe.
- Magnets as well are placed all around. There are two types of magnets: the dipoles
(which have a North and a South pole, like the well-known horseshoe magnet) serve to
change the direction of movement and make sure the particles stay within their circular
track. They are also called "bending magnets". Quadrupoles (which have four poles) are
used as 'lenses'. These "focusing magnets" make sure that the size of the beam is smaller
than the size of the vacuum pipe.
- Magnetic fields can change the direction and size of the beam, but not its energy. To
do this you need an electric field: this is provided by radio-frequency cavities that produce
high voltages in synchronicity with the rotation of particles around the ring.
- Several other instruments are needed to perform more specific tasks: two cooling
systems "squeeze" the beam in size and energy; one injection and one ejection system let
the beam in and out of the machine.

How does the AD work ?

Antiparticles have to be created from energy (remember: E = mc2). This energy

is obtained with protons that have been previously accelerated in the PS. These protons are
smashed into a block of metal, called a target. We use Copper or Iridium targets mainly
because they are easy to cool. Then, the abrupt stopping of such energetic particles
releases a huge amount of energy into a small volume, heating it up to such temperatures
that matter-antimatter particles are spontaneously created. In about one collision out of a
million, an antiproton-proton pair is formed. But given the fact that about 10 trillion
protons hit the target (about once per minute), this still makes a good 10 million
antiprotons heading towards the AD. The newly created antiprotons behave like a bunch of
wild kids; they are produced almost at the speed of light, but not all of them have exactly
the same energy (this is called "energy spread"). Moreover, they run randomly in all
directions, also trying to break out 'sideways' ("transverse oscillations"). Bending and
focusing magnets make sure they stay on the right track, in the middle of the vacuum pipe,
while they begin to race around in the ring. At each turn, the strong electric fields inside
the radio-frequency cavities begin to decelerate the antiprotons. Unfortunately, this
deceleration increases the size of their transverse oscillations: if nothing is done to cure
that, all antiprotons are lost when they eventually collide with the vacuum pipe. To avoid
that, two methods have been invented: 'stochastic' and 'electron cooling'. Stochastic (or
'random') cooling works best at high speeds (around the speed of light, c), and electron
 cooling works better at low speed (still fast, but only 10-30 % of c). Their goal is to
decrease energy spread and transverse oscillations of the antiproton beam.
Finally, when the antiparticles speed is down to about 10% of the speed of light, the
antiprotons squeezed group (called a "bunch") is ready to be ejected. One "deceleration
cycle" is over: it has lasted about one minute.A strong 'kicker' magnet is fired in less than a
millionth of a second, and at the next turn, all antiprotons are following a new path, which
leads them into the beam pipes of the extraction line. There, additional dipole and
quadrupole magnets steer the beam into one of the three experiments.

4.PROBLEMS IN PRODUCTION:

 Only 1 to 10 nano grams produced in a year.

 Most expensive substance on earth.
 According to NASA 1 gram cost about $62.5 trillion.
 So not economical in using current technology.

5.STORAGE:

Antiparticles have either a positive or a negative electrical charge, so they can be stored in
what we call a trap which has the appropriate configuration of electrical and magnetic fields
to keep them confined in a small place. Of course, this has to be done in good vacuum to
avoid collisions with matter particles. Antiatoms are electrically neutral, but they have
magnetic proprieties that can be used to keep them in "magnetic bottles". As we know that
the antiprotons annihilate spontaneously when brought into Contact with normal matter, thus,
they must be contained by electromagnetic fields in high vacuums. This greatly complicates
the collection, storage and handling of antimatter. Thus, just after the production of
antiproton they are captured and cooled by a RFQ linear accelerator and then stored as
gaseous plasma of negatively —charged antiprotons. The storage cell is called a Penning
trap; it uses magnetic fields to trap charged particles.- These are under development by Los
Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and Pennsylvania State University (PSU) fore use in
particle physics research experiments.However, the storage density of an antiproton plasma
in a penning trap is too low to be feasible for propulsion applications where all of the
propulsive energy is derived from matter-antimatter annihilation. Thus, it is necessary to
convert the anti protons into a high-density storage form such as solid antihydrogen. To do
this, positive antielectrons are combined with negative anti protons to form antihydrogen
atoms. This is done in a Paul Trap, which uses oscillating electric and magnetic fields to trap
neutral particles (such as atoms). The atoms are then allowed to combine to form molecules
possibly as clusters of ions and molecules; then the molecules are cooled to form a solid.
Unfortunately, currently only the antiatom production step has been demonstrated. Still the
remaining steps that is conversion of antiprotons to anti atoms to anti molecules to anti solid
H2 has to be demonstrated; this represents one of the major feasibility issues associated with
antimatter propulsion.
PORTABLE ANTIPROTON PENNING TRAP

Fig3: Storage of anti matter

The picture below shows a schematic and actual photo of the portable antiproton Penning
Trap being developed by Pennsylvania State University (PSU). The Penning Trap was
completed in 1996. It is designed to hold —1010 antiprotons. In late 1997, the Penning Trap
will be filled with antiprotons at CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) and transported to the Air
Force Phillips Laboratory SHIVA-STAR facility at Kirkland AFB, where a demonstration of
antiproton-catalyzed micro-fission (but not fusion) is planned for 1997-98. An improved
Penning Trap (with higher capacity) will be assembled in 1998, and used for a demonstration
of antiproton-catalyzed micro-fission and fusion in 1999-2000.
The actual antiproton storage compartment is kept at liquid helium temperatures so as to keep
the antiprotons ‘cool” (i.e., so that they won’t have enough kinetic energy to escape the
confining magnetic fields provided by the Trap’s permanent magnets). Thus, the Trap design
provides for a large outer insulating liquid nitrogen and inner liquid helium volume to permit
trips of several days without cryogen refill.Finally, note that there is minimal hazard from
transporting this small amount of antimatter: 1010 proton-antiproton annihilations, with an
annihilation energy content of I .8x 1016 Joules per kg (0f proton plus antiproton total mass),
would only release 0.6 Joules (0.14 calories), or the energy required to heat one drop (1/20
ml) of water 2.8°C.

6.HOW IT BECOME WEAPON?

 Anti-matter is a fuel source that produce a huge amount of energy.

  1 gm of anti-matter can heat 1 kg of water to a temperature of 20000 times of
temperature of the core of the sun.
 The reaction of 1kg antimatter with 1kg matter produce energy equivalent to 43
megatons TNT.
 Energy is produced mainly due to annihilation of matter & anti-matter.

Electron-positron annihilation.

 produces high energy gamma rays.

 impossible to control.
 very dangerous.
Proton-antiproton annihilation.

 produces charged particles.

 mass left over after annihilation.

1) Annihilation:
When antimatter comes into contact with normal matter, these equal but
opposite particles collide to produce an explosion emitting pure radiation, which travels
out of the point of the explosion at the speed of light. Both particles that created the
explosion are completely annihilated, leaving behind other subatomic particles. The
explosion that occurs when antimatter and matter interact transfers the entire mass of both
objects into energy. Over 99.9% of the mass of neutral antimatter is accounted for by
antiprotons and antineutrons. Their annihilation with protons and neutrons is a
complicated process. A proton-antiproton pair can annihilate into a number of charged and
neutral relativistic pions. Neutral pions, in turn, decay almost immediately into gamma
rays; charged pions travel a few tens of meters and then decay further into muons and
neutrinos. Finally, the muons decay into electrons and more neutrinos. Most of the energy
(about 60%) is thus carried away by neutrinos, which have almost no interaction with
matter and thus escape into outer space.The overall structure of energy output from an
antimatter bomb is highly dependent on the amount of regular matter in the area
surrounding the bomb. If the bomb is shielded by sufficient amounts of matter, the gamma
rays are absorbed and the pions slow down before decaying. Part of the kinetic energy is
thus transferred to the surrounding atoms, which heat up. In the event of an antimatter
detonation in the open atmosphere, most of the energy will ultimately be carried away by
the neutrinos, and the remainder by 10-100 MeV gamma rays. The neutrinos would pass
through the earth without being attenuated, while gamma rays are relatively weakly
absorbed by matter: they lose roughly half of their energy per 500-1000 m of air,
 compared to only 20 cm of concrete. The explosion would not cause much physical
damage because its energy would be evenly dispersed over large area, although the gamma
rays may harm people standing nearby. Thus even if the impossible problem of producing
enough antimatter were solved, the antimatter bomb would not be as practical or
destructive as a conventional nuclear weapon.
 1 kg of Antimatter + 1 kg of matter = 1.8 X 1017 Joules of pure energy.
 Nuclear fission can only give yield of 1.5 X 1013 Joules of energy.
 one gram of antimatter annihilating with one gram of matter produces 180
terajoules, the equivalent of 42.96 kilotons of TNT (approximately 3 times the bomb
dropped on Hiroshima - and as such enough to power an average city for an extensive
amount of time)

Electron–positron annihilation

e− + e+ → γ + γ
When a low-energy electron annihilates a low-energy positron (antielectron), they can
only produce two or more gamma ray photons, since the electron and positron do not
carry enough mass-energy to produce heavier particles, and conservation of energy
and linear momentum forbid the creation of only one photon. When an electron and a
positron collide to annihilate and create gamma rays, energy is given off. Both
particles have a rest energy of 0.511 mega electron volts (MeV). When the mass of
the two particles is converted entirely into energy, this rest energy is what is given
off. The energy is given off in the form of the aforementioned gamma rays. Each of
the gamma rays has an energy of 0.511 MeV. Since the positron and electron are both
briefly at rest during this annihilation, the system has no momentum during that
moment. This is the reason that two gamma rays are created. Conservation of
momentum would not be achieved if only one photon was created in this particular
reaction. Momentum and energy are both conserved with 1.022 MeV of gamma rays
(accounting for the rest energy of the particles) moving in opposite directions
(accounting for the total zero momentum of the system). However, if one or both
particles carry a larger amount of kinetic energy, various other particle pairs can be
produced. The annihilation (or decay) of an electron-positron pair into a single photon
cannot occur in free space because momentum and energy cannot both be conserved
in this process. The reverse reaction is also impossible for this reason, except in the
presence of another particle that can carry away the excess momentum. However, in
quantum field theory this process is allowed as an intermediate quantum state.
Positron-electron annihilations create two, 511 keV gamma rays.

7.OUR DESIGN:
 Fig 4: DIAGRAM OF DESIGN

The Triangle Shape magnetic vacuum Tube used to store Anti matter .and it base have small
gate to release the anti matter. it is connected to triangle shape storage of matter or opposite
to antimatter. Its always in released state. So matter is in connecting triangle tube to anti
matter storage triangle. When we want to destruction , then put trigger, then the anti matter is
released to connecting tube. Connecting tube already have a matter. So annihilation is start.
then big boom started. it is calculated by using Einstein E=MC² formula.
 Fig 5: WORKING OF BOMB

8.DISADVANTAGE:

 Only 1 to 10 nano grams produced a year.

 Most expensive substance on earth.

 1 gram cost about $62.5 trillion.

CONCLUSION:
It is too most dangerous weapon in the universe. Now there is a way in
made weapon by using most advanced technology. Science is like a pen. It can be used to
good purpose or very destructive purpose. we left the option to future generation of human.
One time, we have a chance to every one have a defensive option. Every one own a nuclear
plants. Every one own the military and every one have a chance to travel all region in the
universe. There is only possible by using antimatter technology. We can use the destructive
energy to propulsive power for space shuttle. Future is present in our eyes.
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