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Just RP Terms

This document outlines the basic research process. It begins with defining research as systematically studying problems to increase understanding. The research process involves asking questions, developing goals and plans, collecting and interpreting data, and generating hypotheses. Research bridges theoretical ideas and empirical evidence. Key aspects include variables, research questions, hypotheses, defining concepts, and selecting feasible problems within an appropriate scope. The overall process is logical, systematic, and aims to advance knowledge.

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Rikka Jelleanna Palasan
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192 views4 pages

Just RP Terms

This document outlines the basic research process. It begins with defining research as systematically studying problems to increase understanding. The research process involves asking questions, developing goals and plans, collecting and interpreting data, and generating hypotheses. Research bridges theoretical ideas and empirical evidence. Key aspects include variables, research questions, hypotheses, defining concepts, and selecting feasible problems within an appropriate scope. The overall process is logical, systematic, and aims to advance knowledge.

Uploaded by

Rikka Jelleanna Palasan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Basic Research Terms and Concepts and the

Research Process
 Research involves the quest for answers to unsolved problems.
 Research emphasizes the development of generalizations, principles, or theories
that will be helpful in predicting future occurrences.
 Research is based on observable experience or empirical evidence.
 Leedy and Ormond (2001) defined research as the systematic process of
collecting and analyzing information in order to increase our understanding of
the phenomenon which we are concerned or interested.

Basic Research Activities


 originates with a question or problem.
 requires a clear articulation of a goal.
 follows a specific plan of procedure.
 usually divides the principal problem into more manageable sub problems.
 guided by the specific research problem, question, or hypothesis
 accepts certain critical assumptions.
 requires the collection and interpretation of data in an attempt to answer the
problem that initiated the research.
 is by its nature, cyclical or more exactly helical.

The research process bridges the gap between the theoretical pole which consist
largely of the researcher's speculation regarding reality and the empirical pole which
contains the basic elements of what is actually happening in reality.

Testing a Hypothesis
 The theoretical pole and research methods are linked together by the
hypothesis.
 First, hypotheses can be generated from the theoretical pole, thus guiding the
research project to completion.
 Second, the other data collected through application of data analysis and other
procedures as tools can generate additional concepts and hypotheses.

Concepts, Constructs and Theories


 Concept is a term that abstractly describes and names an object, a phenomenon,
or an idea.
 Theory is an organized body of concepts and principles intended to explain a
particular phenomenon .
 Variable a variable is any quality of a person, group, subject event, condition or
situation that varies or takes on different values.

Types of Variable According to Values


 A continuous variable has values along a continuum and, in theory, can assume
an infinite number of values between two points. (e.g. weight, age, height)
 discrete variable has a finite number of values between any two points

Variables According to Use in Research


 Independent variables are the conditions or characteristics that the
experimenter manipulates or controls in an attempt to ascertain their
relationship of observed phenomena.

2 Types of Independent Variables


 treatment variables are those that the experimenter manipulates and to which
subjects are assigned
 attribute variables are those characteristics that cannot be altered by the
experimenter such as age, gender, income, etc.

 Dependent variable is the response behavior, or outcome that the researcher


wants to predict or explain. In experimental research, changes in the dependent
variables are presumed to be caused by the independent variable.

Research Question
 is a concise, interrogative statement that is worded in the present tense and
includes one or more variables (or concepts).

Focus of Research Questions are


 description of the variable or variables
 determination of differences between two or more groups regarding selected
variables
 examination of relationships among variables
 use of independent variables to predict a dependent variable

Hypothesis
 is a logical supposition, a reasonable guess, and educated conjecture. It provides
a tentative explanation of a phenomenon under investigation

Null Hypothesis Ho
 also referred to as statistical hypothesis, is used for statistical testing and
interpretation of statistical outcomes
Research Hypothesis H1
 is the alternative hypothesis to the null

Conceptual and Operational Definition of Terms


 A conceptual definition describes the abstract or theoretical meaning of the
concept being defined.

 An operational definition specifies the procedures required to measure a


variable.

Basic Characteristics of the Research Process


 Empirical
 Logical and systematic
 Cyclical
 Reduction
 Replicability
 Universal
 Critical

The Research Problem


 The statement of the problem must first be expressed with the utmost precision;
it should then be divided into more manageable sub problems.

Sources of problems
 consultation with the university research unit
 replication of previous investigations
 can be found within the researcher's own professional experience
 participation in intensive research projects
 readings from research abstracts
 technological changes and curricular developments
 theory

Selection of the Problem


 Level of research focus
 Relevance and significance of the problem
 Decision if the research paper will be quaint-theoretical-analytical or
quali-descriptive-applied

Selecting a Topic
 Relax and jot down general idea of interest as they come to mind.
Narrowing the Topic
 Begin asking questions that lead to a research-able problem.

Evaluating Research Problems


 Is the problem an important one?
 will the results lead to practical applications?
 will the findings challenge untested assumptions?
 will the study help to formulate or alter practices?

The Statement of the Problem


 State the problem clearly and completely
 Think through the feasibility of the project that the problem implies
 Say precisely what you mean
 Edit your work

Scope and Limitation of the Problem


 It is important that the limits of the problem should be carefully bounded

Theoretical Framework
 consists of assumptions, hypotheses, definitions or a synthesis of a set of
theories serving as the theoretical backbone of the investigation
 it is also translated into symbolic models or paradigms

The Title
 The title of a research study should be concise as well as descriptive and
comprehensive. Its wording should indicate the content of the paper.

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