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Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.1 Concepts and Benefits

Induced Air/
Thermal Plume
Diffuser

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.2 Displacement Ventilation Characteristics

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.2 Displacement Ventilation Characteristics

80

72
Temperature (˚F)

65

Couch
Supply Air Supply Air
Diffuser Diffuser
Partition

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.3 Heating with Displacement Diffusers

Occupied
Zone

Mixing Ventilation
Venti
tiilation Displacement Ventilation

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.3 Heating with Displacement Diffusers

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.3 Heating with Displacement Diffusers

3 Low Velocity UFAD

Zone air distribution effectiveness, Ez

COOLING
2.5 Displacement Ventilation
High Velocity UFAD
2

1.5

0.5

0
Office Classroom Restaurant Workshop Retail Shop Auditorium

3 Low Velocity UFAD

Zone air distribution effectiveness, Ez

HEATING
Displacement Ventilation
2.5
High Velocity UFAD
2

1.5

0.5

0
Office Classroom Restaurant Workshop Retail Shop Auditorium

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.4 Hydronic Products with Displacement Ventilation

Warm

Induced Air/ Radiant Heat

Thermal Plume Exchange

Occupied Zone
6 ft [1.8 m]

Cool

Warm

Occupied Zone
6 ft [1.8 m]

Cool

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.4 Hydronic Products with Displacement Ventilation

Cooling load removed by CC/Cooling load removed by DV (kW/(m3/s))

0 3 6 9 12 15 18
3.30 6
DV only R=0.1

2.75 5

Temperature gradient (˚C/m)

Temperature gradient (˚F/h)
R=0.4
2.20 4
R=0.5

1.65 3
R=0.6

1.10 2
R=0.7

0.55 1
R=0.8
CC only R=0.9
0 0
0 4.8 9.6 14.4 19.2 24.0 28.8
Cooling load removed by CC/Cooling load removed by DV (Btu/cfm)

Warm

Occupied Zone
6 ft [1.8 m]

Cool

Warm

W (g/kg)
Average In Front of Occupant
7.0 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10 10.5 11
9.8 3.0 9.8 3.0
8.2 2.5 8.2 2.5
Room Height, m

Room Height, m
Room Height, ft

Room Height, ft

Exhaust Air

6.6 2.0 6.6 2.0

Occupied Zone
Exhaust Air

4.9 1.5 4.9 1.5 6 ft [1.8 m]

3.3 1.0 3.3 1.0

1.6 0.5 1.6 0.5 Cool
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60
W/Wexhaust Relative Humidity, %

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.6 Designing with Air Handling Units

Cross Section Front Cross Section

Exhaust
Exhaust Air Rotation

Purge
Section
Supply Air

Supply

Downstream
Runaroundd

Runaroundd
Upstream
Cooling Supply
1 2 3 4 Air
Coil

m
Outdoor Air

m
Pump

4. Conditioned Air
3. Mixed Conditioned Air
Supply
1 3 Coil 4 5 Air
1. Outdoor Air
5. Mixed
Preconditioned Air
2

2. Return Air Bypass Air

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.7 Diffuser Types

Diffuser

Plan View Plan View

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.7 Diffuser Types

Plan View Plan View

Diffuser

Section View Plan View

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.7 Diffuser Types

Hot Air
Hot Air Cool Air
Cool Air
Window

Window

Window

Window

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.9 Thermal Comfort and Displacement Ventilation

Temperature Difference, °C
-3.9 -3.3 -2.8 -2.2 -1.7 -1.1 -0.6 0 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8
100 0.5
Neck Region
80 0.4

Local Air Velocity, fpm

Local Air Velocity, m/s

Feeling of
Coolness
60 0.3

40%

20%
30%

10%
40 0.2
Feeling of
Warmth
20 0.1

0 0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature Difference, °F

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.9 Thermal Comfort and Displacement Ventilation

Temperature Difference, °C
-3.9 -3.3 -2.8 -2.2 -1.7 -1.1 -0.6 0 0.6 1.1 1.7 2.2 2.8
100 0.5
Ankle Region
40%
80 0.4

Local Air Velocity, fpm

Local Air Velocity, m/s

30% Feeling of
20% Coolness IP 15.1
60 0.3
10%

40 0.2 SI 15.1
Feeling of
Warmth
20 0.1

0 0
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
Temperature Difference, °F Vertical Air Temperature Difference, °F
0 3.6 5.4 7.2 10.8 14.4 18.0
100
80

Predicted Percentage Dissatisfied, %

60
40

20
IP 4.15
10
8
SI 4.15 6
5%
4

2
1
0 2 3 4 6 8 10
Vertical Air Temperature Difference,°C

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.10 Room Loads and Air Volume Requirements

3.30

Operative Temperature, °C
23 23.5 24 24.5 25 25.5 26 26.5 27 27.5
14.4 8
12.6 7

Acceptance Stratification, °C
Acceptance Stratification, °F

10.8 6

9.0 5

7.2 4

5.4 3
Occupied Zone
3.6 2
ASHRAE Standard Limit 6 ft [1.8 m]
1.8 1
0 0
73.4 74.3 75.2 76.1 77.0 77.9 78.8 79.7 80.6 81.5
Operative Temperature, °F

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.10 Room Loads and Air Volume Requirements

Convection
Thermal Plume

Radiation

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.10 Room Loads and Air Volume Requirements

Ventilation Flow Rate (l/s m2)

6

sh (°C)
=1.5 2 3 4 5 6
5

Percent Dissatisfied (%)

4
Standing Person 5.4 °F [3 °C]

2
0 20 40 60
Cooling Effect (W/m2)
15.2

15.3

Heat Sources

Height Above Floor, ft

In Upper Zone

Heat Sources
In Lower Zone

Temperature ºF

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.11 Displacement Ventilation Air Volume Calculations

Overhead
Lighting

Conduction
and Solar

Occupant and
Equipment

Distributed heat sources

Sedentary persons
Height Above Floor

Ceiling light
Point heat source

0 0.3 0.5 0.58 0.65 1

Temperature Ratio

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.11 Displacement Ventilation Air Volume Calculations

IP 15.9

SI 15.9

IP 15.10

SI 15.10

50% 50%
Height Above Floor

Supply air Air temperature Extract air

temperature, Ɵs at floor, Ɵf temperature, Ɵe
Temperature

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.11 Displacement Ventilation Air Volume Calculations

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.12 Design Procedure

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.12 Design Procedure

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 10
5
Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13
0 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Distance (ft)

15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout Distance (m)

0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5
40
35
30
25

DR (%)
20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Distance (ft)

Distance (m)
0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5
40
35
30
25
DR (%)

20
15
10
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18
Distance (ft)

Distance (m)
0 0.6 1.2 1.8 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5
40
35
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30
25
 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

1.0

0.9

Velocity / Velocityunoccupied
0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5
0.4

0.3
Occupant Density, Increasing

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

LONG ROOM LONG ROOM

<30 ft [9 m] <30 ft [9 m] <30 ft [9 m]
Window

9 ft 10 ft

SMALL OFFICE
12 ft

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

IP

qoz = (2 People × 250 Btu/h) + 300 Btu/h = 800 Btu/h

ql = 120 ft² × 6.87 Btu/hft² = 825 Btu/h

qex = 90 ft² × 5 Btu/hft² = 450 Btu/h
qT = 2075 Btu/h

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

Alternatively, the iterative process described in the previous section may be used. With
IP IP an initial value of θf = 0.50, the supply air rate is calculated as in the previous section.
Inserting the values of θf and Qs repeatedly into equations 15.10 and 15.31 gives:

ϴf Qs ϴf Qs
0.5 97.04 0.27 141.20
0.35 125.70 0.27 141.27
0.30 136.68 0.27 141.29
0.28 140.01 0.27 141.29
0.27 140.94 0.27 141.29

Value ASHRAE REHVA REHVA (Adjusted Ts) REHVA (Iterative)

ts 63 °F 59.5 °F 62 °F 64.5 °F
Qs 101 cfm 107 cfm 133 cfm 141 cfm
te 81.8 °F 77.5 °F 76.4 °F 78.1 °F
θf 0.32 0.5 0.5 0.27
thf 5.4 °F 3.5 °F 3 °F 3.6 °F

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

IP

Window

80
3m 3m
77

74
SMALL OFFICE

71 4m
Temperature (°F)

68

65

1.67

1.33

1.00

0.67
Velocity (ft/s)

0.33

0.00

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

qoz = (2 People × 75 W) + 60 W = 210 W

ql = 12 m2 × 25 W/m2 = 300 W
qex = 9 m² × 15 W/m² = 135 W
qT = 645 W

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

26.7 10 ft 14 ft

25.0
BOARDROOM OFFICE
23.3
24 ft

21.7
Temperature (°C)

20.0

18.3

0.51

0.41

0.30

0.20
Velocity (m/s)

0.10

0.00

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

79.00

75.80

72.60

69.40

Temperature (°F)
66.20

63.00

1.0

0.8
3m 4m
0.6

0.4 BOARDROOM OFFICE

7.5 m
Velocity (ft/s)

0.2

0.0

6.00

3.80

1.60
Draft Temperature (˚F)

-0.60

-2.80

-5.00

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

SI SI

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

SI
26.11
IP Example 15.3 - Boardroom Design B
24.33

22.56 Space Design

This boardroom design example is an extension to the Boardroom Design in Example
20.78 15.2, but adds an external load requirement for summer and winter. The exterior wall
Temperature (°C) and window are located along a 14 ft long side of the room.
19.00

17.22
Space Considerations
Some of the assumptions made for the space are as follows:
• Internal loading conditions identical to Example 15.2
• The head to foot gradient recommended by ASHRAE Standard 55-2010 is 5.4 °F
from head to foot for sedentary occupants
0.30
• The assumptions made for the external load case are as follows:
0.24 • During summer, the external cooling load is 1200 Btu/h
• During winter, the heating load is 7665 Btu/h
0.18 • The building owners would like all ventilation, heating, and cooling to be
ceiling installed
0.12
Velocity (m/s)

Design Considerations - Cooling

0.61 Occupants 8
Set-Point 72 °F
0.00
Floor Area 336 ft2
Volume 3360 ft3
qoz 2496 Btu/h
ql 2292 Btu/h
3.3 qex 1200 Btu/h
qT 5988 Btu/h
2.1

0.9
Design Considerations - Heating
Occupants 8
Draft Temperature (˚C)

-0.3 Set-Point 72 °F
Floor Area 336 ft2
-1.6 Volume 3360 ft3
qoz 2496 Btu/h
-2.8
ql 2292 Btu/h
qex -7665 Btu/h
qT -2877 Btu/h

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

qoz = (8 People × 250 Btu/h) + 308 Btu/h + 188 Btu/h = 2496 Btu/h
ql = 336 ft² × 6.82 Btu/h/ft² = 2292 Btu/h
qex = 1200 Btu/h
qT = 5988 Btu/h

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation 15.13 Diffuser Selection, Location and Layout

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation References

ASHRAE (2002). Standard 129-1997—Measuring air-change effectiveness. Atlanta,

GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers.

ASHRAE (2004). Standard 62.1-2004—Ventilation for acceptable indoor air

quality. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.

ASHRAE (2009a). ASHRAE handbook--Fundamentals. Atlanta, GA: American

Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.

ASHRAE (2009b). Standard Research Project-1373—Air distribution effectiveness

with stratified air distribution systems. Atlanta, GA: American Society for
Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.

ASHRAE (2010). Standard 62.1-2010—Ventilation for acceptable indoor air

quality. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating, Refrigerating and Air
Conditioning Engineers.

ASHRAE (2010). Standard 55-2010—Thermal environmental conditions for

human occupancy. Atlanta, GA: American Society for Heating,
Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers.

Behne, M. (1999). Indoor air quality in rooms with cooled ceilings, mixing
ventilation or rather displacement ventilation. Energy and Buildings, 30,
155-166.

Berube-Dufour, M., Derome, D., & Zmeureanu, R. (2008). In situ assessment of the
air distribution in a room with a displacement ventilation system, the
Auberge Saint-Antoine (field study report). Sustainable Buildings &
Communities, Natural Resources Canada.

Breum, N. O., Helbo, F., & Laustsen, O. (1989). Dilution versus displacement
ventilation—An intervention study. Annuals of Occupational Hygiene, 33
(3), 321-329.

Breum N. O., & Orhede E. (1993). Proceedings from the 14th AIVC Conference:
Energy Impact of Ventilation and Air Infiltration. Copenhagen, Denmark.

Breum, N. O., & Oerhede, E. (1994). Dilution versus displacement ventilation—

Environmental conditions in a garment sewing plant. American Industrial
Hygiene Association Journal, 55 (2), 140-148.

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation References

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 Chapter 15 Fundamentals of Displacement Ventilation

END OF CHAPTER 15

FUNDAMENTALS OF
DISPLACEMENT VENTILATION

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