Name: ________________________

Hour: ____ Date: ___________

Chemistry: Colligative Properties – Freezing Point Depression

1. How much will the freezing point be lowered if enough sugar is dissolved in water to make a 0.50 molal
solution?

2. What is the freezing point of a solution of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in water if the concentration of the solution
is 0.24 m?

3. What is the freezing point of a solution that contains 68.4 g of sucrose, C 12H22O11, dissolved in 1.00x102 g of
water?

4. Suppose that 98.0 g of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 1.00 kg of water. The freezing point of this solution is
found to be –0.465oC. What is the molecular mass of the solute?

5. A researcher places 53.2 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte in 505 g napthalene. The nonelectrolyte lowers
napthalene’s freezing point by 8.8oC. What is the molar mass of the unknown substance?

ANSWERS: 1. 0.93oC 2. –0.446 oC 3. –3.72 oC 4. 392 amu 5. 81.4 g/mol

 Name: ________________________
Hour: ____ Date: ___________

Chemistry: Colligative Properties – Boiling Point Elevation

1a. What is the molal boiling point constant for carbon tetrachloride?

b. The boiling point of carbon tetrachloride is 76.8 oC. A given solution contains 8.10 g of a nonvolatile electrolyte in
300 g of CCl4. It boils at 78.4oC. What is the gram molecular mass of the solute?

2. The molal boiling point constant for ethyl alcohol is 1.22 oC/molal. Its boiling point is 78.4oC. A solution of
14.2 g of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte in 264 g of the alcohol boils at 79.8 oC. What is the gram molecular
mass of the solute?

3. Calculate the mass of a mole of a compound that raises the boiling point of water to 100.78 oC at 101.3 kPa
when 51 g of the compound is dissolved in 500 g of water.

4. Suppose that 13 g of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 0.50 kg of benzene. The boiling point of this solution is
80.61oC. What is the molecular mass of the solute?

ANSWERS: 1b. 84.9 g/mol 2. 46.7 g/mol 3. 67 g/mol 4. 129 amu

 Name: _________________________
Hour: ____ Date: ___________

Chemistry: Electrolytes and Colligative Properties

1. Write the dissociation for the following:

a. strontium nitrate

b. calcium chloride

c. magnesium sulfate

d. potassium iodide

Also, calculate the concentrations of the products assuming each reactant is 0.1 molal.

2. What is the expected freezing point for a solution that contains 2.0 mol of magnesium sulfate dissolved in
500 mL of water?

3. What is the expected change in the freezing point of water in a solution of 62.5 g of barium nitrate, Ba(NO 3) 2, in
1.00 kg of water?

4. What is the expected boiling point of water for a solution that contains 150 g of sodium chloride dissolved in
1.0 kg of water?

ANSWERS: 1a/b. 0.3 molal 1c/d. 0.2 molal 2. – 14.9 oC 3. – 1.3 oC 4. 102.6 oC
Name: _________________________
 Hour: ____ Date: ___________

Chemistry: Review Colligative Properties

1. A water solution containing an unknown quantity of a nonelectrolyte solute is found to have a freezing point of
– 0.23oC. What is the molal concentration of the solution?

2. What is the boiling point of a solution of ethyl alcohol, C 2H5OH, that contains 20.0 g of the solute dissolved in
250 g of water?

3. A solution contains 4.50 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in 225 g of water and has a freezing point of –0.310 o C.
What is the gram formula mass of the solute?

4. How many grams of ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH) 2, must a researcher add to 500 g of water to yield a solution
that will freeze at –7.44oC? [Hint: you need to find the molal freezing constant, K f, for ethylene glycol]

ANSWERS: 1. 0.124 molal 2. 100.89 oC 3. 120 g/mol 4. 24 g

5. Which of the following two solutes will raise the boiling point of water in a car’s radiator more: 1.00 mol of
 ethylene glycol or 1.00 mol of ethyl alcohol? Explain.

6. The freezing point of an aqueous sodium chloride solution is –20.0 oC. What is the molarity of the solution?

7. What is the expected boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 117 g of NaCl in 463 mL of acetic acid?
(Assume the density of acetic acid is 1.08 g/mL)

ANSWERS: 5. ?? 6. 5.4 molal 7. 142.5oC

Colligative Properties
Useful Equations:
mol of solute grams
Tf = K f  m Tb = Kb  m molality = MM =
kg of solvent moles

Solvent Normal Molal Boiling Normal Boiling Molal Freezing

Freezing Point Point Constant Point (oC) Point Constant
(oC) Kb (oC/molal) Kf (oC/molal)
acetic acid 16.6 3.07 117.9 - 3.90
acetone - 95.4 1.71 56.2
benzene 5.5 2.53 80.1 - 4.90
camphor 178.8 5.61 207.4 - 39.7
carbon tetrachloride - 23.0 5.03 76.7
chloroform - 63.5 3.63 61.2
ether - 116.3 2.02 34.6 - 1.79
ethyl alcohol - 117.3 1.22 78..3
ethylene glycol - 13.5 197.2
methyl alcohol - 97.8 0.83 64.5
formic acid 8.3 100.8 - 2.77
napthalene 80.2 3.56 217.7 - 6.8
phenol 40.9 3.56 181.8 - 7.40
toluene - 94.5 3.33 110.7
water 0.0 0.512 100.0 - 1.86

................................................................................................................................................................. C U T H E R E ..................................................................................................................................................................

Colligative Properties
Useful Equations:
mol of solute grams
Tf = K f  m Tb = Kb  m molality = MM =
kg of solvent moles

Solvent Normal Molal Boiling Normal Boiling Molal Freezing

Freezing Point Point Constant Point (oC) Point Constant
(oC) Kb (oC/molal) Kf (oC/molal)
acetic acid 16.6 3.07 117.9 - 3.90
acetone - 95.4 1.71 56.2
benzene 5.5 2.53 80.1 - 4.90
camphor 178.8 5.61 207.4 - 39.7
carbon tetrachloride - 23.0 5.03 76.7
chloroform - 63.5 3.63 61.2
ether - 116.3 2.02 34.6 - 1.79
ethyl alcohol - 117.3 1.22 78..3
ethylene glycol - 13.5 197.2
methyl alcohol - 97.8 0.83 64.5
formic acid 8.3 100.8 - 2.77
napthalene 80.2 3.56 217.7 - 6.8
phenol 40.9 3.56 181.8 - 7.40
toluene - 94.5 3.33 110.7
water 0.0 0.512 100.0 - 1.86
KEY
Chemistry: Colligative Properties – Freezing Point Depression
1. How much will the freezing point be lowered if enough sugar is dissolved in water to make a 0.50 molal
solution?

ΔTf = K f  m
 
ΔTf = -1.86 o C/molal  0.50 molal 
ΔTf = -0.93 o C

2. What is the freezing point of a solution of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in water if the concentration of the solution
is 0.24 m?

ΔTf = K f  m
Normal freezing point of water is 0.0 o C.
 
ΔTf = -1.86 o C/molal  0.24 molal 
 freezing point = - 0.446 o C
ΔTf = -0.446 o C

3. What is the freezing point of a solution that contains 68.4 g of sucrose, C 12H22O11, dissolved in 1.00x102 g of
water?

 1 mol C12 H22 O11 

x mol C12 H22 O11 = 68.4 g C12H22 O11    0.2 molal
 342 g C12 H22 O11 

mol solute 0.2 mol ΔTf = K f  m

m= 
kg solvent 0.1 kg
 
ΔTf = -1.86 o C/molal  2 molal 
ΔTf = - 3.72 o C  freezing point = - 3.72 o C
m = 2 molal

4. Suppose that 98.0 g of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 1.00 kg of water. The freezing point of this solution is
found to be –0.465oC. What is the molecular mass of the solute?

mol solute g
m= Molar Mass =
kg solvent mol
ΔTf = K f  m

- 0.465 o C = -1.86 o C/molal  m   0.25 molal =
x mol
Molar Mass =
98 g
m = 0.25 molal 1 kg 0.25 mol

x = 0.25 mol solute Molar Mass = 392 g/mol  392 amu

5. A researcher places 53.2 g of an unknown nonelectrolyte in 505 g napthalene. The nonelectrolyte lowers
napthalene’s freezing point by 8.8oC. What is the molar mass of the unknown substance?

mol solute g
m= Molar Mass =
kg solvent mol
ΔTf = K f  m
 
- 8.8 o C = -6.8 o C/molal  m 
1.294 molal =
x mol
Molar Mass =
53.2 g
m = 1.294 molal 0.505 kg 0.654 mol

x = 0.654 mol solute Molar Mass = 81.4 g/mol

KEY
Chemistry: Colligative Properties – Boiling Point Elevation
1a. What is the molal boiling point constant for carbon tetrachloride? 5.03 oC/molal

b. The boiling point of carbon tetrachloride is 76.8 oC. A given solution contains 8.10 g of a nonvolatile electrolyte in
300 g of CCl4. It boils at 78.4oC. What is the gram molecular mass of the solute?

mol solute g
m= Molar Mass =
kg solvent mol
78.4 o C ΔTb = K b  m
- 76.8 Co
 
1.6 o C = 5.03 o C/molal  m 
0.3181 molal =
x mol
Molar Mass =
8.10 g
T = 1.6 C
o
m = 0.3181 molal 0.3 kg 0.0954 mol

x = 0.0954 mol solute Molar Mass = 84.9 g/mol

2. The molal boiling point constant for ethyl alcohol is 1.22 oC/molal. Its boiling point is 78.4oC. A solution of
14.2 g of a nonvolatile nonelectrolyte in 264 g of the alcohol boils at 79.8 oC. What is the gram molecular
mass of the solute?
mol solute g
m= Molar Mass =
kg solvent mol
o
79.8 C ΔT b = K b  m
o
- 78.4 C 1.4 o
C =  
1.22 o C/molal  m 
1.51 molal =
x mol
Molar Mass =
14.2 g
T = 1.4 C
o
m = 1.51 molal 0.264 kg 0.304 mol

x = 0.304 mol solute Molar Mass = 46.7 g/mol

3. Calculate the mass of a mole of a compound that raises the boiling point of water to 100.78 oC at 101.3 kPa
when 51 g of the compound is dissolved in 500 g of water.

mol solute g
m= Molar Mass =
kg solvent mol
100.78 o C ΔTb = K b  m
- 100.00 C o
 
0.78 o C = 0.52 o C/molal  m 
1.5 molal =
x mol
Molar Mass =
51 g
T = 0.78 C o
m = 1.5 molal 0.5 kg 0.75 mol

x = 0.75 mol solute Molar Mass = 67 g/mol

4. Suppose that 13 g of a nonelectrolyte is dissolved in 0.50 kg of benzene. The boiling point of this solution is
80.61oC. What is the molecular mass of the solute?

g
mol solute Molar Mass =
m= mol
kg solvent
80.61 o C ΔTb = K b  m
13 g
- 80.10 o C  
0.51o C = 2.53 o C/molal  m 
0.2016 molal =
x mol Molar Mass =
0.1008 mol
T = 0.51 o C m = 0.20 molal 0.5 kg

Molar Mass = 129 g/mol

x = 0.1008 mol solute
or 129 amu
 KEY
Chemistry: Electrolytes and Colligative Properties
1. Write the dissociation for the following:

a. strontium nitrate Sr(NO3) 2 (aq) Sr2+(aq) + 2 NO31- (aq)

0.1 molal 0.1 m 2 (0.1 molal)
0.2 m

b. calcium chloride CaCl 2 (aq) Ca2+(aq) + 2 Cl1- (aq)

0.1 molal 0.1 m 0.2 m

c. magnesium sulfate MgSO4 (aq) Mg2+(aq) + SO42- (aq)

0.1 molal 0.1 m 0.1 m

d. potassium iodide KI (aq) K1+(aq) + I1- (aq)

0.1 molal 0.1 m 0.1 m

Also, calculate the concentrations of the products assuming each reactant is 0.1 molal.

2. What is the expected freezing point for a solution that contains 2.0 mol of magnesium sulfate dissolved in
500 mL of water?

mol solute 2.0 mol ΔTf = K f  m

m= 
kg solvent 0.5 kg
 
ΔTf = -1.86 o C/molal  8 molal "ions" 
o
m = 4 molal   2 "ions"   8 molal ΔTf = - 14.9 C
2
MgSO 4  Mg2+ + SO 4
4m 4m 4m

3. What is the expected change in the freezing point of water in a solution of 62.5 g of barium nitrate, Ba(NO 3) 2, in
1.00 kg of water?

 1 mol Ba  NO3  2 
x mol Ba  NO3  2 = 62.5 g Ba  NO3  2    0.239 mol Ba  NO 3  2
 261.34 g Ba  NO3  
 2 

mol solute 0.239 mol ΔTf = K f  m

m= 
kg solvent 1 kg
 
ΔTf = -1.86 o C/molal  0.717 molal "ions" 

m = 239 molal   3 "ions"   0.717 molal ΔTf = - 1.33 o C

4. What is the expected boiling point of water for a solution that contains 150 g of sodium chloride dissolved in
1.0 kg of water?
 1 mol NaCl 
x mol NaCl = 150 g NaCl    2.57 mol NaCl
 58.4 g NaCl 
mol solute 2.57 mol ΔTb = K b  m
m= 
kg solvent 1 kg
 
ΔTb = 0.512 o C/molal  5.13 molal "ions" 

m = 2.57 molal   2 "ions"   5.13 molal ΔTb = 2.6 C o

 expected b.p. = 102.6 o C
 KEY
Chemistry: Review Colligative Properties
1. A water solution containing an unknown quantity of a nonelectrolyte solute is found to have a freezing point of
– 0.23oC. What is the molal concentration of the solution?

ΔTf = K f  m
 
- 0.23 o C = -1.86 o C/molal  m 
m = 0.124 molal

2. What is the boiling point of a solution of ethyl alcohol, C 2H5OH, that contains 20.0 g of the solute dissolved in
250 g of water?

mol solute
m= ΔTb = K b  m
kg solvent
 1 mol 
x mol C2 H5 OH = 20.0 g C2H5 OH 
 
ΔTf = 0.512 o C/molal  1.74 molal 

 46 g  0.435 mol ΔTf = 0.89 C o
4 molal =
x = 0.435 mol C 2H5 OH 0.250 kg

 boiling point is 100.89 o C

x = 1.74 molal C2H5 OH

3. A solution contains 4.50 g of a nonelectrolyte dissolved in 225 g of water and has a freezing point of –0.310 o C.
What is the gram formula mass of the solute?

mol solute g
m= Molar Mass =
kg solvent mol
ΔTf = K f  m
 
- 0.310 o C = -1.86 o C/molal  m 
0.167 molal =
x mol
Molar Mass =
4.50 g
m = 0.167 molal 0.225 kg 0.0375 mol

x = 0.0375 mol solute Molar Mass = 120 g/mol

4. How many grams of ethylene glycol, C2H4(OH) 2, must a researcher add to 500 g of water to yield a solution
that will freeze at –7.44oC?

mol solute
m=
kg solvent
ΔTf = K f  m  62 g 
x g C2 H4 (OH)2 = 2 mol C 2H4 (OH)2  
o

- 7.44 C = -1.86 C/molal  m 
o
 4 molal =
x mol  1 mol 
m = 4 molal 0.5 kg x = 124 g C 2H4 (OH)2

x = 2 mol solute

ANSWERS: 1. 0.124 molal 2. 100.89 oC 3. 120 g/mol 4. 124 g

5. Which of the following two solutes will raise the boiling point of water in a car’s radiator more: 1.00 mol of
ethylene glycol or 1.00 mol of ethyl alcohol? Explain.

Both substances would initially have the same protective effect. A colligative property is only
dependant on the number of particles present – both the ethylene glycol and ethyl alcohol contain 1
mole or 6.02 x 1023 particles. However, ethyl alcohol is volatile and will rapidly evaporate (and is very
flammable) and should not be used in a car’s radiator. Therefore, ethylene glycol should be used as the
solute added to water to fill a car’s radiator!

6. The freezing point of an aqueous sodium chloride solution is –20.0 oC. What is the molarity of the solution?

Sodium chloride, NaCl, dissociates into two ions: Na +(aq) + Cl1-(aq)

NaCl(aq) --> Na+(aq) + Cl1-(aq)

5.38 m 5.38 m 5.38 m

ΔTf = K f  m  i
 
- 20.0 o C = -1.86 o C/molal  m  (2)
m = 5.38 molal

7. What is the expected boiling point of a solution prepared by dissolving 117 g of NaCl in 463 mL of acetic acid?
(Assume the density of acetic acid is 1.08 g/mL)

 1 mol 
Step 1) x mol NaCl = 117 g NaCl  
 58.5 g 
x = 2 mol NaCl

 1.08 g   1 kg 
Step 2) x kg = 463 mL acetic acid    = 0.5 kg
 1 mL   1000 g 

mol solute 2 mol

Step 3) m=   4 molal
kg solvent 0.5 kg

ΔTb = K b  m  i
Step 4)  
ΔTb = 3.07 o C/molal  4  (2)
o
ΔTb = 14.46 C
117.9o C
Step 5) normal boiling point = + 24.6o C
142.5o C "expected" boiling point

ANSWERS: 5. ?? 6. 5.4 molal 7. 142.5oC

Colligative Properties
Useful Equations:
mol of solute grams
Tf = K f  m Tb = Kb  m molality = MM =
kg of solvent moles

Solvent Normal Molal Freezing Normal Boiling Molal Boiling

Freezing Point Point Constant Point (oC) Point Constant
(oC) Kf (oC/molal) Kb (oC/molal)
acetic acid 16.6 - 3.90 117.9 3.07
acetone - 95.4 56.2 1.71
benzene 5.5 - 4.90 80.1 2.53
camphor 178.8 - 39.7 207.4 5.61
carbon tetrachloride - 23.0 76.7 5.03
chloroform - 63.5 61.2 3.63
ether - 116.3 - 1.79 34.6 2.02
ethyl alcohol - 117.3 78..3 1.22
ethylene glycol - 13.5 197.2
methyl alcohol - 97.8 64.5 0.83
formic acid 8.3 - 2.77 100.8
napthalene 80.2 - 6.8 217.7 3.56
phenol 40.9 - 7.40 181.8 3.56
toluene - 94.5 110.7 3.33
water 0.0 - 1.86 100.0 0.512

................................................................................................................................................................. C U T H E R E ..................................................................................................................................................................

Colligative Properties
Useful Equations:
mol of solute grams
Tf = K f  m Tb = Kb  m molality = MM =
kg of solvent moles

Solvent Normal Molal Freezing Normal Boiling Molal Boiling

Freezing Point Point Constant Point (oC) Point Constant
(oC) Kf (oC/molal) Kb (oC/molal)
acetic acid 16.6 - 3.90 117.9 3.07
acetone - 95.4 56.2 1.71
benzene 5.5 - 4.90 80.1 2.53
camphor 178.8 - 39.7 207.4 5.61
carbon tetrachloride - 23.0 76.7 5.03
chloroform - 63.5 61.2 3.63
ether - 116.3 - 1.79 34.6 2.02
ethyl alcohol - 117.3 78..3 1.22
ethylene glycol - 13.5 197.2
methyl alcohol - 97.8 64.5 0.83
formic acid 8.3 - 2.77 100.8
napthalene 80.2 - 6.8 217.7 3.56
phenol 40.9 - 7.40 181.8 3.56
toluene - 94.5 110.7 3.33
water 0.0 - 1.86 100.0 0.512