CHIMNEY

By. ENGR. YURI G. MELLIZA

FUNCTIONS OF CHIMNEY
1) To dispose the exhaust gases at suitable height so that no pollution will occur in the vicinity.
2) To produce the necessary draft required for the flow of gases.
DRAFT - is the difference between the absolute gas pressure at any point in a gas flow passage,(furnace,
chimney, air heater and etc.) and the ambient atmospheric pressure. Draft is positive if Pa  Pgas and is
negative if Pa  Pgas.
D

D - diameter of chimney, m
H - height of chimney, m

Flue Gas

THEORETICAL DRAFT(Dt):

1000 H (  air   gas )

Dt 
 water

where:
Dt - theoretical draft in mm of water
H - height of chimney or smokestack in meters
a - density of air in kg/m3
g - density of flue gas in kg/m3
w - density of gage fluid (water) in kg/m3

ACTUAL DRAFT(Da):

Da = Dt - DL mm of H2O

where: DL - draft losses, and usually expressible in percentage of the theoretical draft.

THEORETICAL VELOCITY(v):

v  2 gh gas

where:
v - theoretical velocity of the flue gas in the chimney, m/sec
hg - draft in meters of flue gas

D t (  water )
h gas  m of Gas
1000 (  gas )

ACTUAL VELOCITY OF FLUE GAS(v'):

v '  kv

where: K - velocity coefficient, whose value ranges from 0.30 to 0.50

DIAMETER OF CHIMNEY(D):
4Q gas
D 
v'

where:
Qg - volume flow rate of flue gas, m3/sec

VOLUME FLOW RATE OF FLUE GAS

3
m gas m
Q gas 
 gas sec

mg = mass flow rate of flue gas, kg/sec

MASS FLOW RATE OF FLUE GAS:

a) Without considering Ash loss:

 A 
m gas  m Fuel   1
 F 

b) Considering Ash loss

 A 
m gas  m Fuel   1  Ash Loss 
 F 

Where:
Ash loss in decimal

Example 1
A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 KPa and 24C. Flue gases at the
rate of 5 kg/sec enter the stack at 200C and leaves at 160C. The flue gases gravimetric analysis are
18% CO2, 7% O2, and 75% N2. Calculate the height of stack necessary for a theoretical draft of 200
Pascal, and the diameter of stack in meters. Assume water = 998 kg/m3. (H = 56.95 m; D = 0.95 m) .

0 . 200 KPa
D t
  0.0204 m of water  20.4 mm of H 2 O
KN
9 . 81 3
m
96 . 53 kg
 air   1 . 13
0 . 287 ( 24  273 )
3
m

 0 . 18 0 . 07 0 . 75 
R gas
  xiRi  8 . 3143    
 44 32 28 
KJ
R gas
 0 . 275
kg - K
200  160
tg   180  C
average
2
96 . 53 kg
 gas   0 . 775
0 . 275 ( 180  273 )
3
m
1000 H (  air   gas )
Dt  m m of H 2 O
 water
20.4(998)
H   59 m eters
1000 ( 1 . 13  0 . 775 )
 3
5 m
Q gas
  6.452
. 775 se c


2
Q gas
D v'
4
D t ( w ) 20 . 4 ( 998 )
hg    26 . 27 m of gas  theore tica l draft in m of gas
1000 (  gas ) 1000 ( 0 . 775 )

m
v  2gh g
 2 ( 9 . 81 )( 26 . 27 )  22 . 7  theore tica l velocity
se c
m
v'  k v  0.40(22.7)  9 . 081  actual velocity
se c
4 ( 6 . 452 )
D   0 . 95 m eters  95 cm  required diam e te r of stack
 ( 9 . 081 )

Example 2
A medium size internal combustion engine power plant is situated at an altitude of 800 m above sea
level. The engine is 2 – stroke gasoline engine using C8H18 with 30% excess air required for
combustion. The plant produces 1.5 MW of electrical energy with a specific fuel consumption of 0.30
kg/KW – hr. Sea level condition is P = 760 mm Hg and T = 293 K. Design the required Height and
diameter of the smoke stack in the plant with an actual draft of 25 mm of H2O and assume 10% losses
and flue gas temperature of 260C .

Diameter

Fuel and air

Height

Generator Output = 1,500 KW

Diesel Engine

Standard Laps e Rate

 83.312(h) 
Ph  P s -  m m Hg
 1000 
 0.0065(h) 
Th  T s -  K
 1000 
 83.312(800 ) 101.325
P h   760 -  m m Hg x
 1000  760
P h  92.44 KPa

 0.0065(800 )
T h   293 -   292.9948 K
 1000 

Density of air
92.44 kg
 air   1 . 099 3
0.287(292. 9948) m
Com bus tion Equation
C 8 H 18  (1.30)aO 2
 (1.30)a(3. 76)N 2
 bCO 2
 cH 2 O  dO 2
 (1.30)a(3. 76)N 2

a  ( n  0 . 25 m )  12 . 5
b  n  8
c  0 .5 m  9
d  e ( n  0 . 25 m )  3 . 75
C 8 H 18  1 6 . 25 O 2  61.1N 2
 8CO 2
 9H 2 O  3 . 75 O 2  6 1 . 1N 2

 A  137 . 28 ( 1  e )( n  0 . 25 m ) k g of air
    19 . 57
 F  Actual 12 n  m k g of C 8 H 18
kg
m Fuel  0 . 30 ( 1500 )  450
hr
kg
m air
 19 . 57 ( 450 )  8 ,806 . 5
hr
kg
m gas  m air
 m Fuel  9,256.5
hr
kg
m gas  2 . 57
s ec

n Pr oducts
 8  9  3 . 75  61 . 1
n Pr oducts
 81 . 85 m ole s
8 ( 44 )  9 ( 18 )  3 . 75 ( 32 )  61 . 1( 28 )
M Products 
81 . 85
kg
M Products  28 . 65  M ole cular w eight of products
k g mol
8 . 3143 KJ
R Products
  0 . 29  Gas cons tant of products
28 . 65 kg - K

92 . 44 kg
 gas   0 . 60
0 . 29 ( 260  273 )
3
m

D a  D t  D Losses
25  D t ( 1  0 . 10 )
D t  27 . 77 m m of w ate r
1000 H (  air   gas )
Dt 
w
1000 ( 27 . 77 )
H   55 . 7 m e te rs  Height of Chim ney
1000 ( 1 . 099  0 . 60 )
 3
m gas 2 . 57 m
Q gas
   4 . 2833
 gas 0 . 60 sec

27 . 77 ( 1000 )
h gas   46 . 2833 m of gas  the ore tica l draft in m of gas
1000 ( 0 . 60 )
m
v  2(9.81)(46 .2833)  30 . 13  The ore tica l Ve locity
sec
v'  k v
Us ing k  0.40
m
v'  12 . 05
sec


2
Q gas
D v'
4
4 ( 4 . 2833 )
D   0 . 67 m e te rs  67 cm  Diam e te r of chim ne y
 ( 12 . 05 )

SAMPLE PROBLEMS

1. A boiler uses 2500 kg of coal per hour and air required for combustion is 16 kg per kg of coal. If
ash loss is 10%, determine the mass of gas entering the chimney. (42,250 kg/hr)
mf = 2500 kg/hr
A/F = 16
 A 
mG  mF  1  Ash loss 
 F 
m G  2500 ( 16  1  0 . 10 )  42 ,250 kg/hr
2. The gas density of chimney is 0.75 kg/m3 and air density is 1.15 kg/m3. If the driving pressure is
0.25 KPa, determine the height of the chimney. (63.71 m)


1000 H  air   gas 
Dt  m m H 2O
 water
1000H(1.15 - 0.75)
25.5 
1000
25 . 5
H   63 . 75 m
1 . 15  0 . 75

3.The actual velocity of a gas entering in a chimney is 8 m/sec. the gas temperature is 25C and
pressure of 98 KPa with a gas constant of 0.287 KJ.kg-K. Determine the chimney diameter if mass
of gas is 50,000 kg/hr. (1.37 m)

4. A coal fired steam boiler uses 3000 kg of coal per hour. Air required for combustion is 15.5 kg per
kg of coal at barometric pressure of 98.2 KPa. The flue gas has a temperature of 285C and an
average molecular weight of 30. Assuming an ash loss of 11% and allowable gas velocity of 7.5
m/sec, find the diameter of the chimney. (1.91 m)
5. A power plant situated at an altitude having an ambient air of 96.53 KPa and 23.88C. Flue gases at
the rate of 5 kg/sec enter the stack at 200C and leaves at 160C. The flue gases gravimetric
analysis are 18% CO2, 7% O2, and 75% N2. Calculate the height of stack necessary for a driving
pressure of 0.20 KPa. and the diameter of stack in meters.(H = 56.95 m; D = 0.95 m) .
M  0 . 1374 ( 44 )  . 0604 ( 18 )  0 . 0007 ( 64 )  0 . 0404 ( 32 )  0 . 7611 ( 28 )  29 . 78
1000 ( 22 . 67 ) 8 . 3143 KJ
hg   29 . 87 m of gas R   0 . 279
1000 ( 0 . 759 ) 29 . 78 kg - K
96 kg
v  2(9.81)(29 .87)  24 . 21 m /s ec  gas   0 . 759
0 . 279 ( 180  273 )
3
m
5
Qg   6 . 588
3
m /s ec 96 kg
0.759  air   1 . 122
0 . 287 ( 25  273 )
3
m
4 ( 6 . 588 ) Da  Dt  DL
D   0 . 93 m e te rs
 ( 0 . 40 )( 24 . 21 ) D L  0 . 10 D t
D a  D t ( 1  0 . 10 )  0 . 90 D t
Da 20 . 4
Dt    22 . 67 m m H 2 O
0 . 90 0 . 90
1000H(1.12 2 - 0.759)
22.67 
1000
H  62 . 44 m